With the widespread adoption of smart meters in buildings, an unprecedented amount of high- resolution energy data is released, which provides opportunities to understand building consumption patterns. Accordingly, research efforts have employed data analytics and machine learning methods for the segmentation of consumers based on their load profiles, which help utilities and energy providers for customized/personalized targeting for energy programs. However, building energy segmentation methodologies may present oversimplified representations of load shapes, which do not properly capture the realistic energy consumption patterns, in terms of temporal shapes and magnitude. In this thesis, we introduce a clustering technique that is capable of preserving both temporal patterns and total consumption of load shapes from customers’ energy data. The proposed approach first overpopulates clusters as the initial stage to preserve the accuracy and merges the similar ones to reduce redundancy in the second stage by integrating time-series similarity techniques. For such a purpose, different time-series similarity measures based on Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) are employed. Furthermore, evaluations of different unsupervised clustering methods such as k-means, hierarchical clustering, fuzzy c-means, and self-organizing map were presented on building load shape portfolios, and their performance were quantitatively and qualitatively compared. The evaluation was carried out on real energy data of ~250 households. The comparative assessment (both qualitatively and quantitatively) demonstrated the applicability of the proposed approach compared to benchmark techniques for power time-series clustering of household load shapes. The contribution of this thesis is to: (1) present a comparative assessment of clustering techniques on household electricity load shapes and highlighting the inadequacy of conventional validation indices for choosing the cluster number and (2) propose a two-stage clustering approach to improve the representation of temporal patterns and magnitude of household load shapes. / M.S. / With the unprecedented amount of data collected by smart meters, we have opportunities to systematically analyze the energy consumption patterns of households. Specifically, through using data analytics methods, one could cluster a large number of energy patterns (collected on a daily basis) into a number of representative groups, which could reveal actionable patterns for electric utilities for energy planning. However, commonly used clustering approaches may not properly show the variation of energy patterns or energy volume of customers at a neighborhood scale. Therefore, in this thesis, we introduced a clustering approach to improve the cluster representation by preserving the temporal shapes and energy volume of daily profiles (i.e., the energy data of a household collected during 1 day). In the first part of the study, we evaluated several well-known clustering techniques and validation indices in the literature and showed that they do not necessarily work well for this domain-specific problem. As a result, in the second part, we introduced a two-stage clustering technique to extract the typical energy consumption patterns of households. Different visualization and quantified metrics are shown for the comparison and applicability of the methods. A case-study on several datasets comprising more than 250 households was considered for evaluation. The findings show that datasets with more than thousands of observations can be clustered into 10-50 groups through the introduced two-stage approach, while reasonably maintaining the energy patterns and energy volume of individual profiles.

As our electric power distribution infrastructure has aged, considerable investment has been applied to modernizing the electrical power grid through weatherization and in deployment of real-time monitoring systems. A key question is whether or not these investments are reducing the number and duration of power outages, leading to improved reliability. Statistical methods are applied to analyze electrical disturbance data (from the Department of Energy, DOE) and reliability index data (from state utility public service commission regulators) to detect signs of improvement. The number of installed smart meters provided by several utilities is used to determine whether the number of smart meters correlate with a reduction in outage frequency. Indication emerged that the number of power outages may be decreasing over time. The magnitude of power loss has decreased from 2003 to 2007, and behaves cyclically from 2008 to 2014, with a few outlier points in both groups. The duration also appears to be decreasing between 2003-2014. Large blackout events exceeding 5 GW continue to be rare, and certain power outage events are seasonally dependent. There was a linear relationship between the number of customers and the magnitude of a power outage event. However, no relationship was found between the magnitude of power outages and time to restore power. The frequency of outages maybe decreasing as the number of installed smart meters has increased. Recommendations for inclusion of additional metrics, changes to formatting and semantics of datasets currently provided by federal and state regulators are made to help aid researchers in performing more effective analysis. Confounding variables and lack of information that has made the analysis diffcult is also discussed.

Memoria para optar al título de Geógrafa / La catástrofe vivida en la región de Atacama, y las constantes tragedias experimentadas por nuestro país desde el terremoto del 27 de febrero de 2010, marcaron un hito en la historia de la planificación urbana, dando paso al cuestionamiento respecto a la forma en que se han llevado a cabo metodologías para construir una sociedad resiliente, que pueda sobreponerse ante las tragedias, o bien, disminuir la posibilidad de futuros eventos catastróficos. Es este mismo, el que podría convertirse en una oportunidad para transformarla, dejando de lado la esencia que la caracteriza y define, tal como la conocemos hasta el día de hoy. Es así como, en la presente memoria, se expone la situación de Copiapó, una localidad que ha sido afectada en el último tiempo por una serie de eventos desafortunados, por una catástrofe que arrasó con todo a su paso, destruyendo no solo parte importante de la ciudad, sino que también dañando el frágil tejido social existente. El aluvión experimentado en el norte de Chile, en marzo de 2015, evidenció el profundo desafío que significa para el poder público en la planificación, establecer métodos adecuados de gestión del riesgo, en una zona declarada en catástrofe por el evento hidrometeorológico ocurrido y la urgencia de desarrollar medidas resilientes, tanto en el planteamiento de la planificación urbana como en su reconstrucción. El enfoque de la presente memoria se fundamenta, en primer lugar, en el objetivo general de “Analizar el rol de los actores y la gestión de instrumentos de planificación territorial (IPT), respecto a las amenazas existentes en la ciudad de Copiapó, tendiente a proponer una metodología pertinente de gestión de riesgo de desastres”. Por otra parte, de modo específico, caracteriza la situación actual e histórica existente en torno a los eventos catastróficos ocurridos, analiza los instrumentos de planificación territorial vigentes, identifica el rol de los actores e instrumentos que inciden en la planificación y gestión del riesgo, enfocado en el cómo es socialmente construido. Para finalmente, conjugar estos factores, tendiente a generar una propuesta metodológica que fomente una planificación resiliente para la comunidad de Copiapó frente a las catástrofes socio-naturales Para dar cumplimiento a lo anterior, fue necesario establecer una delimitación teórico conceptual de los principales aspectos determinantes de la gestión del riesgo de desastres en la planificación urbana y en la reconstrucción post desastre en el país. En el contexto metodológico se validan los factores asociados a los riesgos y los requerimientos de la planificación urbana actual, la cual debe sustentarse en una gestión integral del riesgo de desastres, mediante la promoción de un enfoque estratégico y sistemático que reduzca la vulnerabilidad de los territorios ante las amenazas, para respaldar las decisiones de planificación y ordenación territorial de desastres socio-naturales, buscando fortalecer las comunidades para hacerlas resilientes.

Introdução: O déficit de rotação interna glenoumeral, freqüentemente observado em praticantes de esportes que envolvem movimentos repetidos do membro superior sobre a cabeça, tem sido associado ao surgimento de lesões secundárias no ombro. Objetivos: Medir e comparar a amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral em praticantes assintomáticos de tênis e natação, esportes com características diferentes, mas que envolvem esse tipo de movimento. Métodos: 54 voluntários assintomáticos do sexo masculino (108 ombros) divididos em 3 grupos (tenistas, nadadores, grupo-controle) foram submetidos à medida da amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral através do método de exame clínico com estabilização da escápula (delineamento de pesquisa: estudo transversal). Foram comparadas as medidas dos ombros dominante e não dominante dentro de cada grupo e entre os grupos. Resultados: Em todos os grupos, o ombro dominante apresentou déficit de rotação interna se comparado com o não dominante. No grupo de tenistas o déficit médio foi de 23,9° ± 8,4° (P< 0,001), no de nadadores foi de 12° ± 6,8° (P< 0,001), e no grupocontrole de 4,9° ± 7,4° (P= 0,035). Comparados os membros dominantes entre os grupos, houve diferença entre todos, sendo o déficit apresentado pelos tenistas em relação ao grupo-controle (27,6°;P< 0,001) maior do que o dos nadadores (17,9°; P<0,001); entre tenistas e nadadores, foi de 9,7°;P=0,002). Conclusões: O membro dominante apresentou menor amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral do que o não dominante em todos os grupos, sendo o déficit dos tenistas cerca de duas vezes maior do que o dos nadadores. A diferença média entre os membros no grupo controle foi menor do que 5°, o que está dentro do parâmetro de normalidade de acordo com a maioria dos estudos. Todos os grupos apresentaram diferenças se comparados os membros dominantes entre si. Os tenistas apresentaram a menor amplitude de rotação interna seguidos pelos nadadores. / Background: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, often diagnosed in players of overhead sports, has been associated with the development of secondary shoulder pathologies. Aim: To measure and compare the range of glenohumeral internal rotation motion in asymptomatic tennis players and in swimmers, different sports that share this overhead movements. Methods: Fifty-four asymptomatic male volunteers (108 shoulders) divided in 3 groups (tennis players, swimmers, control group) underwent measurements of glenohumeral internal rotation using clinical examination with scapular stabilization (study design: cross-sectional study). Measurements of dominant and nondominant shoulders were compared within and between groups. Results: In tennis players, mean déficit was 23.9° ± 8.4° (P< 0.001); in swimmers, 12° ± 6.8° (P< 0.001); and in the control group, 4.9° ± 7.4° (P= 0.035). Dominant shoulders showed significant difference between all groups, and the déficit of the group of tennis players in comparison with the control group (27.6°;P< 0.001) was greater than the deficit found in the group of swimmers (17.9°; P<0.001); between tennis players and swimmers, the deficit was 9.7°;P=0.002). Conclusions: Dominant limbs showed less glenohumeral internal rotation than the nondominant limbs in all groups, being the deficit in the group of tennis players about twice the deficit found for swimmers. Mean difference between limbs in the control group was less than 5°, which is within normal parameters according to most studies. There were statistically significant differences between all groups when dominant shoulders were compared to each other. Tennis players had the least range of motion, followed by swimmers.

Introdução: O déficit de rotação interna glenoumeral, freqüentemente observado em praticantes de esportes que envolvem movimentos repetidos do membro superior sobre a cabeça, tem sido associado ao surgimento de lesões secundárias no ombro. Objetivos: Medir e comparar a amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral em praticantes assintomáticos de tênis e natação, esportes com características diferentes, mas que envolvem esse tipo de movimento. Métodos: 54 voluntários assintomáticos do sexo masculino (108 ombros) divididos em 3 grupos (tenistas, nadadores, grupo-controle) foram submetidos à medida da amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral através do método de exame clínico com estabilização da escápula (delineamento de pesquisa: estudo transversal). Foram comparadas as medidas dos ombros dominante e não dominante dentro de cada grupo e entre os grupos. Resultados: Em todos os grupos, o ombro dominante apresentou déficit de rotação interna se comparado com o não dominante. No grupo de tenistas o déficit médio foi de 23,9° ± 8,4° (P< 0,001), no de nadadores foi de 12° ± 6,8° (P< 0,001), e no grupocontrole de 4,9° ± 7,4° (P= 0,035). Comparados os membros dominantes entre os grupos, houve diferença entre todos, sendo o déficit apresentado pelos tenistas em relação ao grupo-controle (27,6°;P< 0,001) maior do que o dos nadadores (17,9°; P<0,001); entre tenistas e nadadores, foi de 9,7°;P=0,002). Conclusões: O membro dominante apresentou menor amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral do que o não dominante em todos os grupos, sendo o déficit dos tenistas cerca de duas vezes maior do que o dos nadadores. A diferença média entre os membros no grupo controle foi menor do que 5°, o que está dentro do parâmetro de normalidade de acordo com a maioria dos estudos. Todos os grupos apresentaram diferenças se comparados os membros dominantes entre si. Os tenistas apresentaram a menor amplitude de rotação interna seguidos pelos nadadores. / Background: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, often diagnosed in players of overhead sports, has been associated with the development of secondary shoulder pathologies. Aim: To measure and compare the range of glenohumeral internal rotation motion in asymptomatic tennis players and in swimmers, different sports that share this overhead movements. Methods: Fifty-four asymptomatic male volunteers (108 shoulders) divided in 3 groups (tennis players, swimmers, control group) underwent measurements of glenohumeral internal rotation using clinical examination with scapular stabilization (study design: cross-sectional study). Measurements of dominant and nondominant shoulders were compared within and between groups. Results: In tennis players, mean déficit was 23.9° ± 8.4° (P< 0.001); in swimmers, 12° ± 6.8° (P< 0.001); and in the control group, 4.9° ± 7.4° (P= 0.035). Dominant shoulders showed significant difference between all groups, and the déficit of the group of tennis players in comparison with the control group (27.6°;P< 0.001) was greater than the deficit found in the group of swimmers (17.9°; P<0.001); between tennis players and swimmers, the deficit was 9.7°;P=0.002). Conclusions: Dominant limbs showed less glenohumeral internal rotation than the nondominant limbs in all groups, being the deficit in the group of tennis players about twice the deficit found for swimmers. Mean difference between limbs in the control group was less than 5°, which is within normal parameters according to most studies. There were statistically significant differences between all groups when dominant shoulders were compared to each other. Tennis players had the least range of motion, followed by swimmers.

Introdução: O déficit de rotação interna glenoumeral, freqüentemente observado em praticantes de esportes que envolvem movimentos repetidos do membro superior sobre a cabeça, tem sido associado ao surgimento de lesões secundárias no ombro. Objetivos: Medir e comparar a amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral em praticantes assintomáticos de tênis e natação, esportes com características diferentes, mas que envolvem esse tipo de movimento. Métodos: 54 voluntários assintomáticos do sexo masculino (108 ombros) divididos em 3 grupos (tenistas, nadadores, grupo-controle) foram submetidos à medida da amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral através do método de exame clínico com estabilização da escápula (delineamento de pesquisa: estudo transversal). Foram comparadas as medidas dos ombros dominante e não dominante dentro de cada grupo e entre os grupos. Resultados: Em todos os grupos, o ombro dominante apresentou déficit de rotação interna se comparado com o não dominante. No grupo de tenistas o déficit médio foi de 23,9° ± 8,4° (P< 0,001), no de nadadores foi de 12° ± 6,8° (P< 0,001), e no grupocontrole de 4,9° ± 7,4° (P= 0,035). Comparados os membros dominantes entre os grupos, houve diferença entre todos, sendo o déficit apresentado pelos tenistas em relação ao grupo-controle (27,6°;P< 0,001) maior do que o dos nadadores (17,9°; P<0,001); entre tenistas e nadadores, foi de 9,7°;P=0,002). Conclusões: O membro dominante apresentou menor amplitude de rotação interna glenoumeral do que o não dominante em todos os grupos, sendo o déficit dos tenistas cerca de duas vezes maior do que o dos nadadores. A diferença média entre os membros no grupo controle foi menor do que 5°, o que está dentro do parâmetro de normalidade de acordo com a maioria dos estudos. Todos os grupos apresentaram diferenças se comparados os membros dominantes entre si. Os tenistas apresentaram a menor amplitude de rotação interna seguidos pelos nadadores. / Background: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, often diagnosed in players of overhead sports, has been associated with the development of secondary shoulder pathologies. Aim: To measure and compare the range of glenohumeral internal rotation motion in asymptomatic tennis players and in swimmers, different sports that share this overhead movements. Methods: Fifty-four asymptomatic male volunteers (108 shoulders) divided in 3 groups (tennis players, swimmers, control group) underwent measurements of glenohumeral internal rotation using clinical examination with scapular stabilization (study design: cross-sectional study). Measurements of dominant and nondominant shoulders were compared within and between groups. Results: In tennis players, mean déficit was 23.9° ± 8.4° (P< 0.001); in swimmers, 12° ± 6.8° (P< 0.001); and in the control group, 4.9° ± 7.4° (P= 0.035). Dominant shoulders showed significant difference between all groups, and the déficit of the group of tennis players in comparison with the control group (27.6°;P< 0.001) was greater than the deficit found in the group of swimmers (17.9°; P<0.001); between tennis players and swimmers, the deficit was 9.7°;P=0.002). Conclusions: Dominant limbs showed less glenohumeral internal rotation than the nondominant limbs in all groups, being the deficit in the group of tennis players about twice the deficit found for swimmers. Mean difference between limbs in the control group was less than 5°, which is within normal parameters according to most studies. There were statistically significant differences between all groups when dominant shoulders were compared to each other. Tennis players had the least range of motion, followed by swimmers.