Cette thèse a pour objectif d’éprouver la pertinence théorique d’un éclairage psychopathologique de la clinique du comportement antisocial chez l’enfant. Dans ce contexte, elle analyse à différents niveaux les contacts et rapports entre le psychisme de l’enfant et les discours théorico-cliniques autour de l’antisocial : psychiatrique, psychologique, sociologique, psychanalytique, phénoménologique et poétique. Dans la problématique du comportement antisocial chez l’enfant, le conflit entre la représentation du comportement de l'anti social et le récit associé à l’expérience psychique apparait comme essentiel. A l’interstice de ces deux manifestations psychiques opposées, le geste est un autre type de manifestation psychique entre l’acte et le récit. Ce conflit intrapsychique s’accompagne dans la relation clinique d’une contamination du contre transfert et au niveau social, d'une riposte sociale qui est à la base de la significativité du phénomène antisocial. Notre intention est de montrer comment les modèles psychanalytiques traitant de la clinique du passage à l’acte ont laissé la question de la complexité du fonctionnement psychique de l’antisocial en périphérie. Au vu de ce constat, nous soumettons deux hypothèses: Dans la première hypothèse, nous postulerons que l’absence de significativité du comportement antisocial n’est pas simplement un court-circuit entre acte et pensée. Court-circuit dont l'incidence laisserait indemne la nature intentionnelle du comportement. La significativité antisociale est le signe psychopathologique du comportement en même temps que son intentionnalité. Le geste antisocial sera à comprendre comme l’une des différentes figures morbides dans le développement psychologique de l’enfant. Dans la seconde hypothèse, nous posterons que le gérondif du geste est une aide à la compréhension du destin pulsionnel du geste antisocial. Ce processus de met en place tout au long du cheminement progressif du clinicien dans sa rencontre avec le phénomène antisocial. / This research aims at underlining the theoretical relevance of the psychopathological aspect of the clinic of children's antisocial behaviour. We analyzed on different levels the contacts and relations between the child's psyche and the theoretico-clinical approaches of the antisocial: psychiatrical, psychological, phenomenological, psychoanalytical and poetical. In this context, we review the importance of the conflict between the antisocial representation of the behaviour'sprocess and the narration emerging from the experience of the antisocial psyche. With the meeting of those opposed psychic manifestations comes forward the gesture as another type of psychic manifestation between acting and thinking. In the clinical relationship, this intrapsychic conflict contamine counter-transference. At the social level, the social reaction stands at the core of the significativity of the antisocial phenomenon. Our intention is to show how the psycho-analytical models dealing with the acting out clinic overlooked the complexity of the way the antisocial's psyche works. Therefore, we propose two hypothesizes:First, the absence of significativity in the antisocial behaviour is not only a rupture between acting and thinking. A rupture which would not alter the intentionality of this behaviour. The antisocial significativity is a behavioural psychopathological marker as well as its intentionality. The antisocial gesture has to be understand as one of the morbid figures in the child's psychological development. The second hypothesis of a gerund of the gesture throws some light on the impulsive antisocial gesture. The maturity of this process comes along with the clinician progressive approximation of the antisocial phenomenon.Key-words : antisocial, psychopathie, behavior, act, significativity, gesture, antisocial gesture, gerund, game, gerund of geste, representation drive, subject

The first aim of this work is to describe the subordinate implicit clauses in Italian and in French and to compare the structures of these clauses in both languages. The second aim is to examine the use of the subordinate clauses formed with gerund in Italian and in French in a corpus of journalistic texts. The work is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. At the beginning, the theoretical part includes an explanation of some notions and a short description of the morphology and syntax of the non-finite verb forms in Italian and in French. A larger part of the work is then dedicated to the description of the subordinate implicit clauses in Italian and in French. The practical part contains an analysis of the subordinate gerund clauses in both languages. The corpus analysis is conducted using the corpus InterCorp and its aim is to examine the frequency, the semantics and the function of gerund in Italian and in French in journalistic texts.

The present study deals with the French gerund and the Swedish syntactic correspondences in a parallel corpus. The analysis is based on 3,988 authentic instances of the gerund and their corresponding structures in Swedish texts. These are collected in a corpus consisting of 13 original contemporary French novels and 13 original contemporary Swedish novels, including their respective translations. The main purpose is to identify the Swedish corresponding structures and consider how, and to what extent, they transmit the integrative function and the adverbial interpretations of the French gerund.   Nine Swedish reoccurring structures are discerned, including the most common: coordinated clauses and adverbial clauses. The study shows that the nine Swedish structures share the integrative capacity of the gerund to different degrees, as well as how they transmit the adverbial interpretations in various ways. Some Swedish syntactic structures correlate with particular adverbial interpretation of the gerund. Another aim is to contribute to the existing research on the French gerund: the semantic analysis of the corpus has led to question – with authentic examples – the alleged absolute inability of the gerund to denote an eventuality that is the consequence of the eventuality denoted by the superordinate clause. The study also reveals, in light of Swedish corresponding structures, the relationship between certain adverbial interpretations of the gerund and more independent syntax in French.

The purpose of this thesis was to analyse the Spanish gerund and its Czech equivalents. The thesis is divided into two parts: the theoretical one and the empirical one. We mainly drew from Spanish grammar books and Czech linguistic works. The gerund and its translation equivalents were compiled from the parallel Czech-Spanish corpus InterCorp. The excerpts were analysed from the linguistic point of view in order to provide a contrastive description of the Spanish gerund and its Czech equivalent expressions. The objective of the study was to describe the different types of Czech translation equivalents and their frequency. The results of the study also reveal that translation of the Spanish gerund into Czech is closely related to the conversion of the analytic language structure into the syntactic one. Therefore, some of the specific characteristics of translation of the gerund into Czech might be assigned to the concurrence of two typologically different languages.

Esta dissertação objetiva descrever diacronicamente o gerúndio, desde o latim até o português arcaico, a fim de apontar como e quando suas funções foram ampliadas à custa do particípio presente. Para levar a pesquisa a cabo, recorreu-se a dois difundidos métodos da Linguística Diacrônica: o método de análise documental indutiva e o método histórico-comparativo. O primeiro consiste em analisar traços e fenômenos linguísticos diretamente nos textos antigos para, ao cabo, sistematizar e interpretar os dados analisados. O segundo, mais teórico e mais abstrato, consiste em reconstruir traços de uma língua ancestral por meio da comparação indutiva de traços das línguas descendentes. Esta pesquisa consta de cinco corpora três de textos latinos e dois de textos portugueses medievais , nos quais se analisam não só o gerúndio, como também o particípio presente. Os corpora são estes: 1) Antología del Latín Vulgar, de Díaz e Díaz (1962); 2) Glosas Emilianenses, Glosas Silenses e documentos privados ibéricos, coligidos em Pidal (1950); 3) Os documentos do Tombo de Toxos Outos, de Pérez Rodríguez (2004); 4) 150 cantigas portuguesas de escárnio e maldizer; 5) Um Flos Sanctorum Trecentista, de Machado Filho (2009). Para a aplicação do método histórico-comparativo, recorre-se ao português e às outras quatro línguas neolatinas majoritárias: francês, italiano, castelhano e romeno. Os resultados mostram que a disputa entre o gerúndio e o particípio presente já ocorria desde os primeiros momentos da literatura latina, até que, por volta do século II d.C., antes de a relativa unidade do latim se romper, o gerúndio o sobrepujasse no latim popular. / This dissertation aims to describe diacronically the gerund, from Latin to Old Portuguese, in order to point out how and when its functions were enlarged at the expense of the present participle. In order to conduct this research, two diffused methods of Diachronic Linguistics were used: the method of inductive documental analysis and the historical-comparative method. The first consists in analyzing linguistic features and phenomena directly in the old texts in order to systematize and interpret the analyzed data. The second, more theoretical and more abstract, consists in reconstructing features of an ancestral language by the inductive comparison of features of the descendant languages. This research consists of five corpora three of Latin texts and two of Portuguese medieval texts , in which the gerund, as well as the present participle, are analyzed. The corpora are these: 1) Antología del Latín Vulgar, by Díaz y Díaz (1962); 2) Glosas Emilianenses, Glosas Silenses and private Iberian documents, collected in Pidal (1950); 3) Os documentos do Tombo de Toxos Outos, of Pérez Rodríguez (2004); 4) 150 Portuguese derision and cursing poems; 5) Um Flos Sanctorum Trecentista, by Machado Filho (2009). For the application of the historical-comparative method, the Portuguese and the other four Neo-Latin languages are used: French, Italian, Castilian and Romanian. The results show that the dispute between the gerund and the present participle had already taken place from the earliest moments of Latin literature, until, by the second century AD, before the relative unity of Latin broke, the gerund had surpassed it in popular Latin.

El presente estudio examina cómo se traducen algunos gerundios de la novela El paraíso en la otra esquina de Mario Vargas Llosa del español al sueco por el traductor Peter Landelius. El análisis muestra que en la mayor parte de los casos se recurre a varias estrategias para expresar el gerundio español en sueco, como el imperfecto, la construcción “y” + imperfecto, preposiciones, omisión del verbo o subordinadas de relativo. En muy pocos casos, el 6 %, se mantiene la forma del gerundio en la traducción. Además, el análisis confirma la hipótesis de que si el gerundio español se sustituye por otras formas verbales o construcciones gramaticales en sueco, algunos matices semánticos y estilísticos que se configuran en la novela de Vargas Llosa se pierden o se modifican en la traducción al sueco. / The present study investigates how some gerunds in the novel The Way to Paradise by Mario Vargas Llosa is translated to Swedish by the translator Peter Landelius. The analysis shows that different strategies are used, such as the past tense, the construction “and” + the past tense, prepositions, omission of the verb or subordinate relative clauses. In very few cases, 6 %, the gerund is kept in the translation. The analysis confirms the hypothesis, when the gerund in the Spanish text is replaced by other grammatical constructions in Swedish, some semantic and stylistic nuances configured in Vargas Llosa’s novel are lost or modified in the Swedish translation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:06:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GisonaldoAS_DISSERT.pdf: 947149 bytes, checksum: 7d0b8a1b212e42dbe737c47289031d35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-15 / The work in evidence analyzes the use in the ways periphasis of gerund - FPG - (to go+to be+gerund) in the speech (gender class) of the teachers of Natal, Caic? and Serra Negra do Norte, potiguares cities. For that, she opted to constitute corpus, once the data found in other corpora they were inexpressive for the research. The study tries to elucidate the reasons that take the speaker to use a form of larger future in detriment of the more it tans; it investigates as it feels the manifestation of the grammaticalization and demarcation - beginnings givonianos. Besides Giv?n (1979, 1984, 1990, 1995 e 2001), other authors served as light: Cunha (1986); Bechara (2007); Cunha and Cintra (2007); Perini (2006); Neves (2000, 2006) Silva (2005); Furtado da Cunha and Tavares (2007); Gibbon (2000); Torres (2009). After the study, the results that point the appearance in a new way of future expression emerged, marked and with tendency the grammaticalization / O trabalho em evid?ncia analisa o uso das formas perifr?sticas gerundivas FPG (ir+estar+ger?ndio) no discurso (g?nero aula) dos professores de Natal, Caic? e Serra Negra do Norte, cidades potiguares. Para isso, optou-se por constituir um corpus uma vez que os dados encontrados em outros corpora (VALPB, D&G) foram inexpressivos para a pesquisa. O estudo procura elucidar as raz?es que levam o falante a utilizar uma forma de futuro estruturalmente mais longa em detrimento de outra mais curta; investiga como se d? a manifesta??o da gramaticaliza??o e da marca??o princ?pios funcionalistas propostos por Givon. Al?m de Giv?n (1979, 1984, 1990, 1995 e 2001), outros autores serviram de luz: Cunha (1986); Bechara (2007); Cunha e Cintra (2007); Perini (2006); Neves (2000, 2006) Silva (2005); Furtado da Cunha e Tavares (2007); Gibbon (2000); Torres (2009). Ap?s o estudo, emergiram os resultados que apontam o surgimento de uma nova forma de express?o de futuro com tend?ncia a gramaticalizar-se

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Esta tese trata do estudo das construÃÃes gerundivas em LÃngua Portuguesa, a partir de dados provenientes dos sÃculos XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX e XX, sob o suporte teÃrico do Funcionalismo LinguÃstico Norte-americano, para cumprir trÃs objetivos principais: a) constituir um corpus diacrÃnico, de natureza e caracterÃstica semelhantes, determinado por parÃmetros bem regulares, para se analisar o funcionamento das construÃÃes gerundivas nas variedades do PortuguÃs europeu e brasileiro, em perspectiva sincrÃnica e diacrÃnica, garantindo-se uma amostra equÃnime do material analisado; b) descrever o domÃnio funcional aspecto-temporal do gerÃndio, no qual sÃo codificadas as funÃÃes de tempo, aspecto e modalidade; c) descrever o domÃnio funcional aspecto-circunstancial do gerÃndio, em que sÃo expressas as circunstÃncias associadas a aspecto. Foram encontradas 3.910 ocorrÃncias de gerÃndio, das quais 1.671 estÃo distribuÃdas no domÃnio aspecto-temporal e 2.239 estÃo distribuÃdas no domÃnio aspecto-circunstancial. As construÃÃes gerundivas foram submetidas a tratamento estatÃstico no programa Goldvarx, cuja frequÃncia de uso foi verificada a partir das seguintes categorias: valores semÃntico-sintÃticos, valores circunstanciais, noÃÃes temporais, noÃÃes aspectuais, modalidade, relevo discursivo, sÃculo e variedade do PortuguÃs. Os resultados foram avaliados mediante o PrincÃpio da MarcaÃÃo, proposto por GivÃn (1990, 1991), e revelaram que: no domÃnio funcional aspecto-temporal, o gerÃndio adjetivo e o gerÃndio coordenado apresentam-se como categorias nÃo-marcadas; o gerÃndio independente, o gerÃndio imperativo e o gerÃndio conectivo como categorias intermediÃrias; e o gerÃndio narrativo e o gerÃndio descritivo como categorias marcadas. No domÃnio funcional aspecto-circunstancial, as circunstÃncias de modo, tempo, causa sÃo categorias nÃo-marcadas; as circunstÃncias de consequÃncia, condiÃÃo e finalidade sÃo categorias intermediÃrias; e as circunstÃncias de concessÃo, proporÃÃo, comparaÃÃo e conformidade sÃo circunstÃncias marcadas. / This thesis deals with the study of constructions with gerund in Portuguese, researched from data from XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX and XX centuries, by the theoretical perspective of North American Functionalism, to get three main purposes: a) to compose a diachronic corpus of similar nature and characteristic, determined by regular parameters in order to analyze the functioning of the constructions with gerund in Brazilian and European Portuguese, in synchronic and diachronic perspective, establishing an equal sample of the material analyzed; b) to describe the tense-aspect functional domain of gerund, in which the functions of tense, aspect and modality are codified; c) to describe the aspect-circumstantial functional domain of the gerund in which the circumstances are associated with the aspect. It was found 3,910 ocurrences of gerund, 1,671 from them are distributed in tense-aspect domain and 2,239 are distributed in circumstantial-aspect domain. The gerund constructions were submitted to statistical analysis in Goldvarx program, whose frequency of use was verified from the following categories: syntactic-semantic values, circumstantial values, tense notions, aspect notions, modality, grounding, century and variety of Portuguese. The results were analyzed by Markedness Principle, proposed by GivÃn (1990, 1991), and they have revealed that: in the tense-aspect functional domain, the adjective gerund and coordinated gerund appear as marked categories; independent gerund, imperative gerund and connective gerund as intermediate categories; and the narrative and descriptive gerund as marked categories. In the circumstantial-aspect functional domain, the circumstances of mood, tense, cause are non- marked categories; the circumstances of consequence, condition and finality are intermediate categories; and the circumstances of concession, proportion, comparison and conformity are marked circumstances.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / This research deals with the variation of future tense with gerund forms in the Portuguese spoken in Fortaleza, from data of speakers of three different professions, collected by means of sociolinguistic interviews: salesmen, teachers and telemarketing workers. This phenomenon presents six variants: a) the imminent periphrastic simple future, b) the imminent periphrastic extended future - that compose the imminent future variable; c) the medium periphrastic simple future, d) the medium periphrastic extended future - that compose the medium future variable; e) the resultative periphrastic simple future, and f) the resultative periphrastic extended future - that compose the resultative future variable. We also consider a definition of gerundismo based on form, aspect, modality and temporal criteria. The theoretical referential is composed by the association of postulates of the Sociolinguistics Analysis and the Linguistic Functionalism, resulting in the theoretical configuration of the Sociofuncionalismo, considered by Tavares (2003). The analysis is performed in four stages: in the first one, we analyze the variants of imminent future; after that, the variants of medium future; later, the variants of resultative future and, finally, a section is dedicated for analysis of the variant called gerundismo. Results confirm that the phenomenon under study is influenced by factors of distinct nature: social factors, such as sex and profession of speakers and linguistic factors as type of the verb (auxiliary or modal verbs) and presence of one mark of future tense. / Esta dissertaÃÃo trata da variaÃÃo de tempo futuro no portuguÃs falado em Fortaleza codificado por perÃfrases gerundivas, a partir de dados de fala de informantes de trÃs diferentes Ãreas de atuaÃÃo, coletados por meio de entrevistas sociolinguÃsticas: vendedores, professores e operadores de telemarketing. Esse fenÃmeno apresenta seis variantes: a) futuro iminente perifrÃstico simples, b) futuro iminente perifrÃstico estendido â que compÃem a subvariÃvel futuro iminente; c) futuro mÃdio perifrÃstico simples, d) futuro mÃdio perifrÃstico estendido â que compÃem a subvariÃvel futuro mÃdio; e) futuro resultativo perifrÃstico simples e f) futuro resultativo perifrÃstico estendido â que compÃem a subvariÃvel futuro resultativo. Trata-se tambÃm da variante denominada gerundismo para a qual propomos uma definiÃÃo baseada em critÃrios tais como forma, aspecto, modalidade e natureza temporal. O referencial teÃrico à composto pela associaÃÃo de postulados da SociolinguÃstica Variacionista e do Funcionalismo LinguÃstico, resultando na configuraÃÃo teÃrica do Sociofuncionalismo, proposto por Tavares (2003). A anÃlise à feita em quatro etapas: na primeira, analisamos as variantes de futuro iminente; em seguida, as variantes de futuro mÃdio, depois, as variantes de futuro resultativo e, por Ãltimo, à dedicada uma seÃÃo para anÃlise da variante denominada gerundismo. Os resultados confirmam que o fenÃmeno em estudo à influenciado por fatores de uma natureza distinta: fatores sociais, tais como o sexo e a profissÃo dos falantes e fatores linguÃsticos como o tipo do verbo (verbos auxiliares ou modais) e presenÃa de uma marca de tempo futuro.

in English A corpus analysis of the semantic interpretation factors of the French gérondif The aim of this work is to analyse factors influencing the interpretation of the implicit meaning of the French gérondif (Ger), and to explain, on the basis of this research, the semantic functioning of this non-finite verbal form (in connection with its equivalents in Czech). Our departing point is that the Ger form functions as an interpretation instruction, which defines the means of the integration of the action of the Ger into the action of the main proposition. This interpretation instruction defines the semantic invariant of the Ger, and thus its basic meaning; other meanings are derived on the basis of complex interactions of syntactic, lexical and pragmatic factors. The method used to examine these factors is based on a computer analysis of wide data acquired from monolingual and parallel corpora (FRANTEXT and InterCorp). Part I presents a summary of the results of the latest research of Ger and defines the specific factors: morphological which determine the essential interpretation instruction of the Ger (I.1.1) and basic relationships of aspect and time between the Ger and the main proposition (I.1.2); syntactic which define the Ger as a predication (I.2.1), its syntactic function in the context of...