Children descending from pregnancy complicated by gestational hypertension, preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction have a lifelong increased risk of development of cardiovascular disease. This study investigates the expression profile of 29 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular microRNAs in children at the age of 3 to 11 years. MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNA molecules affecting gene expression by posttranscriptional modifications of mRNA, which affects biological processes. Abnormal microRNA levels can lead to pathological conditions of the individual. This study explores the relationship between dysregulated microRNA levels in whole peripheral venous blood of children and the presence of complications during pregnancy. Furthermore, this study looks at expression profile specificities depending on the presence of pathology in the child's cardiovascular system, as found in a clinical examination consisting of BMI assessment and evaluation, blood pressure testing and ultrasound examination of the heart. Dysregulated profile was present in children with gestational hypertension in miR-1-3p, miR-17-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-126-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-181a-5p, miR-199a-5p, miR-342-3p and miR-499-5p. In children with preeclampsia, dysregulation was found with miR-1-3p and...

The aim of this study was to investigate gene expression of cardiovascular miRNAs in peripheral blood of mothers after delivery. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs, which significantly modulate posttranscriptional adjustments of mRNA and thus regulate gene expression across biological processess. Dysregulation of miRNAs is associated with many pathological phenomena, thanks that we can use them for diagnosis and potentionaly we can treat these diseases by the manipulation of miRNA gene expression. We examined gene expression of circulating miRNAs associated with cardiovascular diseases, and we investigated, how the expression profile depends on pregnancy course and manifestation of pregnancy-related complications. For this purpose we examined material from 221 mothers 3-10 years after delivery. A group with identical pregnancy-related complication was always compared with a group of mothers after physiological pregnancy. Gene expression of 29 cardiovascular miRNAs in peripheral blood was studied using reverse transcription and quantitative real-time PCR. It was confirmed, that the expression profile of miRNAs differed between pregnancy-related complications and physiological controls. We also confirmed, that the profile of gene expression discovered at mothers 3-10 years after delivery was different...

<p>We defined hypertension in pregnancy as a composite of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia. The etiology of hypertension in pregnancy remains controversial. The three chapters of this thesis explore the risk of hypertension in pregnancy from various kidney conditions. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the thesis. Chapter 2 is a systematic review that studied the risk of developing hypertension in pregnant women with chronic kidney disease but not on dialysis. We found that women with chronic kidney disease had at least a twofold higher relative risk of developing hypertension during pregnancy compared with women having no chronic kidney disease. Chapter 3 is a retrospective study looking at the risk of developing gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in women who had symptomatic gastroenteritis after drinking water infected with <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 during the Walkerton outbreak in May 2000. We conducted this study using linked datasets at the Institute of Evaluative Sciences (ICES) Toronto, Ontario. We observed that there was no increased risk of developing gestational hypertension or preeclampsia among the symptomatic women compared with women from the neighbouring towns who were asymptomatic or did not drink the water. Chapter 4 is a protocol of a prospective cohort study recruiting female kidney donors and healthy non-donors as the comparative group to study pregnancy outcomes in these individuals. This is a multicentre study involving 12 transplant centres throughout Canada. There are 59 participants in this study to date (Feb 28, 2013) of which seven have been pregnant so far. Data collection for this study is ongoing.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

La prééclampsie est responsable du quart des mortalités maternelles et est la deuxième cause de décès maternels associés à la grossesse au Canada et dans le monde. L’identification d’une stratégie efficace pour la prévention de la prééclampsie est une priorité et un défi primordial dans les milieux de recherche en obstétrique. Le rôle des éléments nutritifs dans le développement de la prééclampsie a récemment reçu davantage d’attention. Plusieurs études cliniques et épidémiologiques ont été menées pour déterminer les facteurs de risque alimentaires potentiels et examiner les effets d’une supplémentation nutritive dans le développement de troubles hypertensifs de la grossesse. Pour déterminer les effets de suppléments antioxydants pris pendant la grossesse sur le risque d’hypertension gestationnelle (HG) et de prééclampsie, un essai multicentrique contrôlé à double insu a été mené au Canada et au Mexique (An International Trial of Antioxidants in the Prevention of Preeclampsia – INTAPP). Les femmes, stratifiées par risque, étaient assignées au traitement expérimental quotidien (1 gramme de vitamine C et 400 UI de vitamine E) ou au placebo. En raison des effets secondaires potentiels, le recrutement pour l’essai a été arrêté avant que l’échantillon complet ait été constitué. Au total, 2640 femmes éligibles ont accepté d’être recrutées, dont 2363 (89.5%) furent incluses dans les analyses finales. Nous n’avons retrouvé aucune évidence qu’une supplémentation prénatale de vitamines C et E réduisait le risque d’HG et de ses effets secondaires (RR 0,99; IC 95% 0,78-1,26), HG (RR 1,04; IC 95% 0,89-1,22) et prééclampsie (RR 1,04; IC 95% 0,75-1,44). Toutefois, une analyse secondaire a révélé que les vitamines C et E augmentaient le risque de « perte fœtale ou de décès périnatal » (une mesure non spécifiée au préalable) ainsi qu’une rupture prématurée des membranes avant terme. Nous avons mené une étude de cohorte prospective chez les femmes enceintes recrutées dans l’INTAPP afin d’évaluer les relations entre le régime alimentaire maternel en début et fin de grossesse et le risque de prééclampsie et d’HG. Un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire validé était administré deux fois pendant la grossesse (12-18 semaines, 32-34 semaines). Les analyses furent faites séparément pour les 1537 Canadiennes et les 799 Mexicaines en raison de l’hétérogénéité des régimes alimentaires des deux pays. Parmi les canadiennes, après ajustement pour l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) précédant la grossesse, le groupe de traitement, le niveau de risque (élevé versus faible) et les autres facteurs de base, nous avons constaté une association significative entre un faible apport alimentaire (quartile inférieur) de potassium (OR 1,79; IC 95% 1,03-3,11) et de zinc (OR 1,90; IC 95% 1,07-3,39) et un risque augmenté de prééclampsie. Toujours chez les Canadiennes, le quartile inférieur de consommation d’acides gras polyinsaturés était associé à un risque augmenté d’HG (OR 1,49; IC 95% 1,09-2,02). Aucun des nutriments analysés n’affectait les risques d’HG ou de prééclampsie chez les Mexicaines. Nous avons entrepris une étude cas-témoins à l’intérieur de la cohorte de l’INTAPP pour établir le lien entre la concentration sérique de vitamines antioxydantes et le risque de prééclampsie. Un total de 115 cas de prééclampsie et 229 témoins ont été inclus. Les concentrations de vitamine E ont été mesurées de façon longitudinale à 12-18 semaines (avant la prise de suppléments), à 24-26 semaines et à 32-34 semaines de grossesse en utilisant la chromatographie liquide de haute performance. Lorsqu’examinée en tant que variable continue et après ajustement multivarié, une concentration de base élevée de gamma-tocophérol était associée à un risque augmenté de prééclampsie (quartile supérieur vs quartile inférieur à 24-26 semaines : OR 2,99, IC 95% 1,13-7,89; à 32-34 semaines : OR 4,37, IC 95% 1,35-14,15). Nous n’avons pas trouvé de lien entre les concentrations de alpha-tocophérol et le risque de prééclampsie. En résumé, nous n’avons pas trouvé d’effets de la supplémentation en vitamines C et E sur le risque de prééclampsie dans l’INTAPP. Nous avons toutefois trouvé, dans la cohorte canadienne, qu’une faible prise de potassium et de zinc, tel qu’estimée par les questionnaires de fréquence alimentaire, était associée à un risque augmenté de prééclampsie. Aussi, une plus grande concentration sérique de gamma-tocophérol pendant la grossesse était associée à un risque augmenté de prééclampsie. / Preeclampsia (PE) accounts for about one-quarter of cases of maternal mortality, and ranks second among the causes of pregnancy-associated maternal deaths in Canada and worldwide. The identification of an effective strategy to prevent PE is a priority and fundamental challenge in obstetrics research. The role of nutritional factors in the etiology of PE has recently received increased attention. Many clinical and epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate potential dietary risk factors for PE and to examine the effects of nutritional supplementation on the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. To investigate the effects of prenatal antioxidant supplementation on the risk of gestational hypertension (GH) and PE, a double blind, multicenter trial (The International Trial of Antioxidants for the Prevention of Preeclampsia – the INTAPP trial) was conducted in Canada and in Mexico. Women were stratified by their risk status and assigned to daily experimental treatment (1 gram vitamin C and 400 IU vitamin E) or to placebo. Due to concerns about potential adverse effects, recruitment for the trial was stopped before the full sample had been achieved. A total of 2640 consenting eligible women had been recruited at that point with 2363 women (89.5%) included in the final analysis. We found no evidence that prenatal supplementation of vitamins C and E reduced the risk of GH and its adverse conditions (RR: 0.99, 95% CI 0.78-1.26), GH (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.89-1.22), and PE (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.75-1.44). However, in a secondary analysis, we found that vitamins C and E increased the risk of ‘fetal loss or perinatal death’ (a non-pre-specified outcome) as well as preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). We conducted a prospective cohort study on pregnant women enrolled in the INTAPP trial to investigate the associations between maternal diet in early and late pregnancy and the risk of PE and GH. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was administered twice during pregnancy (12-18 weeks, 32-34 weeks). Analyses were conducted separately for 1537 Canadian and 799 Mexican women as there were significant heterogeneities in various nutrient intakes between the two countries. Among Canadian women, after adjusting for pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), treatment group, risk stratum (high versus low) and other baseline risk factors, we found that the lowest quartiles of potassium (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.03-3.11) and zinc (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.07-3.39) intake were significantly associated with an increased risk of PE. Also in Canadian women, the lowest quartile of polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with an increased risk of GH (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.09-2.02). None of the nutrients analyzed were found to be associated with PE and GH risk among Mexican women. We further conducted a case control study ancillary to the INTAPP trial to assess the relationship between plasma concentration of antioxidant vitamins and the risk of PE. A total of 115 PE cases and 229 matched controls were included. Vitamin E concentrations were measured longitudinally at 12-18 weeks (prior to supplementation), 24-26 weeks, and 32-34 weeks of gestation using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). When examined as a continuous variable, and after multivariate adjustment, elevated baseline gamma-tocopherol concentrations were associated with an increased risk of PE (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.02-1.78). Analyses of repeated measurements indicated that elevated gamma-tocopherol levels were associated with an increased risk of PE (highest vs. lowest quartile at 24-26 weeks: OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.13-7.89; at 32-34 weeks: OR 4.37, 95% CI 1.35-14.15). We found no associations between alpha-tocopherol concentrations and the risk of PE. In summary, we found no effects of vitamins C and E supplementation on the risk of PE in the INTAPP trial. However, in the Canadian cohort we found that lower intakes of potassium and zinc as estimated by the FFQ were associated with an increased risk of PE. Moreover, higher plasma concentration of gamma-tocopherol during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of PE.

Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are highly conserved proteins that are part of the universal stress response of the cell. Their main function is to protect cells against structural and functional damage. Organisms exposed to different forms of stress, such as e.g. a lack of nutrients or water, hypoxia, infection or inflammation, demonstrated an increased gene expression of these proteins. Pregnancy complications cause stress conditions for maternal and fetal organism, which may result in an increased gene expression of Hsp. In my thesis, I examined the concentration of extracellular mRNA for five different heat shock proteins (Hsp27, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, HspBP1) in the plasma of pregnant women and wheather this concentration is affected by possible pregnancy complications (preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction and gestational hypertension). I also investigated a possible correlation between mRNA plasma concentration for Hsp and pulsatility index values (PI) obtained by Doppler ultrasound. This research should help to invent a new predictive method for pregnancy complications, based on a detection of specific biomarkers in the first trimester of pregnancy. The research was conducted on plasma samples obtained from peripheral blood of pregnant women, whose collection was performed during clinical manifestations of...

La prééclampsie est responsable du quart des mortalités maternelles et est la deuxième cause de décès maternels associés à la grossesse au Canada et dans le monde. L’identification d’une stratégie efficace pour la prévention de la prééclampsie est une priorité et un défi primordial dans les milieux de recherche en obstétrique. Le rôle des éléments nutritifs dans le développement de la prééclampsie a récemment reçu davantage d’attention. Plusieurs études cliniques et épidémiologiques ont été menées pour déterminer les facteurs de risque alimentaires potentiels et examiner les effets d’une supplémentation nutritive dans le développement de troubles hypertensifs de la grossesse. Pour déterminer les effets de suppléments antioxydants pris pendant la grossesse sur le risque d’hypertension gestationnelle (HG) et de prééclampsie, un essai multicentrique contrôlé à double insu a été mené au Canada et au Mexique (An International Trial of Antioxidants in the Prevention of Preeclampsia – INTAPP). Les femmes, stratifiées par risque, étaient assignées au traitement expérimental quotidien (1 gramme de vitamine C et 400 UI de vitamine E) ou au placebo. En raison des effets secondaires potentiels, le recrutement pour l’essai a été arrêté avant que l’échantillon complet ait été constitué. Au total, 2640 femmes éligibles ont accepté d’être recrutées, dont 2363 (89.5%) furent incluses dans les analyses finales. Nous n’avons retrouvé aucune évidence qu’une supplémentation prénatale de vitamines C et E réduisait le risque d’HG et de ses effets secondaires (RR 0,99; IC 95% 0,78-1,26), HG (RR 1,04; IC 95% 0,89-1,22) et prééclampsie (RR 1,04; IC 95% 0,75-1,44). Toutefois, une analyse secondaire a révélé que les vitamines C et E augmentaient le risque de « perte fœtale ou de décès périnatal » (une mesure non spécifiée au préalable) ainsi qu’une rupture prématurée des membranes avant terme. Nous avons mené une étude de cohorte prospective chez les femmes enceintes recrutées dans l’INTAPP afin d’évaluer les relations entre le régime alimentaire maternel en début et fin de grossesse et le risque de prééclampsie et d’HG. Un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire validé était administré deux fois pendant la grossesse (12-18 semaines, 32-34 semaines). Les analyses furent faites séparément pour les 1537 Canadiennes et les 799 Mexicaines en raison de l’hétérogénéité des régimes alimentaires des deux pays. Parmi les canadiennes, après ajustement pour l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) précédant la grossesse, le groupe de traitement, le niveau de risque (élevé versus faible) et les autres facteurs de base, nous avons constaté une association significative entre un faible apport alimentaire (quartile inférieur) de potassium (OR 1,79; IC 95% 1,03-3,11) et de zinc (OR 1,90; IC 95% 1,07-3,39) et un risque augmenté de prééclampsie. Toujours chez les Canadiennes, le quartile inférieur de consommation d’acides gras polyinsaturés était associé à un risque augmenté d’HG (OR 1,49; IC 95% 1,09-2,02). Aucun des nutriments analysés n’affectait les risques d’HG ou de prééclampsie chez les Mexicaines. Nous avons entrepris une étude cas-témoins à l’intérieur de la cohorte de l’INTAPP pour établir le lien entre la concentration sérique de vitamines antioxydantes et le risque de prééclampsie. Un total de 115 cas de prééclampsie et 229 témoins ont été inclus. Les concentrations de vitamine E ont été mesurées de façon longitudinale à 12-18 semaines (avant la prise de suppléments), à 24-26 semaines et à 32-34 semaines de grossesse en utilisant la chromatographie liquide de haute performance. Lorsqu’examinée en tant que variable continue et après ajustement multivarié, une concentration de base élevée de gamma-tocophérol était associée à un risque augmenté de prééclampsie (quartile supérieur vs quartile inférieur à 24-26 semaines : OR 2,99, IC 95% 1,13-7,89; à 32-34 semaines : OR 4,37, IC 95% 1,35-14,15). Nous n’avons pas trouvé de lien entre les concentrations de alpha-tocophérol et le risque de prééclampsie. En résumé, nous n’avons pas trouvé d’effets de la supplémentation en vitamines C et E sur le risque de prééclampsie dans l’INTAPP. Nous avons toutefois trouvé, dans la cohorte canadienne, qu’une faible prise de potassium et de zinc, tel qu’estimée par les questionnaires de fréquence alimentaire, était associée à un risque augmenté de prééclampsie. Aussi, une plus grande concentration sérique de gamma-tocophérol pendant la grossesse était associée à un risque augmenté de prééclampsie. / Preeclampsia (PE) accounts for about one-quarter of cases of maternal mortality, and ranks second among the causes of pregnancy-associated maternal deaths in Canada and worldwide. The identification of an effective strategy to prevent PE is a priority and fundamental challenge in obstetrics research. The role of nutritional factors in the etiology of PE has recently received increased attention. Many clinical and epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate potential dietary risk factors for PE and to examine the effects of nutritional supplementation on the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. To investigate the effects of prenatal antioxidant supplementation on the risk of gestational hypertension (GH) and PE, a double blind, multicenter trial (The International Trial of Antioxidants for the Prevention of Preeclampsia – the INTAPP trial) was conducted in Canada and in Mexico. Women were stratified by their risk status and assigned to daily experimental treatment (1 gram vitamin C and 400 IU vitamin E) or to placebo. Due to concerns about potential adverse effects, recruitment for the trial was stopped before the full sample had been achieved. A total of 2640 consenting eligible women had been recruited at that point with 2363 women (89.5%) included in the final analysis. We found no evidence that prenatal supplementation of vitamins C and E reduced the risk of GH and its adverse conditions (RR: 0.99, 95% CI 0.78-1.26), GH (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.89-1.22), and PE (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.75-1.44). However, in a secondary analysis, we found that vitamins C and E increased the risk of ‘fetal loss or perinatal death’ (a non-pre-specified outcome) as well as preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). We conducted a prospective cohort study on pregnant women enrolled in the INTAPP trial to investigate the associations between maternal diet in early and late pregnancy and the risk of PE and GH. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was administered twice during pregnancy (12-18 weeks, 32-34 weeks). Analyses were conducted separately for 1537 Canadian and 799 Mexican women as there were significant heterogeneities in various nutrient intakes between the two countries. Among Canadian women, after adjusting for pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), treatment group, risk stratum (high versus low) and other baseline risk factors, we found that the lowest quartiles of potassium (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.03-3.11) and zinc (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.07-3.39) intake were significantly associated with an increased risk of PE. Also in Canadian women, the lowest quartile of polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with an increased risk of GH (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.09-2.02). None of the nutrients analyzed were found to be associated with PE and GH risk among Mexican women. We further conducted a case control study ancillary to the INTAPP trial to assess the relationship between plasma concentration of antioxidant vitamins and the risk of PE. A total of 115 PE cases and 229 matched controls were included. Vitamin E concentrations were measured longitudinally at 12-18 weeks (prior to supplementation), 24-26 weeks, and 32-34 weeks of gestation using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). When examined as a continuous variable, and after multivariate adjustment, elevated baseline gamma-tocopherol concentrations were associated with an increased risk of PE (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.02-1.78). Analyses of repeated measurements indicated that elevated gamma-tocopherol levels were associated with an increased risk of PE (highest vs. lowest quartile at 24-26 weeks: OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.13-7.89; at 32-34 weeks: OR 4.37, 95% CI 1.35-14.15). We found no associations between alpha-tocopherol concentrations and the risk of PE. In summary, we found no effects of vitamins C and E supplementation on the risk of PE in the INTAPP trial. However, in the Canadian cohort we found that lower intakes of potassium and zinc as estimated by the FFQ were associated with an increased risk of PE. Moreover, higher plasma concentration of gamma-tocopherol during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of PE.

No description available.

MicroRNA (miRNA) are small non-coding 21-23 nucleotides long one strand RNAs. They are among the major posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression that regulate both physiological and pathological processes. Some of microRNAs, amount of their expression respectively, are specific only for certain type of tissue or pathological condition. The hypothesis for my diploma thesis was that gene expression of 28 cardiovascular disease associated microRNAs (miR-1-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, miR- 20a-5p, miR-20b-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-92a-3p, miR-100-5p, miR-103a-3p, miR-125b-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-130b-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-143-3p, miR-145-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-181-5p, miR-195-5p, miR- 199a-5p, miR-210-3p, miR-221-3p, miR-342-3p, miR-499a-5p, miR-574-3p) would differ in umbilical cord blood between groups of women with physiological pregnancies (FG), gestational hypertension (GH), preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriciton (FGR). The studied cohort consisted of 184 pregnant women involving 44 controls, 47 GH pregnancies, 56 PE pregnancies and 37 FGR pregnancies. Relative quantification of microRNAs was performed by quantitative real-time PCR. Results showed a trend to miR-195-5p down-regulation in umbilical cord blood of GH patients. On the other hand, mild PE...

Pregnancy-related complications such as gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes mellitus, spontaneous preterm birth, and preterm premature rupture of membranes may have severe consequences for both the mother and the child. The development of reliable early screening methods for pregnancy-related complications has therefore been a long-term goal of obstetrics. New possibilities for prenatal diagnostics have opened with the discovery of circulating microRNAs in maternal plasma. MicroRNAs are short, noncoding, 21 to 23 nucleotides long, single-strand RNAs whose main function is to regulate gene expression. During pregnancy, both common and unique miRNAs are expressed by the placenta, amongst them the miRNAs of the C19MC cluster. Several C19MC miRNAs have been shown to display a different expression profile associated with certain pregnancy-related complications. This thesis identifies the plasma exosomal profiles of six C19MC miRNAs (miR-516-5p, miR-517-5p, miR-518b, miR-520a-5p, miR-520h, and miR-525-5p) in patients in their first trimester of gestation who later developed pregnancy-related complications, and compares them with profiles in patients with normal pregnancies.