Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-101).

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

M. Tech. Civil Engineering / The re-use of waste materials is promoted for the preservation of non-renewable natural resources. Glass waste was investigated as partial cement and aggregate replacement in concrete. Two types of soda-lime waste glass: Superfine Glass Waste and Ceramic Stone and Porcelain glass waste, residues of glass recycling processes, were used for the experimental programme. This study focused on the reuse of glass waste in concrete in optimal mix proportions, to partially replace cement and aggregates; for low cost housing, concrete applications and greening of the environment.

This thesis examines the technological economics of glass recycling in Britain. Attention was focused on recovery schemes operated within Scotland, comparisons being made with schemes in the rest of Britain and in Europe. An examination was made of general recycling problems and of glass recycling problems in particular. The various systems for glass recycling were reviewed and were put in the context of the waste management system as a whole. A survey was undertaken of Local Authorities operating glass recycling schemes. The aim was to provide a comprehensive data set to enable a consistent assessment of glass recovery schemes to be taken. This emphasised the importance of taking a standard approach to assessing the viability of recovery schemes. This needs to be done in terms of both private and social costs and benefits to provide a full economic assessment of the system. A general computer model has been developed to allow local authorities to check the viability of their on-going operations. As they operate under different conditions this model was split into separate assessment of a Bottle Bank scheme and a trade collection scheme. In addition, an investment appraisal model was developed to cover both situations. These allow managers to assess the viability of their schemes and can be used to highlight key costs. An International review was undertaken to see what lessons may be learned and what actions may be taken by the local authorities, industry, the general public, and by central government.

This document is submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree: Master of Architecture [Professional] at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in the year 2014. Supervised by Professor Diaan van der Westhuizen / High levels of unemployment are a reality in many of the urban areas of South Africa. Poverty and hardship compel many of the unemployed to venture into the urban informal economy in order to survive. The South African government have found new ways of creating employment opportunities, one of which is within the recycling industry. There is an increased demand for minimizing mankind’s environmental footprint. Glass is a material that has been used for centuries and has the ability to be recycled infinitely without losing its quality (Marson, n.d). This together with the need for glass amongst consumers and the endlessly recycling nature of glass makes glass recycling a significant sustainable measure in considering environmental impacts (2011, 2012 Annual Review: Glass Recycling Company). Despite these properties, glass continues to be an undervalued material that can utilize low technology in its recycling process. This study aimed at investigating the formal and informal recycling economy within the city of Johannesburg by providing the opportunity for the Waste Reclaimers (Trolley Pushers) to be an integral part of the recycling process, specifically with glass. A further aim was to explore the tectonics of a factory to create a space where the Waste Reclaimers could gather, connect and engage with the product of glass. Lastly it aimed to provide a space where the general public could also engage in the product of glass recycling thereby creating awareness and promotion of recycling. The project proposed a glass recycling factory where the process of glass recycling culminates with the production of glass. The site selected for this research is located within the industrial part of the Newtown precinct. This has become a central recycling hub for the Waste Reclaimers of Johannesburg as it links private recycling centres within the city. Newtown is an area of flux, marked by a history of industrial and political disruption. This area represents change and opportunity for growth and life. A space recycled and regenerated throughout the history of Johannesburg. The reason for the choice of topic is that the evolution of recycling in Johannesburg has reached a point where municipalities need to acknowledge the informal sector as a valuable part of the recycling economy. The majority of the literature on recycling and the organization of the recycling process predominantly focuses on the collection of waste as means of job creation. An opportunity therefore presented itself to highlight the production, and craftsmanship of recyclable material. To clarify and further place the Waste Reclaimers within the existing waste management system, the theory of Phenomenology has been explored. It will focus on the phenomenological term of “Lifeworld” which describes a way of life where the individual’s aspiration, perceptions, experiences, beliefs and behaviour forms a holistic unity towards a fulfilling, meaningful, existence (Seamon, 2012). This exploration will give insight to how this building will provide the Waste Reclaimer a sense of identification and orientation within this system of the recycling industry. In order to better understand the complexity of the existing waste management system, the theory of Systems has been explored focusing on the principal of an open system as a way of broadening the lifeworld of the Waste Reclaimers Precedent studies of PFG Building Glass windscreen recovery facility; Zama City Waste; the comparison of factory tectonics between the Crystal Palace, Toledo Museum of Art Glass and the Crucible Glassblowing studio; the Glass Chapel and The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art were used to inform the design. The network of the Waste Reclaimers was also documented in order to understand their routes and network across the city and the surrounding suburbs. The impact of the design found that the proposed space created opportunities for pause and transformation using light, space and process. The idea of transformation is process. Process is represented by a linear path with adjacent spaces of function and support. These spaces will transform according to their activities and associated light qualities. These spaces will thus become the medium through which people and activities change.

Le ruthénium, issu du retraitement des combustibles usés de type Uranium-Oxyde a une très faible solubilité dans les verres de conditionnement de déchets radioactifs. Il précipite dans ces verres à l'état liquide sous forme de particules de RuO2 polyédrique ou aciculaire. Parce que leurs morphologies et leurs dispersions peuvent influencer les propriétés physico-chimiques des verres, la connaissance et le contrôle de leur mécanisme de formation sont d'extrême importance. Tout l'enjeu de cette thèse est de déterminer les différents chemins réactionnels de transformation du ruthénium, présent au sein du déchet calciné, lors de l'élaboration des verres. Par une approche de simplification progressive nous étudions les interactions entre la fritte de verre et des composés simples (NaNO3-RuO2) et plus complexes (calcinat NaNO3-RuO2- Al2O3). Grâce à l'apport de la microscopie et du XANES in situ en température nous suivons l'évolution de la composition, la spéciation et la morphologie des phases intermédiaires contenant du ruthénium. Ces composés sont caractérisés à l'état solide par MEB, DRX, HRTEM et spectroscopie d'absorption X au seuil K du ruthénium. Cette approche combinée nous permet de montrer que la modification de la spéciation du ruthénium au cours de l'élaboration du verre est à l'origine du contrôle de la morphologie des particules de RuO2 dans le verre. En particulier, la formation d'un intermédiaire réactionnel (Na3RuO4) est une des étapes fondamentales à l'origine de la précipitation de RuO2 de morphologie aciculaire. La formation de polyèdres dans le verre résulte au contraire de l'interaction directe de particules de RuO2 avec le verre à l'état liquide. / Ruthenium, arising from the reprocessing of spent uranium oxide fuel, has a low solubility in glass melt. It crystallizes in the form of particles of RuO2 of acicular or polyhedral morphology dispersed in fission product and actinides waste containment glass. Since the morphology of these particles strongly influences the physico-chemical properties, the knowledge and the control of their mechanism of formation are of major importance. The goal of this work is to determine the chemical reactions responsible for the formation of RuO2 particles of acicular or polyhedral shape during glass synthesis. Using a simplification approach, the reactions between RuO2-NaNO3, and more complex calcine RuO2-Al2O3-Na2O and a sodium borosilicate glass are studied. In situ scanning electron microscopy and XANES at increasing temperatures are used to follow changes in composition, speciation and morphology of the ruthenium intermediate species. Those compounds are thoroughly characterised by SEM, XRD, HRTEM, and ruthenium K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. This combined approach allows us to show that the ruthenium speciation modification during vitrification is the key of control of the morphology of RuO2 particles in the glass. In particular, the formation of a specific intermediate compound (Na3RuO4) is one of the main steps that lead to the precipitation of needle-shaped RuO2 particles in the melt. The formation of polyhedral particles, on the contrary, results from the direct incorporation of RuO2 crystals in the melt followed by an Ostwald ripening mechanism.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2018-09-10T20:23:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AVALIA??O DA UTILIZA??O DE RES?DUO DE VIDRO DE GARRAFAS NA PRODU??O DE ARGAMASSA.pdf: 2101422 bytes, checksum: 3e30e4c6ad0b0e448d0f28282d5385fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-10T20:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AVALIA??O DA UTILIZA??O DE RES?DUO DE VIDRO DE GARRAFAS NA PRODU??O DE ARGAMASSA.pdf: 2101422 bytes, checksum: 3e30e4c6ad0b0e448d0f28282d5385fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-16 / The use of waste incorporated in building materials has been pointed out as an alternative for more adequate disposal of solid waste. Among the wastes generated in Brazil, are the glass. Less than half of the glass bottles produced in Brazil are recycled. In the present work the influence of the use of waste glass of brown bottles, crushed, as partial substitute of the natural sand, in the production of mortars was evaluated. The substitution contents evaluated were 10, 20 and 30%, by mass, in addition to the reference mortar (without waste glass). The properties of the mortars in the fresh state were evaluated (workability, specific mass and incorporated air content) and also in the hardened state (flexural tensile strength, compressive strength, water absorption, void index, specific mass and alkali-silica reactivity). The results of the tests indicated that the use of waste glass bottles, replacing the natural aggregate, did not alter the fluidity of the mortars, but decreased the density and increased the content of incorporated air. The incorporation of the waste provided an increase in the tensile strengths in flexion and compression, in relation to the reference mortar. With respect to the possible alkali-silica reactivity, it was verified that the mortars with the waste glass bottle did not exceed the expansion limit established in accordance with NBR 15577-4 (ABNT, 2009). Based on the results it was concluded that it is possible to use up to 30% of waste glass of brown bottles, replacing the natural sand. / A utiliza??o de res?duos incorporados ? materiais de constru??o vem sendo apontada como uma alternativa para destina??o mais adequada dos res?duos s?lidos. Dentre os res?duos gerados no Brasil, est?o os de vidro. Menos da metade das embalagens de vidro produzidas no Brasil s?o recicladas. No presente trabalho foi avaliado a influ?ncia da utiliza??o de res?duo de vidro de garrafas de cor marrom, triturado, como substituto parcial do agregado mi?do natural, na produ??o de argamassas. Os teores de substitui??o avaliados foram de 10, 20 e 30%, em massa, al?m da argamassa de refer?ncia (sem res?duo). Foram analisadas propriedades das argamassas no estado fresco (trabalhabilidade, massa espec?fica e teor de ar incorporado) e no estado endurecido (resist?ncia ? tra??o na flex?o, resist?ncia ? compress?o, absor??o de ?gua, ?ndice de vazios, massa espec?fica e reatividade ?lcali-s?lica). Os resultados dos ensaios indicaram que o uso de res?duo de vidro de garrafa, em substitui??o ao agregado natural, n?o alterou a fluidez das argamassas, mas diminuiu a densidade e aumentou o teor de ar incorporado. A incorpora??o do res?duo proporcionou aumento nas resist?ncias ? tra??o na flex?o e ? compress?o, comparado ? argamassa de refer?ncia. Com rela??o ? poss?vel reatividade ?lcali-s?lica, verificou-se que as argamassas com o res?duo de vidro de garrafa n?o excederam o limite de expans?o estabelecido conforme a NBR 15577-4 (ABNT, 2009). Com base nos resultados concluiu-se que ? poss?vel utilizar at? 30% de res?duo de garrafa de vidro de cor marrom, em substitui??o ao agregado natural.

In the theoretical part of diploma thesis basic knowledge about glass are given (materials, production process, a brief overview of glass products for construction industry) and statistics of waste production, primarily with an emphasis on various types of waste glasses were also mentioned. The following chapters of the thesis are focused on waste glass processing technologies. Various studies about the application of waste or recycled glass in manufacturing of building materials are summarized. In the practical part of diploma thesis were suggested appropriate secondary raw materials that were used to prepare materials based on thermally modified glass foam. In the practical part of the thesis was carried out a set of experiments and analysis, including evaluation in terms of the proposed alternative fillers and materials made of them.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-09-30T15:03:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Luciano Moreira de Sousa Neto.pdf: 29845322 bytes, checksum: d7781fb07ffa9fee00b00aa4bd8a416f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-09-30T18:57:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Luciano Moreira de Sousa Neto.pdf: 29845322 bytes, checksum: d7781fb07ffa9fee00b00aa4bd8a416f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-09-30T19:01:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Luciano Moreira de Sousa Neto.pdf: 29845322 bytes, checksum: d7781fb07ffa9fee00b00aa4bd8a416f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-30T19:01:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Luciano Moreira de Sousa Neto.pdf: 29845322 bytes, checksum: d7781fb07ffa9fee00b00aa4bd8a416f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-21 / Não Informada / High performance concrete, in addition to high strength, has lower permeability and higher durability. The self-compacting concrete reduces the need for densification and scattering and facilitates concreting of slender pieces. The combination of these two concrete on one allows the linking of the qualities of both. In the construction industry, concrete production has potential to reuse some kinds of residues. In this work, the residue of industrial glass was used as mineral additive in the combined production of high performance concrete and self-compacting concrete. The residue of industrial glass, after the grinding process, was added to the concrete with the aim to evaluate its properties in fresh and hardened state. It was possible to evaluate and compare the performance of industrial waste glass with silica fume. Following the experimental program, the materials were characterized and Marsh Funnel tests and minicone of Kantro were performed with the superplasticizer MC-PowerFlow 1102. The optimum dosage of superplasticizer was evaluated in fresh concrete tests. Concrete were produced and characterized in fresh and hardened states. For characterization of concrete in the fresh state, the following tests were used: slump flow, T500, L box, funnel method V and segregation column method. For characterization of concrete in the hardened state, the following tests were performed: axial compression tests, traction by diametrical compression, static modulus of elasticity and water absorption by immersion. Concrete with the addition of waste ground glass hit resistance close to 67 MPa at 90 days, while the concrete with addition of silica fume hit resistance close to 88 MPa at the same age. As the concrete produced with addition of industrial waste glass obtained swift technical skills of high performance concrete and selfcompacting concrete, the results of this research were considered satisfactory. / O concreto de alto desempenho, além de alta resistência, tem baixa permeabilidade e maior durabilidade. O concreto autoadensável reduz a necessidade de adensamento e espalhamento e facilita a concretagem de peças esbeltas. A combinação desses dois concretos em um só permite a junção das qualidades de ambos. Na indústria da construção civil, a produção de concreto é um celeiro potencial para reutilizar alguns tipos de resíduos. Neste trabalho, o resíduo de vidro industrial foi usado como aditivo mineral na produção combinada de concreto de alto desempenho e autoadensável. O resíduo de vidro industrial, após o processo de moagem, foi adicionado ao concreto, com o objetivo de avaliar as suas propriedades no estado fresco e endurecido. Foi possível avaliar e comparar o desempenho do resíduo de vidro industrial com a sílica ativa. Seguindo o programa experimental, os materiais foram caracterizados e ensaios de funil de Marsh e minicone de Kantro foram realizados com o superplastificante MC-PowerFlow 1102. A dosagem ótima do superplastificante foi avaliada em ensaios de concreto fresco. Os concretos foram produzidos e caracterizados nos estados fresco e endurecido. Para a caracterização do concreto no estado fresco, foram realizados os seguintes ensaios: slump flow, T500, caixa L, método de funil V e método da coluna de segregação. Para a caracterização do concreto no estado endurecido, foram realizados os seguintes ensaios: ensaio de compressão axial, tração por compressão diametral, determinação do módulo de compressão estático de elasticidade e determinação de absorção de água por imersão. O concreto com a adição de resíduo de vidro moído atingiu resistência próxima de 67 MPa aos 90 dias, enquanto o concreto com a adição de sílica ativa atingiu resistência próxima de 88 MPa na mesma idade. Como o concreto produzido com adição de resíduos de vidro industrial obteve qualidades técnicas de concreto de alto desempenho e de concreto autoadensável, os resultados desta pesquisa foram considerados satisfatórios.

Presented work deals with the problem of solar glass waste recycling. In theoretical part recent EU regulation regarding waste management is presented. Different ways of PV panels recycling are explained as well as raw materials for glass production are listed. Differences between regular and solar glass is explained. In experimental part different recipes using solar glass waste and polymer binders are presented. Grindability was tested on specimen tiles. Potential of solar glass waste for manufacturing products with acoustic properties was examined.