A study was carried out to determine factors which influence the abundance of Adelges (Chermes) cooleyi Gill, on Douglas fir. This was done through the observation of populations in the field, supported by some laboratory work designed to show that certain influences are important. The work was done during the summer of 1960 in a young stand in Totem Park near Marine Drive and Agronomy Road on the U.B.C. campus, Vancouver. The following items were investigated: 1.) Inter tree differences, 2.) Intra tree variations, 3.) Population changes with time, 4.) Mortality of the insect. Abundance was affected by extrinsic influences on the trees, such as location and exposure and intrinsic factors such as time of bud opening and twig length. Within a tree the abundance of Adelges cooleyi was affected mostly by microclimatic factors, resulting in high abundance of the insect in the peripheral part of the lower crown. The average number of living insects decreased with time rectilinearly in generation 1 (Sexuparae and Progredientes) and logarithmically in generation 2 (Neosistens). A critical period during establishment of generation 2 caused the logarithmic changes. Mortality estimates by direct counts were subject to a large error because many of the dead insects fell off. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Ammonia excretion from the freshwater fish gill is thought to occur mainly via passive diffusion of NH3 aided by a favourable plasma-to-water ammonia gradient sustained by a pH gradient formed by an acidified gill boundary layer. Rhesus (Rh) proteins are the newest members of the ammonia transporter superfamily. In this thesis research, ten rainbow trout Rh cDNA sequences were cloned and characterized. Rhcg2 mRNA and H+-ATPase mRNA and activity levels were upregulated in the trout gill pavement cells in response to experimentally elevated plasma ammonia, concurrent with enhanced ammonia excretion. Controversially, Rh proteins are thought to transport C02. However, Rh mRNA levels in most tissues of hypercapnia-exposed trout remained stable suggesting that trout Rh proteins likely do not conduct C02. Xenopus oocytes expressing trout Rh proteins facilitated the bi-directional transport of methylamine, an ammonia analogue. Methylamine transport was inhibited by ammonia and sensitive to a pH gradient and the concentration of the protonated species. Use of the scanning ion electrode technique (SIET) indicated that trout Rh proteins have an ammonia affinity within the physiological range, which is greater than that for methylamine, and they transport ammonia more rapidly than methylamine. A model of ammonia excretion in the trout gill pavement cell is proposed wherein ammonia enters via basolateral Rhbg and exits via apical Rhcg2, binding to these channels as NH4+ but transiting as NH3. In the gill boundary layer, NH3 combines with an H+ ion released from H+-ATPase and/or Na+/H+ exchange, forming NH4+. As low-affinity, high-capacity ammonia transporters, Rh proteins in the trout gill would exploit the favourable pH gradient formed by the acidic boundary layer to facilitate rapid ammonia efflux when plasma ammonia levels are elevated. Basal plasma ammonia levels are likely maintained by simple passive NH3 diffusion with a smaller role for Rh proteins under these conditions. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) populations diverge into morphs that differ in body size along a benthic-limnetic axis and throughout the depth of the water column. This process is assumedly initiated by the presence of northern pike (Esox lucius) and is followed by morphological adaptations to available food resources. In this study eight populations of whitefish was studied with the purpose of increasing the knowledge about adaptive trait utility in the feeding apparatus of whitefish. This was done by analyzing the mean and absolute maximum and minimum prey size ingested by fish along four morphological trait gradients. The morphological traits was body size, gill raker number and density, and gape size. The results show clear evidence of morphological adaptations in both the benthic and limnetic habitat, furthermore, when comparing the two prey size responses (mean and absolute values) it becomes clear that none of the studied whitefish is physically constrained in terms of the largest prey they can ingest. However, large fish seem to be limited in eating small prey sizes. Interestingly, I also found strong indicators for filter feeding adaptation for one of the studied populations.

Title: Brand image of Gill Summary: The purpose of this thesis is to identify the brand image of Gill in the Czech Republic. The aforementioned brand produces marine clothing and sports equipment. Marketing research has been executed using written questionnaires among the Czech sailors. Based on the results of marketing research, possible solutions to improve the brand image will be proposed. Keywords: image, brand, Gill, marketing research, sailing

The use of viable and reliable tissue preparations allows for experimental approaches in vitro that would not be possible in vivo. In this experiment, gills were isolated from gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, and subjected to various incubation conditions. A combination of two types of media and two incubation apparatuses were compared in their ability to sustain tissues, as measured by the vital stain trypan blue (TB) and percent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. Trypan Blue analysis indicated no significant difference in tissue viability, regardless of the treatment or incubation time. However, percent LDH leakage analysis revealed that the two most influential variables were the medium and apparatus in which the gills were incubated. Interestingly, incubation time did not have a statistically significant influence on gill viability as measured by LDH leakage. The results of LDH leakage analysis suggest that incubation using SW in the 4 ml apparatus is the best combination tested.

Abstract The combinations of four temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35¢J) and six salinities (5, 10, 15, 20 ,25, 30psu ) were employed to study the effects of environmental factors on the speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the oxygen consumption of hard clam Meretrix lusoria and purple clam Sanguinolaria rostrata. The results show that, at the same salinities, the speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the oxygen consumption of M. lusoria increased with increasing temperature and reached the maximum at 30¢J, but declined at 35¢J. In contrast , the speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the oxygen consumption of S. rostrata increased with increasing temperature, and the maximum was at 35¢J. S. rostrata can adapt to higher temperature than M. lusoria does. At the same temperature, the speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the oxygen consumption of two bivalves increased with increasing salinity, reaching its maximum at 15~25psu, and declining at higher salinity ranges. These two bivalves like to live in estuaries. The maximal speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the maximal oxygen consumption of M. lusoria occurred at 30¢J, 20 psu (1.23 cm/min and 1.78 mgO2/hr/g, respectively). The ratio of the maximun to the minimun were 2.5 and 2.8, respectively. The maximal speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the maximal oxygen consumption of S. rostrata were at 35¢J, 25 psu (1.64 cm/min and 1.45 mgO2/hr/g, respectively). The ratio of the maximun to the minimun were 4.0 and 5.8, respectively. Temperature and salinity had more remarkable effects on S. rostrata than on M. lusoria. In another experiment, the combinations of four temperatures (20 ,25 ,30 ,35¢J) and three salinities (10, 20, 30 psu) were employed to study the effects on the speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the oxygen consumption of small M. lusoria and small S. rostrata. The results show that the effects of all temperature-salinity combination on the speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the oxygen consumption of the small bivalves were similar to that of the large ones. The physiological conditions of the small bivalves were similar to that of the large ones. The maximal speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the maximal oxygen consumption of small M. lusoria were at 30¢J, 20 psu (1.31 cm/min and 5.56 mgO2/hr/g, respectively). The ratio of the maximun to the minimun were 2.5 and 3.0, respectively. The maximal speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the maximal oxygen consumption of small S. rostrata were at 35¢J, 20 psu (1.67 cm/min and 3.96 mgO2/hr/g, respectively). The ratio of the maximun to the minimun were 2.9 and 7.1, respectively. Temperature and salinity had more remarkable effects on small S. rostrata than small M. lusoria. Our results also show that the oxygen consumption is positively correlated with the speed of ciliary movement of the gill in both bivalves (R2¡á0.94). The speed of ciliary movement of the gill can be regarded as an physiological indicator. The speed of ciliary movement of the gill of M. lusoria changed very significantly when the temperature was suddenly changed 5¢J or when the salinity was suddenly changed 10psu. The condition then stabilized only gradually. The speed of ciliary movement of the gill showed no pronounced variations after 50~70 minutes. We found that when the temperature or salinity was changed suddenly, the physiological condition of M. lusoria was disturbed and became stable after 70 minutes. M. lusoria died at 5psu (35¢J), but S. rostrata didn¡¦t. S. rostrata can adapt to higher temperature and lower salinity. The cultivation of S. rostrata is easier than M. lusoria. The effects of temperature changes were more significant than those of salinity. Temperature variations were more important than salinity variations on cultivation of M. lusoria and S. rostrata.

Thesis (M.A., Art History) -- University of Adelaide, 2003. / "November 2003" Bibliography: leaves 103-107.

As one of the most successful invasive species in the marine environment around the globe, the green crab Carcinus maenas possesses efficient regulatory mechanisms to quickly acclimate to environmental changes. The most important organs in this process are the nine pairs of gills that not only allow for osmoregulation, but have been shown to be involved in ammonia excretion and respiratory gas exchange. To date, however, little is known about the gills’ contribution to acid-base regulation that might become increasingly important in a “future ocean scenario” whereby surface ocean pH is predicted to drop by up to 0.5 units by the year 2100. The present thesis aims to characterize the green crab gills’ role in acid-base regulation and how it is linked to ammonia excretion. After exposure to hypercapnia (0.4 kPa pCO2 for 7 days), osmoregulating green crabs were capable of fully compensating for the resulting extracellular respiratory acidosis, while osmoconforming green crabs only partially buffered the accompanying drop in hemolymph pH after acclimation to 1% CO2 for 48 hours. Perfusion experiments on isolated green crab gills showed that different gills contributed to the excretion of H+ in an individual pattern and indicated that NH4+ is an important component of branchial acid excretion. Experiments on gill mRNA expression and pharmaceutical effects on isolated gills identified distinct epithelial transporters to play significant roles in branchial acid base regulation: Rhesus-like protein, basolateral bicarbonate transporter(s), cytoplasmic V-(H+)-ATPase, Na+/H+-exchanger, basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase, cytoplasmic and membrane bound carbonic anhydrase, and basolateral K+ channels. Regarding the latter, the present work provides the first sequence-based evidence for a potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CmHCN) capable of promoting NH4+ transport in the green crabs’ gill epithelium, and further demonstrates its direct involvement in branchial acid-base regulation. This highly conserved protein is a potentially important novel key-player in acid-base regulation in all animals. Interestingly, the observed principles linking acid-base to ammonia regulation in the decapod crustacean gill epithelium resemble many observations previously made in vertebrates. The data of the present thesis therefore provides valuable information for general acid-base regulation, while contributing substantially to our understanding of acid-base regulation in invertebrates. / February 2016

The effect of temperature on the gill morphology and ion transporter distribution in the branchial epithelium of a freshwater teleost, the Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.) was examined. Three different water temperatures were used to detect changes in expression level of transporter proteins in the gill epithelial cells. With increasing temperature, the expression level of all three ion transporters studied declined, and the gill lamellae protruded out of the cell mass, thus increasing the surface area of the branchial epithelium. A hypothetical organization of the transporter proteins within the ionocytes is proposed.

ABSTRACT THE TRINITARIAN THEOLOGY OF JOHN GILL (1697–1771): CONTEXT, SOURCES, AND CONTROVERSY Steven Tshombe Godet, Ph.D. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2015 Chair: Dr. Michael A. G. Haykin In the eighteenth century in Britain, a major controversy arose over the doctrine of the Trinity. This controversy embroiled both the Established Church and Dissenters. One of the champions among the Dissenters was John Gill, a Particular Baptist minister. This dissertation will examine how Gill defended the doctrine of the Trinity against various unorthodox views. Chapter 1 introduces the thesis, history of research, and methodology. Chapter 2 examines the political, cultural, and theological context of John Gill and then surveys his life and works. Chapter 3 examines the trinitarian crisis in two phases: phase 1 (1688–1711) and phase 2 (1712–29). Chapter 4 surveys Gill as a Patristic scholar and analyzes his use of Patristic sources in the debate over the Trinity. Chapter 5–8 introduces Gill’s doctrine of Trinity. Chapter 5 defines Gill’s key trinitarian terms while also considering the importance, revelation, and mystery of the Trinity. Chapter 6 seeks to understand Gill’s defense of the unity of God and plurality of the Godhead. Chapters 7 and 8 examine the distinction of the three persons in the Godhead and the distinct personality and deity of the three persons who are one God. Chapter 9 considers how Gill applied the doctrine of the Trinity to several areas of the Christian life. Chapter 10 summarizes the main arguments and suggests some areas of future study in Gill.