No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

In the three parks in Brno and its surroundings (arboretum of the Mendel university in Brno, the arboretum Křtiny and the forest park Kalvárie in Bučovice) the diversity of mining butterflies on ornamental trees was monitored in 2017 – 2018. The aim of the final thesis was to find out the spectrum of the mining butterflies, to determine a differences in species composition of the mining butterflies on the individual study areas and measure the degree of attack in host trees. A total of 47 species of mining butterflies were found. The most species were found in the arboretum of the Mendel university (31 species), the arboretum Křtiny (19 species) and at least species were found in the forest park Kalvárie (15 species). The most species who were found belong to the family of Gracillariidae (21 species) and Nepticulidae (20 species), the less species was from the family Tischeridae (2 species), Yponomeutidae (1 species) and Coleophoridae (1 species). The most abundant were the species of lithocolletinae, especially Cameraria ohridella on Aesculus hippocastanum, Phyllonorycter platani on Platanus acerifolia and Phyllonorycter issikii on genus Tilia. Against these species should be targeted a possible protection of host trees. The most species of mining butterflies were found on the wooden plant: Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus faginea, Quercus pubescens, Carpinus betulus a Ulmus glabra.

L’objectif de ma thèse visait à étudier les processus évolutifs ayant conduit à l’évolution du mode de vie galligène et à rechercher des effecteurs impliqués dans l’induction des galles dans la famille des Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) avec un accent particulier sur deux espèces, Borboryctis euryae et Caloptilia cecidophora. Nous avons ainsi démontré que ces deux espèces présentent la particularité de posséder un mode de vie intermédiaire entre mineur de feuille et inducteur de galle. Le tissu prolifératif présent dans la mine de B. euryae s’apparente en effet à une galle et les larves de C. cecidophora connaissent une transition du mode de vie mineur de feuille à galligène au cours de leur développement. Des campagnes de terrain ont permis de découvrir de nouvelles espèces de Caloptilia inductrices de galles, et leur étude phylogénétique a montré qu’elles forment un groupe monophylétique. Enfin, exploitant la transition de mode de vie de C. cecidophora ainsi que son contexte phylogénétique, nous avons appliqué une approche de transcriptomique comparative intra- et inter-espèce afin de rechercher des effecteurs candidats impliqués dans la formation de galle. / The aim of my thesis was to study the evolutionary processes that led to the evolution of the gall-inducing lifestyle and to look for effectors involved in the induction of galls in the Gracillariidae family (Lepidoptera) with a particular focus on two species, Borboryctis euryae and Caloptilia cecidophora. We have demonstrated that these two species have a particular intermediate life-style between leaf-miner and gall-inducer. The proliferative tissue in the B. euryae mine is similar to a gall and the larvae of C. cecidophora undergo a transition from leaf-miner to gall-inducer during their development. Field work has uncovered new gall-inducing Caloptilia species, and their phylogenetic study has shown that they form a monophyletic group. Finally, exploiting the transition of feeding habit of C. cecidophora as well as its phylogenetic context, we applied a comparative intra- and inter-species transcriptomic approach to search for candidate effectors involved in gall induction.

A novel lepidopteran sex pheromone lure which was thought to be species-specific to the citrus pest Marmara gulosa (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Guillén (McElfresh et al. 2009) has attracted male moths exhibiting two distinct morphologies. The morphological features examined were the sclerotized parts that make up the male genitalia; which include the valvular lobes, costal lobes, cucullar lobes, and the aedeagus. The sclerotized parts were methodically dissected and mounted on microscope slides. Digital images captured of the slide-mounted specimens proved to be inconsistent with the illustrations provided in the original Marmara gulosa species description (Guillén et al. 2001). The morphologies of all specimens from both the San Joaquin and Coachella valley show remarkable consistency; regardless of host plant origin, collection method, and collection date. Two specimen groups (one from an orchard in Northern Mexico and the other from backyard citrus in Riverside, California) exhibited entirely different morphological features in which the three lobes mentioned above are fused together. This difference in morphology can only be noticed when examining the sclerotized parts of the male genitalia under a microscope; it is otherwise indistinguishable from M. gulosa via macroscopic features such as antennae shape and wing pattern. These two specimen groups with fused lobes are considered a new species belonging to the genus Marmara and currently remain undescribed. A genetic study conducted at UC Riverside, which concentrated on the CO1 region of mitochondrial DNA, reported significant differences in genetics based on the geographic origins of specimens (Vickerman and Stouthammer 2006). Geographically, the genetic distribution described in the 2006 study does not coincide with the distribution of morphologies described in this paper. The species description of Marmara gulosa is in need of revision. In addition, further collection and research is required in order to describe and name the newly discovered Marmara species.