Vidros comerciais de base silicato do tipo sodo-cálcico, apresentam coloração pela presença de óxidos de metais de transição, tais como ferro e cobalto, ou pela presença de elementos não-metálicos, tais como o selênio. Geralmente, a presença de selênio metálico (Se°) num vidro silicato confere-lhe a cor rosa (depende de seu estado de oxidação). Desse modo, industrialmente, adiciona-se selênio à composição de vidros quando se deseja produzir vidros róseos ou, mais freqüentemente, quando se deseja mascarar a cor esverdeada conferida pela presença de ferro, o principal contaminante das matérias-primas naturais. Entretanto, o selênio é encontrado em pequenas quantidades na natureza, daí seu alto custo. Além disso, da quantidade inicial de selênio colocada na composição de vidros industriais sodo-cálcicos, quase 80% são vaporizados durante a etapa de fusão do vidro. Este trabalho é dedicado ao estudo do efeito da adição de diferentes compostos portadores de selênio como matéria-prima em substituição ao selênio metálico, visando a redução da volatilização de selênio durante a fusão. Além do selênio metálico, foram utilizados selenitos de sódio, de bário, de zinco e de ferro. Os vidros foram obtidos por fusões em escala de laboratório, em cadinhos de alta alumina, a 1500°C, em forno elétrico. A seguir determinou-se a composição química de cada vidro obtido, por fluorescência de raios X e sua cor, através da determinação de suas coordenadas cromáticas no sistema CIEL*a*b*. A análise dos resultados teve como principal conclusão que a concentração final de selênio no vidro é função apenas de sua quantidade no banho, independentemente do composto químico que lhe forneceu. / Commercial silicate glasses of the soda-lime system attain color by the presence of transition metal oxides, such as iron and cobalt, or by the presence of non-metallic elements, like selenium. Usually, the presence of metallic selenium (Se°) in a silicate glass results in a light pink coloration (depends on its oxidation state). Therefore, industrially, selenium is added to a glass composition when the objective is to obtain a pink color glass, or, more often, when the objective is to mask the greenish coloration resultant from the presence of iron, the most usual contaminant in the natural raw-materials. However, selenium occurs in the nature only in small quantities. Besides, from the initial selenium added to industrial soda-lime batch compositions, almost 80% volatilize during melting. This work is dedicated to the study of the effect of adding selenium from different raw-materials, substituting for the metallic selenium, with the principal objective of reducing the loss of this element during glass melting. Along with metallic selenium, sodium, barium, zinc, and iron selenites were employed. The glasses were obtained in laboratory scale meltings in alumina crucibles, at 1500°C, in an electrical furnace. After that, the chemical composition of each glass was obtained by X-ray fluorescence, and its color was measured according to the chromatic coordinates in the CIEL*a*b* method. The main conclusion that can be drawn from the analysis of the results is that the selenium concentration in the final glass is a function only of the quantity of selenium present in the melt, independently of the chemical compound which supplied such selenium.

Vidros nas composições 26,66\'B IND.2\'O IND.3\'-16\'GE\'O IND.2\'-4\'BI IND.2\'O IND.3\'-(53,33-x)\'PB\'O\'-x\'PB\'F IND.2\' com x até 30% mol foram sintetizados e caracterizados com respeito as suas propriedades térmicas e espectroscópicas. A substituição de \'PB\'O\' por \'PB\'F IND.2\' desloca a janela de transmissão óptica no ultravioleta para maiores energia. Os espectros Raman e Infravermelho foram interpretados em conjunto, e a partir desta análise identificou-se a ocorrência de uma leve conversão de unidades \'BO IND.3\' a unidades \'BO IND.4\', concomitante com o aumento da concentração de \'PB\'F IND.2\'. Utilizando RMN de alta resolução em sólidos dos núcleos \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' e \'ANTPOT. 19 F\', e diferentes técnicas de dupla ressonância \'ANTPOT. 11 B\'/\'ANTPOT. 19 F\' (REDOR, CPMAS e 2D-CPMAS), foi possível realizar uma análise estrutural quantitativa desses materiais. A fração encontrada de unidades estruturais \'BO IND.4\' é moderadamente maior comparada com vidros que apresentam a mesma razão de \'Pb\'O\'/\'B IND.2\'O IND.3\', quando \'PB\'F IND.2\' é acrescido no sistema, sugerindo a participação de \'PB\'F IND.2\' no processo de transformação da rede. Essa sugestão é confirmada a partir dos espectros de RMN de \'ANTPOT. 19 F\'. A maior parte dos íons fluoretos encontra-se na sua forma iônica, mas aproximadamente 20% atua como modificador de rede, resultando na formação de unidades \'BO IND.3/2\'F POT.-\'. Essas unidades foram identificadas por experimentos REDOR \'ANTPOT.19 F\' . Esses resultados fornecem as primeiras evidências das ligações B-F em sistemas vítreos modificados por \'PB\'F IND.2\'. Além disso, verifica-se que a maioria dos íons fluoretos é encontrada em um ambiente dominado por chumbo. As medidas de segundo momento dipolar homonuclear \'ANTPOT. 19 F\'-\'ANTPOT. 19 F\' a partir de experimentos por espectroscopia de decaimento de eco de spin são quantitativamente consistentes com um modelo no qual esses íons estão aleatoriamente distribuídos no interior de um subdomínio constituído de \'PB\'O\', \'BI IND.2\'O IND.3\' and \'PB\'F IND.2\'. Este modelo, que implica na coordenação dos átomos de flúor às espécies formadoras da rede borato em adição ao surgimento de íons de flúor, com certo grau de agregação, é consistente com todas as observações experimentais. / A series of heavy metal oxide (HMOG) glasses with composition 26,66\'B IND.2\'O IND.3\'-16\'GE\'O IND.2\'-4\'BI IND.2\'O IND.3\'-(53,33-x)\'PB\'O\'-x\'PB\'F IND.2\' with x until 40% mol, has been prepared and characterized with respect to their bulk (glass transition and crystallization temperature, densities, molar volumes) and spectroscopic properties. Homogeneous glasses are formed up to x = 30, while crystallization of \'beta\'- \'PB\'F IND.2\' takes place at higher contents. Substitution of \'PB\'O\' by \'PB\'F IND.2\' shifts the optical band gap towards higher energies, thereby extending the UV transmission window significantly towards higher frequencies. Raman and infrared absorption spectra can be interpreted in conjunction with published reference data. Using \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' and \'ANTPOT. 19 F\' high-resolution solid state NMR as well as \'ANTPOT. 11 B\'/\'ANTPOT. 19 F\' double resonance methodologies, we developed a quantitative structural description of this material. The fraction of four-coordinated boron is found to be moderately higher compared to that in glasses with the same \'PB\'O\'/\'B IND.2\'O IND.3\' ratios, suggesting some participation of \'PB\'F IND.2\' in the network transformation process. This suggestion is confirmed by the \'ANTPOT. 19 F\' NMR spectra. While the majority of the fluoride ions is present as ionic fluoride, approximately 20% of the fluorine inventory acts as a network modifier, resulting in the formation of four-coordinate \'BO IND.3/2\'F POT.-\' units. These units can be identified by \'ANTPOT. 19 F\' rotational echo double resonance and \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) data. These results provide the first unambiguous evidence of B-F bonding in a \'PB\'F IND.2\'-modified glass system. The majority of the fluoride ions are found in a lead-dominated environment. \'ANTPOT. 19 F\'-\'ANTPOT. 19 F\' homonuclear dipolar second moments measured by spin echo decay spectroscopy are quantitatively consistent with a model in which these ions are randomly distributed within the network modifier subdomain consisting of \'PB\'O\', \'BI IND.2\'O IND.3\' and \'PB\'F IND.2\'. This model, which implies both the features of atomic scale mixing with the network former borate species and some degree of fluoride ion clustering is consistent with all of the experimental data obtained on these glasses.

Neste trabalho, a técnica de Lente Térmica (LT) foi usada para determinar o valor absoluto da difusividade térmica (D), da condutividade térmica (K) e do coeficiente de temperatura do caminho óptico (ds/tD) de vidros fluoretos dopados com cobalto e neodímio, calcogenetos, calcohaletos (mistura de calcogenetos com haletos), aluminate de cálcio e de um cristal fluoreto. Estas medidas foram efetuadas na temperatura ambiente e próxima de Tg para algumas amostras. Para o vidro ZBLAN, realizamos experimentos de LT da temperatura ambiente até ~ 330°C, observando um grande decréscimo de D na região de transição do vidro (Tg ~ 290°C). Nós também aplicamos a técnica de LT para determinar a eficiência quântica fluorescente do ZBLAN dopado com Nd+3. A utilidade desta técnica para determinar as propriedades termo-ópticas dos materiais transparentes em função da temperatura foi demonstrado. / In this work the Thermal Lens (TL) technique was used to determine the absolute values of the thermal diffusivity (D), thermal conductivity (K) and temperature coefficient of the optical path length (ds/dT) of fluoride, chalcogenide, chalcohalide (chalcogenides and halides mixture) and calcium aluminate glass and of a fluoride cristal. These measurements were developed at ambient temperature and near Tg for some samples. For the ZBLAN glass, we performed the TL experiment from ambient to ~ 330°C, observing na abrupt decrease on D close to the glass transition temperature (Tg ~ 290°C). We also applied the TL technique to determine the fluorescence quantum efficiency of Nd+3 doped ZBLAN. The usefulness of this technique to determine thermo-optical properties of transparent materials as a function of the temperature was demonstrated.

Hong Sin Yi, Grace. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-51). / Acknowledgments / Abstract / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Metallic Glass and its application --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Glass Forming Ability (GFA) --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Equilibrium Phase --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Nucleation and Growth --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Spinodal Decomposition --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Morphology Comparison between Nucleation and Growth and Spinodal --- p.13 / Figures --- p.14 / References --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Experimental Method / Experimental Method --- p.25 / Figure --- p.29 / References --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Metastable liquid miscibility gap in Pd-Si and its glass forming ability / Introduction --- p.32 / Experimental --- p.33 / Results --- p.34 / Discussion --- p.36 / Figures --- p.40 / References --- p.49 / Bibliography --- p.50

Neste trabalho, a técnica de Lente Térmica (LT) foi usada para determinar o valor absoluto da difusividade térmica (D), da condutividade térmica (K) e do coeficiente de temperatura do caminho óptico (ds/tD) de vidros fluoretos dopados com cobalto e neodímio, calcogenetos, calcohaletos (mistura de calcogenetos com haletos), aluminate de cálcio e de um cristal fluoreto. Estas medidas foram efetuadas na temperatura ambiente e próxima de Tg para algumas amostras. Para o vidro ZBLAN, realizamos experimentos de LT da temperatura ambiente até ~ 330°C, observando um grande decréscimo de D na região de transição do vidro (Tg ~ 290°C). Nós também aplicamos a técnica de LT para determinar a eficiência quântica fluorescente do ZBLAN dopado com Nd+3. A utilidade desta técnica para determinar as propriedades termo-ópticas dos materiais transparentes em função da temperatura foi demonstrado. / In this work the Thermal Lens (TL) technique was used to determine the absolute values of the thermal diffusivity (D), thermal conductivity (K) and temperature coefficient of the optical path length (ds/dT) of fluoride, chalcogenide, chalcohalide (chalcogenides and halides mixture) and calcium aluminate glass and of a fluoride cristal. These measurements were developed at ambient temperature and near Tg for some samples. For the ZBLAN glass, we performed the TL experiment from ambient to ~ 330°C, observing na abrupt decrease on D close to the glass transition temperature (Tg ~ 290°C). We also applied the TL technique to determine the fluorescence quantum efficiency of Nd+3 doped ZBLAN. The usefulness of this technique to determine thermo-optical properties of transparent materials as a function of the temperature was demonstrated.

Vidros nas composições 26,66\'B IND.2\'O IND.3\'-16\'GE\'O IND.2\'-4\'BI IND.2\'O IND.3\'-(53,33-x)\'PB\'O\'-x\'PB\'F IND.2\' com x até 30% mol foram sintetizados e caracterizados com respeito as suas propriedades térmicas e espectroscópicas. A substituição de \'PB\'O\' por \'PB\'F IND.2\' desloca a janela de transmissão óptica no ultravioleta para maiores energia. Os espectros Raman e Infravermelho foram interpretados em conjunto, e a partir desta análise identificou-se a ocorrência de uma leve conversão de unidades \'BO IND.3\' a unidades \'BO IND.4\', concomitante com o aumento da concentração de \'PB\'F IND.2\'. Utilizando RMN de alta resolução em sólidos dos núcleos \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' e \'ANTPOT. 19 F\', e diferentes técnicas de dupla ressonância \'ANTPOT. 11 B\'/\'ANTPOT. 19 F\' (REDOR, CPMAS e 2D-CPMAS), foi possível realizar uma análise estrutural quantitativa desses materiais. A fração encontrada de unidades estruturais \'BO IND.4\' é moderadamente maior comparada com vidros que apresentam a mesma razão de \'Pb\'O\'/\'B IND.2\'O IND.3\', quando \'PB\'F IND.2\' é acrescido no sistema, sugerindo a participação de \'PB\'F IND.2\' no processo de transformação da rede. Essa sugestão é confirmada a partir dos espectros de RMN de \'ANTPOT. 19 F\'. A maior parte dos íons fluoretos encontra-se na sua forma iônica, mas aproximadamente 20% atua como modificador de rede, resultando na formação de unidades \'BO IND.3/2\'F POT.-\'. Essas unidades foram identificadas por experimentos REDOR \'ANTPOT.19 F\' . Esses resultados fornecem as primeiras evidências das ligações B-F em sistemas vítreos modificados por \'PB\'F IND.2\'. Além disso, verifica-se que a maioria dos íons fluoretos é encontrada em um ambiente dominado por chumbo. As medidas de segundo momento dipolar homonuclear \'ANTPOT. 19 F\'-\'ANTPOT. 19 F\' a partir de experimentos por espectroscopia de decaimento de eco de spin são quantitativamente consistentes com um modelo no qual esses íons estão aleatoriamente distribuídos no interior de um subdomínio constituído de \'PB\'O\', \'BI IND.2\'O IND.3\' and \'PB\'F IND.2\'. Este modelo, que implica na coordenação dos átomos de flúor às espécies formadoras da rede borato em adição ao surgimento de íons de flúor, com certo grau de agregação, é consistente com todas as observações experimentais. / A series of heavy metal oxide (HMOG) glasses with composition 26,66\'B IND.2\'O IND.3\'-16\'GE\'O IND.2\'-4\'BI IND.2\'O IND.3\'-(53,33-x)\'PB\'O\'-x\'PB\'F IND.2\' with x until 40% mol, has been prepared and characterized with respect to their bulk (glass transition and crystallization temperature, densities, molar volumes) and spectroscopic properties. Homogeneous glasses are formed up to x = 30, while crystallization of \'beta\'- \'PB\'F IND.2\' takes place at higher contents. Substitution of \'PB\'O\' by \'PB\'F IND.2\' shifts the optical band gap towards higher energies, thereby extending the UV transmission window significantly towards higher frequencies. Raman and infrared absorption spectra can be interpreted in conjunction with published reference data. Using \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' and \'ANTPOT. 19 F\' high-resolution solid state NMR as well as \'ANTPOT. 11 B\'/\'ANTPOT. 19 F\' double resonance methodologies, we developed a quantitative structural description of this material. The fraction of four-coordinated boron is found to be moderately higher compared to that in glasses with the same \'PB\'O\'/\'B IND.2\'O IND.3\' ratios, suggesting some participation of \'PB\'F IND.2\' in the network transformation process. This suggestion is confirmed by the \'ANTPOT. 19 F\' NMR spectra. While the majority of the fluoride ions is present as ionic fluoride, approximately 20% of the fluorine inventory acts as a network modifier, resulting in the formation of four-coordinate \'BO IND.3/2\'F POT.-\' units. These units can be identified by \'ANTPOT. 19 F\' rotational echo double resonance and \'ANTPOT. 11 B\' cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) data. These results provide the first unambiguous evidence of B-F bonding in a \'PB\'F IND.2\'-modified glass system. The majority of the fluoride ions are found in a lead-dominated environment. \'ANTPOT. 19 F\'-\'ANTPOT. 19 F\' homonuclear dipolar second moments measured by spin echo decay spectroscopy are quantitatively consistent with a model in which these ions are randomly distributed within the network modifier subdomain consisting of \'PB\'O\', \'BI IND.2\'O IND.3\' and \'PB\'F IND.2\'. This model, which implies both the features of atomic scale mixing with the network former borate species and some degree of fluoride ion clustering is consistent with all of the experimental data obtained on these glasses.

No description available.

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have gained considerable interest due to their excellent soft magnetic properties with high saturation magnetization, high electrical resistivity, very good corrosion resistance, low materials cost, extremely high mechanical strength and hardness. In spite of having excellent strength, Fe-based BMGs are not used as structural materials in service, so far. The major obstacle is their inherent brittleness under mechanical loading, once a crack is developed the material fails catastrophically. Owing to the ever growing industrial demand for the materials with outstanding properties, aside from exploring new alloy compositions, it is pertinent to understand why or why-not the existing system work and how to improve their properties. Recent reports suggested that the plastic deformability can be enhanced by introducing different microstructural heterogeneities such as free volume enhanced regions, separated phases, nano-crystals, atomic clusters caused by for instance additions of small amount of soft elements. Understanding the effect of addition of soft elements to Fe-based BMGs on thermal stability, structural evolution, magnetic and mechanical properties are the main point which this work addresses. In this work, a study on two different soft ferromagnetic Fe-based glass forming alloys are presented, both of them known to have very high mechanical strength and excellent soft magnetic properties but so far have not been used in any industrial applications. The important issue is with the brittle behavior of this BMGs, particularly under mechanical loading. In each glass forming alloys, the aim was to find out the optimum quantity of the soft elements (Cu and Ga), which can be added to improve their room temperature plastic deformability without affecting the glass forming ability (GFA) and soft magnetic properties. The first glass forming alloy that is studied is Fe36Co36B19.2Si4.8Nb4. This glass forming alloy is highly sensitive to the impurities, only pure elements were used to form this alloy. The addition of only 0.5 at.% Cu completely changes the thermal stability and structural evolution but it also improves the mechanical properties. In case of Ga addition up to 1.5 at.% the crystallization behavior remains unaltered and the thermal stability improves marginally. The addition of Ga improves the plastic deformability of the glass by forming soft zones, whose melting point is much lower compared to rest of the alloy. These soft zones are responsible for the plastic deformation of this glass. Thus addition of Ga is very beneficial in improving the mechanical properties of this Fe-based BMG. In the second part, Fe74Mo4P10C7.5B2.5Si2 glass forming alloy is studied. Unlike the aforementioned alloy, this glass forming alloy is not very sensitive to the impurities, industrial grade alloy elements can also be used to form this alloy. In this alloy addition of Cu is beneficial only up to 0.5 at.%, beyond that Cu addition deteriorates GFA and magnetic properties. In case of Ga addition up to 2 at.% the crystallization behavior remains unaltered and the thermal stability improves marginally. Similar to the FeCoBSiNb glass, the addition of Ga in FeMoPCBSi glass also improves the plastic deformability of the glass by formation of soft zones. Addition of small at.% Ga proved be an viable solution to improve the plastic deformability in the ferromagnetic Fe-based metallic glasses without compromising on thermal and magnetic properties of the glass. In the final part we tried to cast the Fe74Mo4P10C7.5B2.5Si2 glass in a complex shape using an industrial high pressure die casting (HPDC) set up. The important issues were with the casting alloy temperature, casting speed and die material. The aim of our work was to optimize the die material suitable for casting the BMGs and then address the issues with casting temperature and casting speed. We have thus attempted to gain a basic knowledge in casting the Fe-based BMG in industrial scale. Our effort was tremendously successful, we were able to produce fully amorphous complex shaped samples with excellent surface finish. We have thus made a considerable advancement towards understanding the basics behind improving the room temperature plastic deformability in Fe36Co36B19.2Si4.8Nb4 and Fe74Mo4P10C7.5B2.5Si2 ferromagnetic BMGs. We have also made a considerable progress in industrialization of bulk ferromagnetic BMGs.

The pursuit of sustainable and high-performance materials is of utmost significance in driving the progress of battery technologies. Solid-state technology represents a promising avenue for the development of batteries with improved sustainability and performance. In this context, the present study delves into the examination of composition and the substitution of oxygen with nitrogen within the 50Li2O-xSiO2-(50-x)P2O5 glass system, specifically as applied to Solid-State electrolytes. The objective is to evaluate the influence of these factors on the electrical properties of the glass and their potential implications for Solid-State battery technology. The glass matrix was obtained through the melt-quenching technique, followed by comprehensive characterization using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The influence of varying silica content on the conductivity of the glass was investigated. This led to the selection of the glass system with the highest conductivity for further experiments involving nitridation. Subsequent experiments on nitridation aimed to explore the impact of nitrogen incorporation on the conductivity of the glass. By systematically varying the nitrogen content at different temperatures, the study sought to elucidate the relationship between nitrogen content and the resulting increase in glass conductivity.    The study reveals a noteworthy finding regarding the impact of nitrogen content on the conductivity of the glass. Specifically, when the nitrogen content was increased, the conductivity increased. In the case of a similar glass composition in pellet form, the conductivity at room temperature increased from Log σ = -8,009 (for glass without nitrogen) to Log σ = -6,951 (for nitrided glass). Additionally, the introduction of nitrogen into the glass resulted in a decrease in activation energy, being reduced from 0,66 eV (for oxide glass) to 0,60 eV (for oxynitride glass). These results indicate a clear correlation between increased nitrogen content and enhanced electrical properties of the investigated glasses; although obtaining a homogeneous bulk glass after nitridation was not feasible. Therefore, the nitrided samples were pelletized and sintered under different thermal conditions to obtain characterizable samples. The findings suggest that nitrogen substitution could be a promising approach for enhancing the electrical properties of the glasses of the title system of composition. Further investigation is required to optimize the process and achieve homogeneous bulk oxynitride glass.

No description available.