Konstanz, Univ., Diss., 2008.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Düsseldorf.

Konstanz, Univ., Diss., 2008.

Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2005.

The Cre/loxP system belongs to the family of site-specific recombinases (SSR) that can precisely modify DNA that is flanked by two target sites. The reaction outcome is dependent on the structure and orientation of the target sites and includes excision, inversion and exchange of a DNA fragment. The system is established for more than 30 years and is active in vitro and in vivo in several organisms. These characteristics make the Cre/loxP system the ideal tool for genome editing. However, the strict target site preference for loxP limits its use to basic research where the loxP target sites can be introduced beforehand at the anticipated genomic locus. Directed evolution strategies have overcome this limitation and allow to generate Cre-like recombinases with altered DNA specificity. During this work, I developed the first dual-recombinase system based on evolved recombinases. Using two instead of one recombinase expands the targetability of the human genome by being more flexible in the target site search. After the identification of suitable target sites, I could show an evolved dual-recombinase system that can be used for excision and inversion of a human genomic locus. The recombinase mediated inversion reaction corrected a large genomic inversion that is frequently found in patients with severe Hemophilia A. Only two days after treating human cells with the developed dual-recombinase system, RecF8, 30% inversion could be detected in a human cell line. Applying RecF8 in patient specific endothelial cells corrected around 9% of the inversion back to the wild type sequence, which would be sufficient to drastically improve the quality of life of affected individuals. This genomic correction lead to the expression of the F8 gene, which is inactive elsewise. It remains to proof that the transcriptional reactivation of the F8 gene allows for the production of the Factor VIII protein. Before using RecF8 in a clinical setting, an in vivo study in a suitable mouse model is necessary. This study introduces a dual-recombinase system and thereby broadens the use of designer recombinases for genome editing. Moreover, in a proof on concept experiment this study shows that recombinases can be applied to correct large disease-causing genomic inversions in human cells. Altogether, the use of recombinases for scarless genome editing comes a step closer to reality.

No description available.

No description available.

Bis zum heutigen Zeitpunkt ist wenig über die physiologischen Effekte von Ethanol auf Cyanobakterien bekannt. Dies ist nicht überraschend, da es unwahrscheinlich ist, dass Cyanobakterien in ihrer natürlichen Umwelt auf Wachstums inhibierende Konzentrationen stoßen, und deswegen war die Stressantwort auf Ethanol nur von geringerem Interesse für die Forschungsgemeinschaft. Nichts desto weniger sind durch neue Entwicklungen im Biofuel- Sektor, insbesondere im Kontext der Produktion von Ethanol mit Hilfe von genetisch manipulierten Cyanobakterien, Kenntnisse über die zelluläre Toleranz und Zellantwort gegenüber dem gewünschten Produkt von grundlegender Bedeutung. Microarray-Experimente, die einen Einblick in die zelluläre Antwort durch Änderung der Genexpression auf Ethanolproduktion bringen sollten, zeigten, dass Gene des Phycocyanin-Operons als die am signifikantesten und stärksten betroffenen funktionalen genetischen Elemente. Weitere Microarray-Experimente mit verschiedenen Konzentrationen von extern zugefügtem Ethanol zeigten eine zeitverzögerte (24h) Hochregulation von PS II-Genen und dem Transkript cpcG2. Diese Arbeit beschreibt weiterhin die Ergebnisse eines Experiments zur "Evolution im Labor", das die intrinsische Kapazität von Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 zur Erweiterung der Toleranz gegenüber Ethanol aufzeigen sollte. Die erhöhte Ethanoltoleranz führte zu einer Optimierung der endogenen Ethanolproduktion. Derartige Versuche zur Stammoptimierung durch "Evolution im Labor" sollten daher geeignete Mittel sein, um bestimmte Eigenschaften von Organismen für biotechnologische Ziele zu verbessern. In der Gesamtheit geben die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit Einblicke in die Antwort der Synechocystis-Zellen auf Ethanol auf den Ebenen des Stoffwechsels und der Genexpression und stellen eine wertvolle Datensammlung für zukünftige Versuche mit dem Ziel dar, die Ethanolproduktionsrate in Cyanobakterien durch genetic engineering zu erhöhen. / Until recently, little has been known about the effects of ethanol on the physiology of cyanobacteria. This is not surprising as it is unlikely that cyanobacteria encounter growth inhibiting concentrations of ethanol in their natural environment, and thus the ethanol stress response used to be of limited interest to the scientific community. Nevertheless, for recent biotechnological approaches in the field of biofuel production, and in particular for the attempts to produce ethanol with the help of genetically modified microalgae and cyanobacteria, knowledge of cellular tolerance and response to the desired product is pivotal. Microarray analysis demonstrating that a specific part of the phycocyanin operon is the most significantly and strongly affected functional genetic subsystem under ethanol producing conditions. Additional microarray experiments with different concentrations of external ethanol showed a time-delayed (24h) characterized by a prominent up-regulation of PS II genes with phycocyanin linker proteins playing a major role in the transcriptional response. Another aspect of this work was an artificial evolution experiment, which was performed to delineate the intrinsic capacity of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 to tolerate ethanol. In addition, the evolved strain proved to be a superior background for endogenous ethanol production showing that artificial evolution experiments are a suitable method to improve certain features of organisms for biotechnological purposes. Overall, the results of this work give new insight into physiological and gene regulatory responses of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 exposed to ethanol and will be a very valuable dataset for future attempts to improve cyanobacterial ethanol production by the means of genetic engineering.

No description available.

Site-specific tyrosine-type recombinases are effective tools for genome engineering, with the first engineered variants having demonstrated therapeutic potential. So far, adaptation to new DNA target site selectivity of designer-recombinases has been achieved mostly through iterative cycles of directed molecular evolution. While effective, directed molecular evolution methods are laborious and time consuming. To accelerate the development of designer-recombinases I evaluated two sequencing approaches and gathered the sequence information of over two million Cre-like recombinase sequences evolved for 89 different target sites. With this information I first investigated the sequence compositions and residue changes of the recombinases to further our understanding of their target site selectivity. The complexity of the data led me to a generative deep learning approach. Using the sequence data I trained a conditional variational autoencoder called RecGen (Recombinase Generator) that is capable of generating novel recombinases for a given target site. With computational evaluation of the sequences I revealed that known recombinases functional on the desired target site are generally more similar to the RecGen predicted recombinases than other recombinase libraries. Additionally, I could experimentally show that predicted recombinases for known target sites are at least as active as the evolved recombinases. Finally, I also experimentally show that 4 out of 10 recombinases predicted for novel target sites are capable of excising their respective target sites. As a bonus to RecGen I also developed a new method capable of accurate sequencing of recombinases with nanopore sequencing while simultaneously counting DNA editing events. The data of this method should enable the next development iteration of RecGen.