Issue de la troncature de la dextrane-saccharase DSR-E, l’alpha-(1→2) transglucosidase recombinante GBD-CD2 catalyse à partir de saccharose le branchement de molécules acceptrices tels que les dextranes, les isomalto-oligosaccharides ou les gluco-oligosaccharides (GOS ; [6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1→]n-alpha-D-Glcp-(1→4)-D-Glcp, avec 1<n<9). L’objet de cette étude a porté sur la compréhension des relations structure-activité de GBD-CD2 afin d’investiguer les facteurs structuraux responsables de la synthèse des liaisons osidiques de type alpha-(1→2). La troncature rationnelle du domaine de liaison au glucane (GBD) de l’enzyme GBD-CD2 (192 kDa) a abouti à l’isolement de trois formes tronquées actives, de masses moléculaires égales à 180, 147 et 123 kDa. Après purification de GBD-CD2 et de delta N123-GBD-CD2 (123 kDa), des études cinétiques ont permis de mettre en évidence que les enzymes présentent la même régiospécificité. L’activité d’hydrolyse du saccharose peut être modélisée par le modèle de Michaelis – Menten (kcat respectifs de 109 et 76 s-1). En présence de dextrane accepteur, ces enzymes sont activées. L’activité d’alpha-(1→2) glucosylation suit un modèle Ping Pong Bi Bi (kcat respectifs de 970 et 947 s-1). En modulant le ratio molaire entre le donneur d’unités glucosyle et l’accepteur de ces unités ([saccharose]/[dextrane]), il est possible de synthétiser des dextranes dont le pourcentage de liaisons alpha-(1→2) est contrôlé et varie de 10% à 40%. La caractérisation des produits de la réaction menée en présence de saccharose et de GOS a permis d’isoler et de caractériser pour la première fois des GOS arborant des unités glucosyle branchées en alpha-(1→2) sur les unités glucosyle adjacentes de la chaîne principale. Enfin, la résolution de la structure de delta N123-GBD-CD2 à 3,2 Å révèle que cette enzyme adopte le repliement original « en U » similaire à celui décrit pour GTF180-delta N. La comparaison des gorges catalytiques des deux dextrane-saccharases cristallisées apporte des éléments pouvant expliquer la régiospécificité singulière de delta N123-GBD-CD2, et ouvre la voie à des travaux de mutagenèse visant à investiguer le rôle de résidus potentiellement clés / GBD-CD2 is a recombinant alpha-(1→2) transglucosidase constructed by truncation of the DSR-E dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1299. From sucrose, GBD-CD2 catalyses the alpha-(1→2) branching reaction onto acceptor molecules such as dextrans, isomalto-oligosaccharides or gluco-oligosaccharides (GOS; [6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1→]n-alpha-D-Glcp-(1→4)-D-Glcp, 1<n<9). This work has been focused on structure activity relationship studies. Rational truncations of the glucan binding domain (GBD) led to the expression in E. coli of three active enzymes, showing molecular masses of 180, 147 and 123 kDa. After purification of the recombinant GBD-CD2 and delta N123-GBD-CD2, we showed that both enzymes display the same regiospecificity. Steady-state kinetics revealed that the activity of sucrose hydrolysis displays a Michaelis Menten type of kinetics (kcat 109 s-1 and 76 s-1, respectively). In the presence of dextran acceptor, these enzymes are activated. The alpha-(1→2) transglucosidase activity from sucrose onto dextrans was modelled by a Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism (kcat 970 s-1 and 947 s-1, respectively). When varying the molar ratio between the glucosyl donor and the acceptor ([sucrose]/[dextran]), the percentage of alpha-(1→2) linkages in dextrans can be controlled from 10% to 40%. Additionally, from reactions in the presence of GOS and sucrose, we isolated and characterized new alpha-(1→2) branched GOS with contiguous alpha-(1→2) branchings along linear GOS chains. Finally, the X-ray structure of delta N123-GBD-CD2 at 3.2 Å resolution revealed that this enzyme has a very original “U folding” similar to that described for GTF180-delta N. Study of the residues lining the catalytic gorges of the two crystallized enzymes revealed the structural determinants possibly involved in the singular regiospecificity of delta N123-GBD-CD2. Our work opens the way to mutagenesis work for discovering key structural determinants of delta N123-GBD-CD2

Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis principalement intéressée aux interactions entre les systèmes angiotensine et gluco-minéralocorticoïde dans la paroi artérielle et particulièrement dans la physiopathologie du remodelage artériel. Pour cela, nous avons étudié les mécanismes moléculaires aboutissant au développement de l’athérome et qui impliqueraient ces deux systèmes. Notre hypothèse est qu’un excès local en gluco-et/ou minéralocorticoïdes dans la paroi favorise le développement de l’athérome en stimulant le système angiotensine. Nos résultats ont confirmé l’expression des éléments nécessaires à la synthèse et à l'action des gluco-minéralocorticoïdes dans la paroi carotidienne humaine et dans les CMLV, avec une prévalence de la voie des glucocorticoïdes. Cette prédominance se manifeste par l’effet stimulant du cortisol sur l’expression des marqueurs des processus fibrosants, lipogéniques et inflammatoire mis en jeu lors de la formation de l’athérome. La relation entre le taux d’expression pariétale de GRα et 11β-HSD1 d’une part et le collagène 1 d’autre part suggère une contribution majeure des glucocorticoïdes dans la rigidité artérielle. Il a également été observé que le cortisol a un effet stimulant sur l’expression du collagène dans les CMLV suggérant ainsi que le cortisol favoriserait la survenue des accidents cardiovasculaires. La relation inverse entre le taux d’expression pariétal de GRα et la mesure de la pression artérielle diastolique est en faveur de cette hypothèse. De même, l’augmentation du taux de l’ARNm de GRα chez les patients ayant fait un accident cardiovasculaire corrobore l’hypothèse d’un rôle délétère des glucocorticoïdes dans le remodelage athéromateux. Nos résultats montrent que le système glucocorticoïde est un puissant stimulateur du système angiotensine pariétal et suggère l’existence d’une régulation commune de la synthèse de l’angiotensine II, de l’aldostérone et du cortisol évoquant ainsi la possibilité d’interactions entre les systèmes angiotensine et gluco-minéralocorticoïde pariétaux. Par ailleurs, les concentrations basses du cortisol plasmatique chez les patients traités par des bloqueurs du système rénine angiotensine est en faveur de la théorie d’amplification mutuelle des systèmes angiotensine et glucocorticoïde. Notre étude souligne l’intérêt des bloqueurs du SRA comme approche thérapeutique préférentielle à utiliser afin d’atténuer les effets délétères du cortisol, améliorer le risque cardiovasculaire et le pronostic des patients / The involvement of the renin angiotensin system, cortisol and aldosterone in the increase of cardiovascular risk is well known as well as some of relationships between RAS and corticosteroids but their interactions within arterial wall and particularly during atheroma formation are not established. Considering all these data, we hypothesize that an increase in local gluco-and/or mineralocorticoid synthesis and activity within the arterial wall may favour atheroma development by stimulating tissue angiotensin system. Our results give argument in favour of an independence betweenthe parietal and endocrine corticosteroid systems. We have shown the prevailing involvement of the glucocorticoid pathway in the atherosclerotic remodelling both in terms of intra-parietal expression and regulation of fibrotic, inflammatory and lipogenic effects in VSMCs together with the further amplification of this involvement after adipocyte dedifferentiation of VSMCs. There is modulation of GR and MR effects with a change in the cell pathophysiological state. Interestingly, there is no “illicit” cortisol-dependent activation of MR-receptor. We conclude that cortisol involvement in atheroma formation could pass apart from its continuing stimulating effect on its own synthesis and action, through mutual stimulating effects of cortisol and angiotensin II on their reciprocal compounds. These processes could already take place at the initial stage of atheroma and might intensify as the atheroma development progresses. The up-regulation of parietal angiotensin system could be revealed by a low plasma renin. The lower plasma cortisol levels in patients on RAS blocker treatment corroborates the thesis of mutual amplification of effects between glucocorticoids and angiotensin system, and this treatment would be particularly beneficial in essential hypertensive patients with low plasma renin, to attenuate both angiotensin II and also cortisol up-regulation

Os carboidratos apresentam-se envolvidos em diversos eventos celulares, tais como geração de energia, sustentação celular, reconhecimento celular, processos de sinalização, etc. A OGlcNAcilação, uma das alterações proteicas pós-traducionais relacionada à adição de Nacetilglicosamina a resíduos de serina ou treonina em proteínas citoplasmáticas ou nucleares, vem demonstrando ser uma das alterações recíproca a O-fosforilação de proteínas e pode estar envolvida no desencadeamento de patologias como câncer, diabetes tipo II, e doenças neurodegenerativas. Tendo em vista à relevância da O-GlcNAcilação e a necessidade de ferramentas para seu estudo, temos como objetivo, desenvolver uma rota sintética para a obtenção de moléculas modificadas derivadas de N-acetilglicosamina, contendo o átomo de flúor ligado ao grupo N-acetil. As moléculas correspondem aos derivados glicopiranosídeo de metila 1 e glicoaminoácidos de serina 2 e treonina 3. Uma vez padronizada, os intermediários finais da rota serão utilizados para futura marcação com o 18F, o qual poderá ser empregado em estudos do processo de sinalização celular por O-GlcNAcilação, e no diagnóstico de câncer por PET. Assim, foram propostas, inicialmente, duas rotas sintéticas, uma para a síntese do derivado glicopiranosídeo de metila 1 e outra para os glicoaminoácidos 2 e 3, ambas utilizando o reagente cloridrato de 2-amino-2-desoxi-D-glicose (4) como percursor. A síntese do derivado 1 foi conduzida por meio da proteção do grupo amino do composto 4 pela formação de carbamato 5, e sequencial reação de glicosilação de Fischer (6 e 7), per-Oacetilação 8 e remoção do grupo protetor do amino 9. As etapas sequenciais relacionadas à condensação com o ácido bromoacético 10, e finalmente halogenação e desproteção do carboidrato 11 estão em andamento. A rota sintética proposta para a obtenção dos glicoaminoácidos 2 e 3 foi fundamentada na obtenção de um doador glicosídico contendo o grupo tricloroacetimidato e as hidroxilas protegidas com grupos benzílicos 16, e na utilização do aceptor glicosídico serina 17 e treonina 18, contendo os grupos amino e carboxila protegidos com 9-fluorenilmetóxicarbonil (Fmoc) e benzil (Bn), respectivamente. Até o momento não foi possível a síntese dos glicoaminoácidos 2 e 3 empregando o doador glicosídico inicialmente proposto (tricloroacetimidato), e mesmo após a variação do doador glicosídico, empregando tioaçucares per-O-benzilado 28, ou per-O-acetilado 26, não foi possível a obtenção do produto desejado. As dificuldades observadas na obtenção dos compostos, conduziram a elaboração de novas estratégias sintéticas que possuem o átomo de cloro como grupo abandonador na posição anomérica e a) uma amida {[(4- metilfenil)sulfonil]oxi}acético (33) em C-2, a qual exerce assistência anquimérica em C-1, e permite a funcionalização com o flúor e b) um azido em C-2, preparado a partir de glicais per- O-acetilados, desprovido de participação em C-1. Ambas as rotas sintéticas estão em andamento. / Carbohydrates are involved in many cellular events, such as energy source, sustenance, recognition, signaling processes, etc. O- GlcNAcylation is a post- translational proteins\' alteration related to the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to residues of serine or threonine in cytoplasmic or nuclear protein which has proven to be one of the reciprocal changes to Ophosphorylation of proteins and may be involved in the onset of pathologies such as cancer, type II diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Given the relevance of O- GlcNAcylation and the importance of tools required for the study of this event, we aim to develop a synthetic route to obtain modified molecules derived from N-acetylglucosamine containing fluorine atom attached to the N -acetyl group. The molecules correspond to methyl glucopyranoside derivatives 1 and gluco-amino acids derived from serine 2 and threonine 3. Once the synthetic route is established, the final intermediates of the route will be used for further labeling with 18F, which may be employed in studies of cell signaling processes, involving OGlcNAcylation, and cancer diagnosis by PET. Thus, two synthetic routes were initially proposed: one for the preparation of the methyl glucopyranoside derivative 1 and another one for the gluco-amino acids 2 and 3, both using glucosamine hydrochloride (4) as a precursor. The synthesis of derivative 1 was conducted by protecting the amine group of compound 4 to form the carbamate 5, and sequential Fischer glycosylation (6, 7), per-O-acetylation (8) and removal of the protecting group from the amine (9). The sequential steps related to condensation with bromoacetic acid (10), halogenation and deprotection of the carbohydrate 11 are in progress. The proposed synthetic route for the preparation of 2 and 3 was based on a glycosidic donor containing trichloroacetimidate group, the protection of the hydroxyl groups with benzyl group (16) and glycoside acceptors serine 17 and threonine 18 containing amine and carboxyl groups protected with 9- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and benzyl (Bn), respectively. Hitherto, the synthesis of gluco-amino acids 2 and 3 was not achieved using the glycosidic donor initially proposed (trichloroacetimidate), even after the change of the glycosidic donor using per-O-benzylated (28) or per-O-acetylated (26) thiosugars. The difficulties encountered for the synthesis of the target compounds led the design of new synthetic strategies which comprise a chlorine atom as leaving group in the anomeric position and either: a) an amide acetic acid (33) at C-2, which exerts anchimeric assistance at C-1, and allows functionalization with fluorine and b) an azide group at C- 2, prepared from per-O-acetylated glucal, with no participation at C-1. Both synthetic routes are in progress.

Os carboidratos apresentam-se envolvidos em diversos eventos celulares, tais como geração de energia, sustentação celular, reconhecimento celular, processos de sinalização, etc. A OGlcNAcilação, uma das alterações proteicas pós-traducionais relacionada à adição de Nacetilglicosamina a resíduos de serina ou treonina em proteínas citoplasmáticas ou nucleares, vem demonstrando ser uma das alterações recíproca a O-fosforilação de proteínas e pode estar envolvida no desencadeamento de patologias como câncer, diabetes tipo II, e doenças neurodegenerativas. Tendo em vista à relevância da O-GlcNAcilação e a necessidade de ferramentas para seu estudo, temos como objetivo, desenvolver uma rota sintética para a obtenção de moléculas modificadas derivadas de N-acetilglicosamina, contendo o átomo de flúor ligado ao grupo N-acetil. As moléculas correspondem aos derivados glicopiranosídeo de metila 1 e glicoaminoácidos de serina 2 e treonina 3. Uma vez padronizada, os intermediários finais da rota serão utilizados para futura marcação com o 18F, o qual poderá ser empregado em estudos do processo de sinalização celular por O-GlcNAcilação, e no diagnóstico de câncer por PET. Assim, foram propostas, inicialmente, duas rotas sintéticas, uma para a síntese do derivado glicopiranosídeo de metila 1 e outra para os glicoaminoácidos 2 e 3, ambas utilizando o reagente cloridrato de 2-amino-2-desoxi-D-glicose (4) como percursor. A síntese do derivado 1 foi conduzida por meio da proteção do grupo amino do composto 4 pela formação de carbamato 5, e sequencial reação de glicosilação de Fischer (6 e 7), per-Oacetilação 8 e remoção do grupo protetor do amino 9. As etapas sequenciais relacionadas à condensação com o ácido bromoacético 10, e finalmente halogenação e desproteção do carboidrato 11 estão em andamento. A rota sintética proposta para a obtenção dos glicoaminoácidos 2 e 3 foi fundamentada na obtenção de um doador glicosídico contendo o grupo tricloroacetimidato e as hidroxilas protegidas com grupos benzílicos 16, e na utilização do aceptor glicosídico serina 17 e treonina 18, contendo os grupos amino e carboxila protegidos com 9-fluorenilmetóxicarbonil (Fmoc) e benzil (Bn), respectivamente. Até o momento não foi possível a síntese dos glicoaminoácidos 2 e 3 empregando o doador glicosídico inicialmente proposto (tricloroacetimidato), e mesmo após a variação do doador glicosídico, empregando tioaçucares per-O-benzilado 28, ou per-O-acetilado 26, não foi possível a obtenção do produto desejado. As dificuldades observadas na obtenção dos compostos, conduziram a elaboração de novas estratégias sintéticas que possuem o átomo de cloro como grupo abandonador na posição anomérica e a) uma amida {[(4- metilfenil)sulfonil]oxi}acético (33) em C-2, a qual exerce assistência anquimérica em C-1, e permite a funcionalização com o flúor e b) um azido em C-2, preparado a partir de glicais per- O-acetilados, desprovido de participação em C-1. Ambas as rotas sintéticas estão em andamento. / Carbohydrates are involved in many cellular events, such as energy source, sustenance, recognition, signaling processes, etc. O- GlcNAcylation is a post- translational proteins\' alteration related to the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to residues of serine or threonine in cytoplasmic or nuclear protein which has proven to be one of the reciprocal changes to Ophosphorylation of proteins and may be involved in the onset of pathologies such as cancer, type II diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Given the relevance of O- GlcNAcylation and the importance of tools required for the study of this event, we aim to develop a synthetic route to obtain modified molecules derived from N-acetylglucosamine containing fluorine atom attached to the N -acetyl group. The molecules correspond to methyl glucopyranoside derivatives 1 and gluco-amino acids derived from serine 2 and threonine 3. Once the synthetic route is established, the final intermediates of the route will be used for further labeling with 18F, which may be employed in studies of cell signaling processes, involving OGlcNAcylation, and cancer diagnosis by PET. Thus, two synthetic routes were initially proposed: one for the preparation of the methyl glucopyranoside derivative 1 and another one for the gluco-amino acids 2 and 3, both using glucosamine hydrochloride (4) as a precursor. The synthesis of derivative 1 was conducted by protecting the amine group of compound 4 to form the carbamate 5, and sequential Fischer glycosylation (6, 7), per-O-acetylation (8) and removal of the protecting group from the amine (9). The sequential steps related to condensation with bromoacetic acid (10), halogenation and deprotection of the carbohydrate 11 are in progress. The proposed synthetic route for the preparation of 2 and 3 was based on a glycosidic donor containing trichloroacetimidate group, the protection of the hydroxyl groups with benzyl group (16) and glycoside acceptors serine 17 and threonine 18 containing amine and carboxyl groups protected with 9- fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and benzyl (Bn), respectively. Hitherto, the synthesis of gluco-amino acids 2 and 3 was not achieved using the glycosidic donor initially proposed (trichloroacetimidate), even after the change of the glycosidic donor using per-O-benzylated (28) or per-O-acetylated (26) thiosugars. The difficulties encountered for the synthesis of the target compounds led the design of new synthetic strategies which comprise a chlorine atom as leaving group in the anomeric position and either: a) an amide acetic acid (33) at C-2, which exerts anchimeric assistance at C-1, and allows functionalization with fluorine and b) an azide group at C- 2, prepared from per-O-acetylated glucal, with no participation at C-1. Both synthetic routes are in progress.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:40:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 giese_ec_dr_sjrp.pdf: 879284 bytes, checksum: e28308bffc3e725de127885e5249a777 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / As β-glucanas fúngicas apresentam uma série de respostas biológicas. Estas glucanas apresentam baixa solubilidade em meio aquoso, sendo necessário fragmentá-las em moléculas de menor peso molecular. O Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 é um ascomiceto ligninolítico produtor de uma β-(1→3)(1→6)-glucana denominada botriosferana (EPS). Estudos preliminares demonstraram que o fungo Trichoderma harzianum Rifai é capaz de crescer em EPS como única fonte de carbono e de produzir β-glucanases específicas. As condições para a produção de -1,3-glucanases pelo T. harzianum Rifai em fermentador de bancada utilizando EPS como única fonte de carbono foram otimizadas através do uso de um planejamento fatorial e análise por superfície de resposta, o qual mostrou que a produção máxima de -1,3-glucanases ocorreu em 5 dias de cultivo, com pH inicial igual a 5,5 e com aeração de 1,5 vvm. As enzimas do complexo -glucanolítico extracelular foi parcialmente purificado e utilizado para a hidrólise de botriosferana, laminarina, paramilo e pustulana. Duas frações com atividade para -glucanase (F-I e F-II) foram obtidas a partir da cromatografia de filtração em gel, as quais apresentaram diferentes modos de ação sobre o botriosferana e a laminarina. O botriosferana foi hidrolisado em cerca de 66 % pela fração F-I e em 98 % pela fração F-II, em 30 min. Os produtos de hidrólise foram principalmente constituídos por gluco-oligossacarídeos (GP ≥ 4), e menor quantidade de glucose, di- e trissacarídeos. A ação enzimática das frações F-I e F-II sobre a laminarina resultaram em 15 % de conversão do polímero em glucose, enquanto a porcentagem de sacarificação foi totalmente diferente (70 % para F-I e 25 % para F-II). Em paramilo, ambas as frações promoveram a degradação de aproximadamente 20 % do polissacarídeo após 30 min, onde somente... / Fungal β-D-glucans presents a variety of biological response. These glucans presents low solubility in water and being necessary to obtain fragments with small molecular weight. A ligninolytic ascomyceteous Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 produces a (1→3)(1→6)-β-D-glucan named botryosphaeran (EPS). Preliminary studies verified that Trichoderma harzianum Rifai is able to grown on EPS as sole carbon source and secrete specific β-glucanases to act on this subtract. Conditions for -1,3-glucanase production by T. harzianum Rifai in bench-fermenter using EPS as sole carbon source were developed using a statistical factorial design, and analysis by response surface method, which showed maximal enzyme production at 5 days growth in a minimum Vogel salts medium, with initial pH 5.5 under 1.5 vvm aeration. A -glucanolytic extracellular complex was partially-purified and used to hydrolyze fungal botryosphaeran, algal laminarin, algal paramylon and the liquen pustulan. Two -glucanase fractions (F-I and F-II) were obtained by gel permeation chromatography, which presented different modes of attack on botryosphaeran and laminarin. Botryosphaeran was 66 % hydrolyzed by the F-I fraction, and 98 % by fraction F-II, within 30 min. The main products of hydrolysis were gluco-oligosaccharides (DP ≥ 4), and lower amounts of glucose, di- and tri-saccharides. The action of enzyme fractions I and II on laminarin resulted 15 % of conversion to glucose, while the percentage of saccharification was radically different (70 % for F-I and 25 % for F-II). On paramylon, both fractions promoted approximately 20 % degradation after 30 min, and only 0.5 % corresponded to gluco-oligosaccharides (DP ≥ 4). Only F-I fraction could acted on pustulan resulting 25 % of glucose, gentiobiose and oligosaccharides (not identified), within 30 min. The difference in the hydrolysis... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: As β-glucanas fúngicas apresentam uma série de respostas biológicas. Estas glucanas apresentam baixa solubilidade em meio aquoso, sendo necessário fragmentá-las em moléculas de menor peso molecular. O Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 é um ascomiceto ligninolítico produtor de uma β-(1→3)(1→6)-glucana denominada botriosferana (EPS). Estudos preliminares demonstraram que o fungo Trichoderma harzianum Rifai é capaz de crescer em EPS como única fonte de carbono e de produzir β-glucanases específicas. As condições para a produção de -1,3-glucanases pelo T. harzianum Rifai em fermentador de bancada utilizando EPS como única fonte de carbono foram otimizadas através do uso de um planejamento fatorial e análise por superfície de resposta, o qual mostrou que a produção máxima de -1,3-glucanases ocorreu em 5 dias de cultivo, com pH inicial igual a 5,5 e com aeração de 1,5 vvm. As enzimas do complexo -glucanolítico extracelular foi parcialmente purificado e utilizado para a hidrólise de botriosferana, laminarina, paramilo e pustulana. Duas frações com atividade para -glucanase (F-I e F-II) foram obtidas a partir da cromatografia de filtração em gel, as quais apresentaram diferentes modos de ação sobre o botriosferana e a laminarina. O botriosferana foi hidrolisado em cerca de 66 % pela fração F-I e em 98 % pela fração F-II, em 30 min. Os produtos de hidrólise foram principalmente constituídos por gluco-oligossacarídeos (GP ≥ 4), e menor quantidade de glucose, di- e trissacarídeos. A ação enzimática das frações F-I e F-II sobre a laminarina resultaram em 15 % de conversão do polímero em glucose, enquanto a porcentagem de sacarificação foi totalmente diferente (70 % para F-I e 25 % para F-II). Em paramilo, ambas as frações promoveram a degradação de aproximadamente 20 % do polissacarídeo após 30 min, onde somente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Fungal β-D-glucans presents a variety of biological response. These glucans presents low solubility in water and being necessary to obtain fragments with small molecular weight. A ligninolytic ascomyceteous Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 produces a (1→3)(1→6)-β-D-glucan named botryosphaeran (EPS). Preliminary studies verified that Trichoderma harzianum Rifai is able to grown on EPS as sole carbon source and secrete specific β-glucanases to act on this subtract. Conditions for -1,3-glucanase production by T. harzianum Rifai in bench-fermenter using EPS as sole carbon source were developed using a statistical factorial design, and analysis by response surface method, which showed maximal enzyme production at 5 days growth in a minimum Vogel salts medium, with initial pH 5.5 under 1.5 vvm aeration. A -glucanolytic extracellular complex was partially-purified and used to hydrolyze fungal botryosphaeran, algal laminarin, algal paramylon and the liquen pustulan. Two -glucanase fractions (F-I and F-II) were obtained by gel permeation chromatography, which presented different modes of attack on botryosphaeran and laminarin. Botryosphaeran was 66 % hydrolyzed by the F-I fraction, and 98 % by fraction F-II, within 30 min. The main products of hydrolysis were gluco-oligosaccharides (DP ≥ 4), and lower amounts of glucose, di- and tri-saccharides. The action of enzyme fractions I and II on laminarin resulted 15 % of conversion to glucose, while the percentage of saccharification was radically different (70 % for F-I and 25 % for F-II). On paramylon, both fractions promoted approximately 20 % degradation after 30 min, and only 0.5 % corresponded to gluco-oligosaccharides (DP ≥ 4). Only F-I fraction could acted on pustulan resulting 25 % of glucose, gentiobiose and oligosaccharides (not identified), within 30 min. The difference in the hydrolysis... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Roberto da Silva / Coorientador: Aneli de Melo Barbosa / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Corradi Custódio da Silva / Banca: João Ruggiero Neto / Banca: Rubens Monti / Banca: Inês Conceição Roberto / Doutor

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L’hyperglycémie est détectée et intégrée au niveau de l’hypothalamus médio-basal (MBH) qui inhibe la prise alimentaire et déclenche la sécrétion d’insuline. Le MBH renferme des neurones spécialisés gluco-sensibles (GS) qui détectent directement ou indirectement des variations de la concentration extracellulaire en glucose. Dans une première étude, nous suggérons que la détection indirecte du glucose par les neurones GS hypothalamiques repose sur la libération d’endozépines par les astrocytes, un gliotransmetteur connu pour inhiber la prise alimentaire en réponse à l’hyperglycémie. Nous travaux montrent que les endozépines activent spécifiquement les neurones à pro-opiomélanocortine (POMC) du MBH pour générer leur effet anorexigène. Dans une seconde étude, nous montrons que la détection directe de l’hyperglycémie implique les neurones hypothalamiques dits « high gluco-excited » (HGE). Grâce à des approches pharmacologiques et génétiques, nous mettons en évidence que les canaux redox sensibles Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3 et 4 (TRPC3/4) sont fondamentaux pour la détection du glucose par les neurones HGE in vitro, la stimulation de la sécrétion d’insuline et la diminution de la prise alimentaire en réponse à l’hyperglycémie cérébrale in vivo. De plus, nos travaux démontrent que les canaux TRPC3 du MBH jouent un rôle clef dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique. Les travaux de cette thèse permettent de mettre en évidence deux nouveaux mécanismes de détection hypothalamique de l’hyperglycémie : l’un reposant sur l’implication des canaux TRPC3/4 dans les neurones HGE et l’autre proposant les endozépines astrocytaires comme relai du signal « glucose » aux neurones POMC. / Hyperglycemia is detected and integrated by the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) which, in turn, inhibits food intake and triggers insulin secretion. The MBH houses specialized glucose-sensitive (GS) neurons, which directly or indirectly modulate their electrical activity in response to changes in glucose level. In a first study, we hypothesized that indirect detection of glucose by MBH GS neurons involves the secretion of endozepine by astrocytes, a gliotransmitter known to inhibit food intake in response to hyperglycemia. The present work shows that endozepines selectively activate anorexigenic MBH pro-opiomelanotortine (POMC) neurons. In the second study, we show that the direct detection of increased glucose level involves hypothalamic glucose-excited (HGE) neurons. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that the redox-sensitive Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3 et 4 (TRPC3/4) channels are involved in MBH HGE response to glucose in vitro and increased insulin secretion and decreased food intake in response to cerebral hyperglycemia in vivo. We also obtained evidences that MBH TRPC3 channel is a critical new player for energy homeostasis. This thesis work identifies two new mechanisms involved in hypothalamic detection of hyperglycemia: the first based on the involvement of TRPC3/4 channels in HGE neurons and the second highlighting the astroglial endozepines as a relay of the “glucose” signal to POMC neurons.