Orientador: Michel Georges Albert Vincentz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T18:45:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DelBem_LuizEduardoVieira_M.pdf: 9371325 bytes, checksum: 4720605c3fed6784b51b26b99feff19c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Introdução: Os xiloglucanos são os polímeros de açúcar mais abundantes na hemicelulose da maioria das espécies de plantas terrestres, em especial nas eudicotiledôneas. Possuem papel estrutural na parede celular vegetal, interagindo com os filamentos de celulose, e podem ser utilizados como reserva em sementes de várias espécies de eudicotiledôneas, como o Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril), onde correspondem a quase 50% do peso seco da semente. Este polímero é formado por uma cadeia central de ß-glucano com ramificações que contêm xilose, galactose e fucose. O mecanismo de degradação deste polímero é realizado por cinco hidrolases: XTH, ß-Galactosidase, ß-Glucosidase,? a-Xilosidase e? a-Fucosidase. Estas enzimas são codificadas por genes que constituem famílias multigênicas nos genomas de plantas, e sua atividade na degradação seletiva de xiloglucano têm papel central na regulação do crescimento e morfogênese da célula vegetal. O Jatobá (Leguminosae) é uma árvore tropical, nativa do Brasil, que vem sendo utilizada como modelo vegetal para estudos de impacto ambiental por efeito estufa e estresses abióticos oriundos do aquecimento global. Foi observado que mudas de Jatobá, crescidas numa atmosfera com 720 PPM de CO2 (dobro da concentração atual), apresentam até 50% de aumento de biomassa aos 100 dias. O entendimento das respostas transcripcionais desta planta, em resposta a estes estresses, pode levar a conclusões à cerca de como as florestas tropicais responderão ao aumento inexorável na concentração de CO2, num quadro de aquecimento global. Resultados: Construímos bibliotecas de cDNA de folhas, caule, cotilédones e raízes de plântulas de 45 dias de Jatobá. Um seqüenciamento amostral dos ESTs levou à obtenção de 103 seqüências, parciais ou completas, de proteínas de Jatobá. São os primeiros dados de ESTs numa árvore tropical brasileira. Análises filogenéticas das enzimas que constituem o mecanismo de degradação de xiloglucano foram conduzidas ao longo de 13 genomas completos e 27 bancos de ESTs de espécies dos mais diversos grupos no reino Viridiplantae. Isso nos permitiu organizar a diversidade destas cinco famílias multigênicas em possíveis grupos de ortólogos (PoGOs). As XTHs foram divididas em seis grupos de genes homólogos e 19 PoGOs. As ß-Galactosidases foram divididas em dois grupos de genes homólogos e 10 PoGOs. As ß-Glucosidases foram divididas em dois grupos de genes homólogos e dois PoGOs. As? a-Xilosidase foram divididas em três PoGOs e as a-Fucosidase em dois PoGOs não relacionados evolutivamente. Conclusões e Perspectivas: As 103 seqüências peptídicas obtidas de Jatobá foram anotadas por comparação e serão disponibilizadas nos bancos de dados internacionais. A perspectiva de seqüenciar mais clones poderá levar à montagem do transcriptoma do Jatobá, algo inédito para uma árvore tropical. Concluímos, com as análises filogenéticas, que as XTHs, que formam um grupo monofilético de genes em Streptophyta, surgiram antes da conquista do ambiente terrestre. Estes genes foram progressivamente amplificados ao longo da evolução das plantas terrestres, o que sugere um ganho progressivo de complexidade, que teve seu auge nas Angiospermas. Apresentamos evidências que podem unir evolutivamente as XTHs exclusivas de plantas a enzimas transglicosiladoras de cadeias de ß -glucano em fungos, o que sugere uma origem comum do processo de transglicosilação de cadeias de ß-glucano como mecanismo de controle do crescimento e formato celular em eucariotos com parede celular. As ß-Galactosidases formam um grupo monofilético em Embryophytas com nove PoGOs, no entanto sua grande diversificação (seis PoGOs) ocorreu apenas em Angiospermas. As ß -Glucosidases formam um grupo monofilético em Embryophytas, seqüências similares em bactérias fotossintetizantes podem sugerir uma origem no ancestral dos cloroplastos. As a -Xilosidase, que são monofiléticas nas Spermatophytas, derivaram das ?a-Glucosidases que se encontram dispersas entre todos os eucariotos, é um caso de neofuncionalização. Duas linhagens distintas evolutivamente de a-Fucosidases foram encontradas, uma delas é monofilética em Embryophytas e a outra pertence a uma grande família multigênica (GDSL-motif) da qual pouco se sabe. Mostramos que o mecanismo completo (cinco hidrolases) de degradação de xiloglucano existia no ancestral comum das Spermatophytas (plantas com semente). Como perspectivas este trabalho permite a racionalização de estudos funcionais destas hidrolases o que, em longo prazo, pode contribuir com processos biotecnológicos que passem pela modificação seletiva da parede celular vegetal. / Abstract: Introduction: Xyloglucans are the main hemicelulose in most of land plants, especially in eudicots. It is a structural compound of plant cell-wall that interacts with cellulose and can be used as seed's energy storage of many species, like Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril). Xyloglucan structure is composed of a ß-glucan backbone that it branched with xylose, galactose and fucose. Its degradation machinery is composed by five glycosil hydrolases: XTH, ß-Galactosidase, ß-Glucosidase,?a-Xylosidase and? a- Fucosidase. These enzymes are codified by multigenic families in plant's genomes and it plays a central role in key processes like growth and morphogenesis of plant cells. Jatoba (Leguminosae) is a tropical tree, native of Brazil. It's been used as a model tree in researches of plant's responses to stresses caused by global warming and high atmospheric CO2 concentration. It was observed a 50% increase in biomass of a 100 days Jatoba seedling when grown in a 720 PPM of CO2 atmosphere (two times bigger than today's atmospheric concentration). Understand the transcriptional responses to these stresses can lead to conclusions about how tropical forests will respond to high concentrations of CO2 and global warming. Results: We made cDNA libraries of leaves, stem, cotyledons and roots of 45 days seedlings of Jatoba. A preliminary sequencing of these libraries reveled 103 predict protein sequences (most partial sequences). Phylogenetic analyses of xyloglucan hydrolytic enzymes were conducted using 13 completed genomes and 27 ESTs assemblies, from a wild range of taxonomic groups in the Viridiplantae kingdom. It allowed us to divide XTH's diversity of genes into six homology groups and 19 possible groups of orthologues (PoGOs). ß-Galactosidases were divided into two groups of homologues and 10 PoGOs. ß -Glucosidases were divided into two groups of homologues and two PoGOs. a-Xylosidase were divided into three PoGOs and a-Fucosidase into two PoGOs evolutionarily unrelated. Conclusions and Perspectives: The 103 protein sequences of Jatoba were annotated by comparison to known proteins and will be deposited in international sequences assemblies. As a perspective, the sequencing of Jatoba ESTs will lead to the assembly of its transcriptome, something never done before in a tropical tree. We concluded that XTHs are monophyletic group o genes in Streptophyta, what means they emerged before lands conquest by plants. These genes were progressively amplified in land plants evolution, especially in Angiosperms, what suggests a progressive gain in complexity. We showed evidences of a possible evolutionary relation between plant's XTHs and fungus hydrolases/transglycosylases enzymes. It suggests a eukaryotic ancestral mechanism to control cell expansion and shape based in ß -glucan transglycosylation and its interaction to cellulose (in plants) or chitin (in fungus). The ß -Galactosidases are a monophyletic group in Embryophytas that were divided into nine PoGOs, six PoGOs only appeared in Angiosperms. The ß -Glucosidases belongs to a monophyletic group in Embryophytas that has sequence similarity to bacterial proteins, especially ones from photosynthetic bacteria species. The a-Xylosidases are a PoGO in Spermatophyta that probably emerged from a-Glucosidases presents in all eukaryotes. It's probably a neofunctionalization process. Two evolutionary distinct lineages of a-Fucosidases where found, one monophyletic in Embryophytas and another that belongs to the poorly understood multigenic family "GDSL-motif proteins". We showed that the complete machinery (all the five hydrolases) of Xyloglucan degradation already exists in Spermatophytas common ancestor. As a perspective, we expect to rationalize the functional characterization works among these multigenic families and to contribute in biotechnology processes that pass through cell-wall modification and selective control. / Mestrado / Genetica Vegetal e Melhoramento / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Parkash Amarender. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-172). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Table of contents --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.xi / 撮要 --- p.xiv / List of Abbreviations --- p.xvi / List of Tables --- p.xvii / List of Figures --- p.xix / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- General Properties of RIPs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Structure --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Type I and Type II RIPs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Small RIPs --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Distribution --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Physicochemical properties --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3 --- Enzymatic activities of RIPs --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- N-glycosidase activity --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Ribonuclease (RNase) activity --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Deoxyribonucleolytic (DNase) activity --- p.25 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Multiple depurination --- p.26 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Inhibition of protein synthesis --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4 --- Biological activities of RIPs --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Interaction of ribosome-inactivating proteins with cells --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Internalization of type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Internalization of type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Effects on laboratory animals --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Immunosuppressive activity --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Abortifacient activity --- p.34 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Antiviral activity --- p.35 / Chapter 1.5 --- Physiological roles of RIPs --- p.37 / Chapter 1.6 --- Applications of RIPs --- p.39 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Possible uses in experimental and clinical medicine --- p.39 / Chapter 1.6.1.1 --- Anti-tumor therapy --- p.40 / Chapter 1.6.1.2 --- Immune disorders --- p.42 / Chapter 1.6.1.3 --- Neuroscience research --- p.43 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Applications in agriculture --- p.44 / Chapter 1.7 --- Arginine/Glutamate Rich Polypeptides (AGRPs) --- p.46 / Chapter 1.8 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.48 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Rationale of the study --- p.48 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- Outline of the thesis --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of crude extract --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Purification of proteins --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Molecular weight determination with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Protein determination --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- N-terminal amino acid sequence --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Preparation of rabbit reticulocyte lysate --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Assay for cell-free protein synthesis- inhibiting activity --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Assay for N-glycosidase activity --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Assay for ribonuclease activity --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Assay for antifungal activity --- p.71 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Assay for dehydrogenase activity --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Purification and characterization of proteins from their respective sources. / Chapter 3.1. --- Purification and Characterization of Hispidin from Hairy melon (Benincasa hispida var. chieh-qua) / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Results --- p.76 / Chapter 3.1.2.1. --- Purification --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1.2.2. --- Molecular weight determination --- p.84 / Chapter 3.1.2.3. --- N-terminal amino acid sequence --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.2.4. --- Assay for cell-free protein synthesis-inhibiting activity --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1.2.5. --- Assay for N-glycosidase activity --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.2.6. --- Assay for ribonuclease activity --- p.88 / Chapter 3.1.2.7. --- Assay for dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity --- p.88 / Chapter 3.1.2.8. --- Assay for antifungal activity --- p.89 / Chapter 3.1.2.9. --- "Assessment of purity, yield and activity" --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Discussion --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2. --- Purification and Characterization of Momorchin from Dried Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) Seeds / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Introduction --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Results --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.2.1. --- Purification --- p.100 / Chapter 3.2.2.2. --- Molecular weight determination --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.2.3. --- N-terminal amino acid sequence --- p.104 / Chapter 3.2.2.4. --- Assay for cell-free protein synthesis- inhibiting activity --- p.105 / Chapter 3.2.2.5. --- Assay for ribonuclease activity --- p.105 / Chapter 3.2.2.6. --- Assay for N-glycosidase activity --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.2.7. --- "Assessment of purity, yield and activity" --- p.107 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Discussion --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Purification and Characterization of Luffacylin from Sponge Gourd (Luffa cylindrica) / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Introduction --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Results --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.2.1. --- Purification --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3.2.2. --- Molecular weight determination --- p.119 / Chapter 3.3.2.3. --- N-terminal amino acid sequencing --- p.120 / Chapter 3.3.2.4. --- Assay for cell-free protein synthesis- inhibiting activity --- p.121 / Chapter 3.3.2.5. --- Assay for ribonuclease activity --- p.121 / Chapter 3.3.2.6. --- Assay for N-glycosidase activity --- p.122 / Chapter 3.3.2.7. --- Assay for antifungal activity --- p.123 / Chapter 3.3.2.8. --- "Assessment of purity, activity and yield" --- p.124 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Discussion --- p.125 / Chapter 3.4. --- Purification and Characterization of α and β Benincasin from fresh Winter Melon {Benincasa hispida var. dong-gua) Seeds / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Introduction --- p.127 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Results --- p.129 / Chapter 3.4.2.1. --- Purification --- p.130 / Chapter 3.4.2.2. --- Molecular weight determination --- p.135 / Chapter 3.4.2.3. --- N-terminal amino acid sequence --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.2.4. --- Assay for cell-free protein synthesis- inhibiting activity --- p.137 / Chapter 3.4.2.5. --- Assay for ribonuclease activity --- p.137 / Chapter 3.4.2.6. --- Assay for antifungal activity --- p.138 / Chapter 3.4.2.7. --- "Assessment of purity, activity and yield" --- p.140 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Discussion --- p.141 / Chapter 3.5. --- Purification and characterization of Moschins from Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) Seeds / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Introduction --- p.143 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Results --- p.145 / Chapter 3.5.2.1. --- Purification --- p.146 / Chapter 3.5.2.2. --- Molecular weight determination --- p.149 / Chapter 3.5.2.3. --- N-terminal amino acid sequence --- p.150 / Chapter 3.5.2.4. --- Assay for cell-free protein synthesis- inhibiting activity --- p.151 / Chapter 3.5.2.5. --- Assay for ribonuclease activity --- p.151 / Chapter 3.5.2.6. --- "Assessment of purity, activity and yield" --- p.152 / Chapter 3.5.3. --- Discussion --- p.153 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- General Discussion and Conclusion --- p.154 / References --- p.158

Orientadores: Glaucia Maria Pastore, Fábio Márcio Squina / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T10:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_JunioCota_D.pdf: 6755717 bytes, checksum: 8ce3ba1fb6b01179b70462bf26349499 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Atualmente há uma crescente demanda para o desenvolvimento de combustíveis não-fósseis alternativos. Assim, como a biomassa lignocelulósica é uma das fontes de energia mais abundantes na natureza, pode ser estabelecida uma economia verde e sustentável, com o objetivo de processar a grande quantidade de energia estocada nessas matérias-primas. O etanol de cana-de-açúcar é uma das melhores opções em biocombustíveis e sua produção pode mais que dobrar, se os açúcares constituintes da parede celular vegetal forem utililizados. No entanto, o alto custo de produção das enzimas para hidrolisar e processar os materiais lignocelulósicos é um fator altamente limitante para o uso de tecnologias verdes. Este trabalho se propôs a avaliar novos biocatalisadores e construir uma enzima quimérica na tentativa de obter glicosidases com melhor desempenho que as já relatadas. Enzimas despolimerizadoras de ß-1,3-glucanos têm consideráveis aplicações biotecnológicas, incluindo produção de biocombustíveis, insumos químicos e farmacêuticos. No segundo capítulo, mostramos a caracterização funcional e a estrutura de baixa resolução da laminarase hipertermofílica de Thermotoga petrophila (TpLam), além de seu modo de operação por eletroforese capilar de zona, mostrando que ela cliva especificamente ligações ß-1,3-glucosídicas internas. O dicroismo circular (CD) UV-distante demonstrou que TpLam é formada principalmente por elementos estruturais do tipo beta, e a estrutura secundária é preservada após incubação por 16 horas a 90 º C. A forma determinada pelo pequeno espalhamento de raios-X a baixo ângulo revelou uma arquitetura de multi-domínio da enzima, com um arranjo de envelope em forma de V, no qual os dois módulos de ligação de carboidrato estão ligados ao domínio catalítico. A engenharia de enzimas multifuncionais pode melhorar coquetéis enzimáticos para tecnologias emergentes de biocombustíveis. Dinâmica molecular através de modelos baseados em estrutura (SB) é uma ferramenta eficaz para avaliar a disposição tridimensional das enzimas quiméricas, bem como para inferir a viabilidade funcional antes da validação experimental. No terceiro capítulo, descrevemos a montagem computacional de uma quimera bifuncional xilanase-liquenase (XylLich), usando os genes xynA e bglS de Bacillus subtilis. As análises in silico da área de superfície acessível ao solvente (SAS) e da raiz quadrada média das flutuações (RMSF) previram uma quimera completamente funcional, ou seja, uma enzima cujo substrato tem acesso ao seu sítio catalítico com pequenas flutuações e variações ao longo das cadeias polipeptídicas. A quimera preservou as características bioquímicas das enzimas parentais, com exceção de uma pequena variação na temperatura de operação e na eficiência catalítica (kcat / Km). Também foi verificado ausência de mudanças significativas no modo de operação catalítico. Além disso, a produção de enzimas quiméricas pode ser mais rentável do que a produção de uma única enzima separadamente, comparando-se o rendimento da produção de proteína recombinante e a atividade hidrolítica da enzima quimérica com as enzimas parentais. ß-Glicosidases (BGLs) são enzimas muito úteis e com grande potencial para serem empregadas em diversos processos industriais. Entretanto, algumas características são essenciais para tornar viáveis as aplicações, como por exemplo estabilidade à temperatura e ao pH, bem como baixa inibição por íons e outros compostos químicos. Assim, no quarto capítulo buscamos estudar três BGLs dos organismos extremófilos Pyrococcus furiosus e Thermotoga petrophila. Os genes PfBgl1, TpBgl1 and TpBgl3 foram clonados no vetor pET28a e as proteínas expressadas em Escherichia coli e posteriormente purificadas em duas etapas cromatográficas. As enzimas purificadas foram avaliadas quanto ao pH e temperatura de atividade, sendo que as BGLs da família GH1 (PfBgl1 e TpBgl1) apresentaram faixas mais largas de pH e temperatura de operação do que a família GH3 (TpBgl3). As BGLs mostraram grande estabilidade ao pH e o maior tempo de meia-vida (a 99 ° C) foi verificado no pH 6, e além disso, não foram significativamente afetadas pela presença de EDTA ou de íons, exceto a TpBgl1 que foi inibida por Hg2+ e Fe2+. As atividades específicas para um conjunto de diferentes substratos sugeriram que TpBgl3 é mais específica que as BGLs GH1. O kcat e kcat / Km em 4-nitrofenol-ß-D-glicopiranosídeo (pNPG) indicam que TpBgl3 é a mais eficiente para hidrólise do substrato, embora seja a enzima que foi inibida com a menor concentração de glicose (30.1 mM). Além disso, as BGLs foram analisadas quanto à influência de seis monossacarídeos na catálise, e demonstraram serem fracamente inibidas pela maioria dos açúcares testados. Os ensaios de CD UV-distante revelaram que a estrutura secundária das BGLs não é afetada pelas variações de pH, e os estudos de desnaturação térmica evidenciaram que as BGLs são proteínas hipertermofílicas / Abstract: There is an increasing demand for the development of alternative non-fossil fuels. Thus, since the lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant source in nature, it may be settled a green and sustainable economy, aiming to process the great amount of energy stocked in these raw materials. The ethanol from sugarcane is one of the best options concerning biofuels and its productivity could be raised more than double if the use of sugars constituents of plant cell wall is considered. However the high production cost of the enzymes to hydrolyze and process lignocellulose is a great limiting factor for green technologies. In this way, this work proposed to evaluate new enzymes and engineer a chimeric enzyme in the attempt to prospect glycosyl hydrolases with better performance than those reported up to date. 1,3-ß-Glucan depolymerizing enzymes have considerable biotechnological applications including the production of biofuels, feedstock-chemicals and pharmaceuticals. In the first chapter we showed the comprehensive functional characterization and low-resolution structure of hyperthermophilic laminarase from Thermotoga petrophila (TpLam), besides its mode of operation through capillary zone electrophoresis, which specifically cleaves internal ß-1,3-glucosidic bonds. Far-UV circular dichroism demonstrated that LamA is formed mainly by beta structural elements, and the secondary structure is maintained after incubation up to 16 hours at 90ºC. The structure determined by small angle X-ray scattering revealed a multi-domain structural architecture of the enzyme with a V-shape envelope arrangement of the two carbohydrate binding modules in relation to the catalytic domain. Multifunctional enzyme engineering can improve enzyme cocktails for emerging biofuel technology. Molecular dynamics through structure-based models (SB) is an effective tool for assessing the tridimensional disposal of chimeric enzymes as well as for inferring the functional practicability before experimental validation. In the second chapter we describe the computational design of a bifunctional xylanase-lichenase chimera (XylLich) using the xynA and bglS genes from Bacillus subtilis. In silico analysis of the average surface accessible area (SAS) and the root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) predicted a fully functional chimera, i.e. the substrate has access to the catalytic pocket with minor fluctuations and variations along the polypeptide chains. The chimera preserved the biochemical characteristics of the parental enzymes, with the exception of a slight variation in the temperature of operation and the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km). The absence of substantial shifts in the catalytic mode of operation was also verified. Furthermore, the production of chimeric enzymes could be more profitable than producing a single enzyme separately, based on comparing the recombinant protein production yield and the hydrolytic activity achieved for XylLich with that of the parental enzymes. ß-Glucosidases (BGLs) are very useful enzymes with a great potential to be employed in several industrial processes. However, some features are required to become viable the enzyme applications, such as temperature and pH stability as well, low ions and chemicals inhibition. Thus this work aimed to study three BGLs from the extremophiles organisms Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermotoga petrophila. The genes PfBgl1, TpBgl1 and TpBgl3 were cloned into pET28a vector and the proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and further purified in two chromatographic steps. The purified enzymes were evaluated for pH and temperature of activity, which showed that BGLs from the glycosyl hydrolases family 1 (PfBgl1, TpBgl1) presented a wider range of pH and temperature operation than BGL from family 3 (TpBgl3). The BGLs showed great stability to a range of pH (4-10) and the highest time of half-life (at 99 °C) was at pH 6, besides they were not significantly affected by the presence of EDTA or ions, except TpBgl1 that was inhibited by Hg2+ and Fe2+. The specific activities in a set of different substrates suggested that TpBgl3 is more specific than GH1 BGLs. The kcat and kcat/Km in pNPG indicate that TpBgl3 is the most efficient among BGLs characterized herein, although this enzyme is inhibited with the lowest glucose concentration (30.1 mM). Furthermore, the BGLs were assayed for influence of six monosaccharides in catalysis, which the results suggested a weak inhibition by the most of those carbohydrates tested. The CD experiments revealed that the secondary structure of BGLs is not affected by the pH variations and the denaturation studies evidenced that the BGLs are indeed hyperthermophilic / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientadores: Everson Alves Miranda, Sindélia Freitas Azzoni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T03:57:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarinoBohorquez_MayraAlejandra_M.pdf: 2274078 bytes, checksum: b43b1a849020cc996eb872607460441e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O crescente interesse pelo aproveitamento da matéria-prima renovável vem demandando novas tecnologias eficientes na produção de etanol de segunda geração a fim de reduzir os altos custos associados com as enzimas envolvidas na sacarificação. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal concentrar, através de precipitação com etanol, glicosil hidrolases responsáveis pelas atividades de endoglucanase, ?-glicosidase, FPase e xilanase produzidas por Trichoderma harzianum P49P11. As variáveis de precipitação testadas foram temperatura, concentração de etanol e pH do fermentado. O etanol demonstrou potencial para recuperar ao redor de 98% da atividade de xilanase correspondente a 17,6 U/mL através de precipitações com 90% de etanol (v/v) em todas as temperaturas testadas (5,0, 15 e 25°C) e pH 5,0. Sob estas mesmas condições de precipitação, 90% de etanol (v/v) e pH 5,0, porém a 5°C, foi obtida a máxima recuperação da atividade de celulase (FPase) sendo 77% correspondente a 0,08 U/mg. Esta última formulação causou precipitação instantânea. Desta forma, a precipitação com etanol pode ser considerada uma técnica eficiente para concentrar xilanase e, em certa medida, para o complexo de celulase / Abstract: Growing interest in the use of renewable raw materials for the production of second generation ethanol has led to the need of new efficient technologies to reduce the high costs associated with saccharification enzymes. This study aimed to concentrate by ethanol precipitation glycosil hydrolases responsible for FPase, ?-glicosidase, endoglucanase and xylanase activities produced by Trichoderma harzianum P49P11. The precipitation variables tested were temperature, ethanol concentration and pH of the fermentation broth. The results showed that the precipitation by ethanol recovered more than 98% of the total xylanase activity using ethanol at concentration of 90% (v/v) at all temperatures tested (5.0, 15 e 25°C) and pH 5.0. The maximum recovery of cellulose activity as FPase was 77% by precipitation carried out at this same ethanol concentration and pH (90% v/v and pH 5.0) but at 5.0°C. This last set of conditions caused almost instantaneous precipitation. Therefore, ethanol precipitation can be considered an efficient technique for xylanase concentration and, to a certain extent, for the cellulase complex / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Mestra em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Mário Tyago Murakami / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T21:09:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paiva_JoiceHelena_D.pdf: 28922115 bytes, checksum: be729b855c60f1b34aac3a0b43e0aeac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutora em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Soil represents the largest global reservoir of microbial diversity for the discovery of novel genes and enzymes. Both stable-isotope probing (SIP) and metagenomics have been used to access uncultured microbial diversity, but few studies have combined these two methods for accessing the biotechnological potential of soil genetic diversity and fewer yet have employed functional metagenomics for recovering novel genes and enzymes for bioenergy or bioproduct applications. In this research, I demonstrate the power of combining functional metagenomics and SIP using multiple plant-derived carbon substrates and diverse soils for characterizing active soil bacterial communities and recovering glycosyl hydrolases based on gene expression. Three disparate Canadian soils (tundra, temperate rainforest and agricultural) were incubated with five native carbon (12C) or stable-isotope labelled (13C) carbohydrates (glucose, cellobiose, xylose, arabinose and cellulose). Sampling at defined time intervals (one, three and six weeks) was followed by DNA extraction and cesium chloride density gradient ultracentrifugation. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of all gradient fractions confirmed the recovery of labeled nucleic acids. Sequencing of original soil samples and labeled DNA fractions demonstrated unique heavy DNA patterns associated with all soils and substrates. Indicator species analysis revealed many uncultured and unclassified bacterial taxa in the heavy DNA for all soils and substrates. Among characterized taxa, Salinibacterium (Actinobacteria), Devosia (Alphaproteobacteria), Telmatospirillum (Alphaproteobacteria), Phenylobacterium (Alphaproteobacteria) and Asticcacaulis (Alphaproteobacteria) were the bacterial ???indicator species??? for the heavy substrates and soils tested. Both Actinomycetales and Caulobacterales (genus Phenylobacterium) were associated with metabolism of cellulose. Members of the Alphaproteobacteria were associated with the metabolism of arabinose and members of the order Rhizobiales were strongly associated with the metabolism of xylose. Annotated metagenomic data suggested diverse glycosyl hydrolase gene representation within the pooled heavy DNA. By screening only 2876 inserts derived from the 13C-cellulose heavy DNA, stable-isotope probing and functional screens enabled the recovery of six clones with activity against carboxymethylcellulose and methylumbelliferone-based substrates.

KCNE1 (E1) peptide is the founding member of the KCNE family (1-5), which is a class of type I transmembrane ß-subunits. KCNE1 peptides assemble with and modulate the gating, ion conducting properties and pharmacology of a variety of voltage-gated K+ channel a-subunits, including KCNQ1 (Q1). Mutations that interfere with the function of either E1 and/or Q1 and disrupt the assembly and trafficking of KCNE1- KCNQ1 channel complexes give rise to diseases such as Romano-Ward (RW) and Jervell Lange Nielsen Syndrome (JLNS), two different forms of Long QT Syndrome (LQTS). Using enzymatic deglycosylation assays, immunofluorescence techniques and quantitative cell surface labeling, we showed that KCNE1 peptides are retained in the early stages of the secretory pathway as immaturely N-linked glycosylated proteins. KCNE1 co-assembly with KCNQ1 leads to E1 progression through the secretory pathway and glycan maturation, resulting in cell surface expression. N-linked glycosylation of some membrane proteins is critical for proper folding, co-assembly and subsequent trafficking through the biosynthetic pathway. Previous studies have shown that genetic mutations that disrupt one of the two N-linked glycosylation sites on KCNE family members lead to LQTS (T7I, KCNE1 and T8A, KCNE2) (Schulze-Bahr et al., 1997; Sesti et al., 2000a; Park et al., 2003). Having confirmed that KCNE1 proteins acquire N-linked glycans, we examined the kinetics and efficiency of N-linked glycan addition to KCNE1. We showed that KCNE1 has two distinct N-linked glycosylation sites. The N-terminal sequon is a traditional co-translational site. The internal sequon (which is only ~ 20 residues away from the N-terminal sequon) acquires N-linked glycans primarily after protein synthesis (post-translationally). Surprisingly, mutations that prevent N-glycosylation at the cotranslational site also reduce the glycosylation efficiency of post-translational glycosylation at the internal sequon, resulting in a large population of unglycosylated KCNE1 peptides that are retained in the early stages of the secretory pathway and do not reach the cell surface with their cognate K+ channel. We showed that KCNE1 post-translational N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum is a cellular mechanism that ensures E1 proteins acquire the maximal number of glycans needed for proper channel assembly and trafficking. Our findings provide a new biogenic mechanism for human disease by showing that the JLNS mutation, T7I, not only inhibits glycosylation of the N-terminal sequon, but also indirectly prevents the glycosylation of the internal sequon, giving rise to a large population of assembly incompetent hypoglycosylated KCNE1 peptides. To further investigate the two N-linked glycosylation sites on KCNE1, we generated structure-function deletion scans of KCNE1 and performed positional glycosylation scanning mutagenesis. We examined the glycosylation pattern of glycosylation mutants in an effort to define the glycosylation window important for proper KCNE1 assembly and trafficking. Our findings suggested a nine amino acid periodicity to serve as a desirable glycosylation site and a better substrate for N-glycosylation. Appendix II shows work on the characterization of the C-terminally HA-tagged KCNE1 protein, which was used throughout the experiments presented in Chapter II, Chapter III and Chapter IV. Analysis of the C-terminally HA-tagged KCNE1 protein revealed that in heterologous expression systems KCNE1 had an internal translational start site, a methionine at position 27. A proteolytic cleavage site was also identified at the arginine cluster spanning residues 32 through 38 bearing the two known Long QT mutations (R32H and R36H) (Splawski et al., 2000; Napolitano et al., 2005). My work in Professor Craig C. Mello’s lab during the first four years of my graduate study is presented in Appendix I. The highly conserved Wnt/Wingless glycoproteins regulate many aspects of animal development. Wnt signaling specifies endoderm fate by controlling the fate of EMS blastomere daughters in 4-cell stage Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. A suppressor genetic screen was performed using two temperature sensitive alleles of mom-2/Wnt to identify additional regulators of the Wnt/Wingless signaling pathway during C. elegans endoderm specification. Five intragenic suppressors and three extragenic suppressors of mom-2/Wnt embryonic lethality were identified. We cloned ifg-1, eIF4G homologue, as one of the extragenic suppressors suggesting an intriguing connection between the Wnt signaling pathway and the translational machinery.