Nous avons constaté, au Québec, que les grands-parents étaient les grands oubliés de la littérature sur la famille. En effet, les recherches sociologiques sur les grands-parents au Québec sont trop peu nombreuses et il nous semble donc important de les développer davantage. Avec les changements que connaissent les familles aujourd’hui (divorce, recomposition, etc.), les relations entre grands-parents et petits-enfants en sont des plus affectées. Cette relation est souvent laissée au bon vouloir des parents qui ont le rôle de génération intermédiaire. Ces derniers contrôlent l’accès de leurs enfants aux relations avec leurs grands-parents et aux représentations qu’ils en ont. Manifestement, il semble que la relation grand-parent et petit-enfant soit à penser de manière triangulaire. Il peut sembler alors que cette triangulation caractérise la qualité de la relation entre les grands-parents et leurs petits-enfants. En fait, il est des plus intéressant d’étudier l’importance du rôle médiateur que jouent les parents, à l’intersection du lien grands-parents et petits-enfants dans la transmission des valeurs au Québec. Il ressort également de l’analyse le rapport à la grand-parentalité à travers plusieurs générations ainsi que le résultat de reproduction sociale du rôle de grands-parents. / We have determined that in Québec literature the grand-parents have been forgotten. In fact, whit the changer in family structurer (divorce, step-parent, etc.) the relationship between grand-parents and grand-children need to be researched. The important sociological impact needs to be developed and understood. The carrent relationship is one of triangulation where there is ago between grandparents to parents then parents then parents to children. This triangulation determined the characteritcs of the relationship between grandparents and grandchildren. Based on this, it has been more interesting to study the importance of the mediator role than play the parent as the intersection of the bond grandparents and grandchildren in the transmission of the values in Québec. It also arises from the analysis the report/ratio to large-parentalité through several generations as well as the result of social reproduction of the role of grandparents.

Versailles au Grand Siècle était le foyer d’où rayonnait la gloire du Roi-Soleil. Toutes les institutions du Royaume, tout comme les Arts, les Sciences et les Lettres y jouaient un rôle en décor de fond des trois grandes scènes où se produisait la majesté royale : le château, les jardins et le Grand Canal. La Marine y participait, conformément à la politique de développement élaborée par Colbert. Le Grand Canal fut alors une annexe des arsenaux, un site d’exposition navale, où, à côté de bateaux dédiés aux loisirs nautiques appréciés par la Cour, des innovations, des prototypes et des bâtiments de combat furent présentés au Roi et concoururent à l’image de sa puissance. Au-dessus de cette flottille de Versailles régnait un bâtiment d’exception, superbe héritier de vingt cinq siècles d’histoire maritime des peuples de la Méditerranée : la galère réale du Grand Canal construite en 1685. A l’époque, la galère – parvenue à son apogée conceptuelle et technique – constituait toujours le navire emblématique de la domination navale du Roi. Bien que surclassée dans les batailles par l’artillerie des vaisseaux, elle conservait un prestige exceptionnel qui tenait notamment à sa magnificence et à son influence dans la communication politique et diplomatique de Louis XIV. Servir sur les galères, tant pour les officiers que pour les sous-officiers, les marins ou les soldats, conférait une haute dignité, très recherchée, sous l’égide de la Foi, de la Justice, de la grandeur et de la puissance du Roi. Une galère à Versailles, une réale, bien sûr, était ainsi dans l’ordre des choses. Elle y fut construite en 1685. Sa renaissance se situerait aujourd’hui dans la logique des restaurations menées depuis plus d’un siècle dans le château et son Domaine pour en retrouver l’apparence et l’atmosphère. Il n’en reste que deux panneaux décoratifs latéraux, et quelques rares informations d’archives. Rien qui renseigne directement sur les cotes de ce navire d’exception. Il a donc été nécessaire de reconstituer d’abord les méthodes de conception et de construction des galères. Il fallut ensuite adapter les résultats obtenus, parfois incompatibles entre eux, à la fonction du bâtiment, afin de parvenir à ressusciter son architecture générale dans laquelle convergent en cohérence toutes les sources et analyses historiques sur ce sujet. / In the 17th century, the Palace of Versailles was the centre of the Sun King’s brilliance and glory. In the kingdom of France, every institution -be it Art, Science or Literature- was staged on the scenes depicting the King’s majesty: the Palace, the Gardens, and the Grand Canal. In accordance with Colbert’s development policy, the Navy had a part in this representation. The Grand Canal became an annex of the arsenals, a place for naval representation, where the leisure ships praised by the Court went alongside with innovations, prototypes and battle ships presented to the King as demonstrations of his power. The highlight of this flotilla was an exceptional vessel, inheriting from twenty-five centuries of Mediterranean naval history: the Grand Canal’s royal galley, built in 1685. At the time, galleys were at their conceptual and technical climax, and were the symbols of the King’s naval domination. Even though underpowered when compared to the vessels’ naval guns, the galleys outshone the latter with prestige: these magnificent ships were key elements in Louis XIV’s influence on politics and diplomacy. Serving on a galley as an officer or not, as a soldier or as a sailor, was a quite enviable dignity, under the aegis of Glory, Justice and Faith.Thus, building a royal galley in Versailles was in the natural order of things. This took place in 1685. For more than a century, several projects to restore the Palace and its estate’s original appearance have been undertook, and a revival of this galley could be a logical outcome. Only two decorative panels of the galley and a few archive records remain, nothing that could account for the actual measurements and technical details of this exceptional ship. The first step of this work was to piece together the methods and knowledge of the galleys’ designers. Then, adapting these –sometimes conflicting- results with the ship’s function in mind allowed to bring back its overall architecture, consistently with every source and historical study on this subject.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Marciana final.pdf: 2129585 bytes, checksum: 696d0e2536ac849f1873b35357f7beca (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-28 / Com o objetivo de avaliar a produção de alface ‘Grand Rapids’ a partir de sementes orgânicas e convencionais sob adubação orgânica com vermicomposto bovino em ambiente protegido, tomando-se como base os índices de recomendação da Comissão de Química e de Fertilidade do Solo – RS/SC (2004) foi desenvolvido um experimento no ano de 2016, no período de 26/07/2016 a 30/08/2016, a contar da data do transplante das mudas. Utilizou-se uma estufa plástica, modelo capela, na área experimental da Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel da UFPel, no Campus Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Escolheu-se a cultivar ‘Grand Rapids’, empregando-se dois tipos de sementes: semente orgânica (S1) e semente convencional (S2), submetida à adubação com vermicomposto bovino (VB), da seguinte maneira: T1 (0,5 ROLAS VB); T2 (1,0 ROLAS VB) e T3 (1,5 ROLAS VB). O experimento foi realizado em delineamento em blocos ao acaso. As variáveis estudadas foram: fitomassa fresca e seca da parte aérea, fitomassa fresca e seca de raiz, diâmetro da planta, área foliar, número de folhas, comprimento de raiz, densidade de raiz, razão parte aérea e sistema radicular,bem como os macronutrientes através de análises laboratoriais. O vermicomposto bovino utilizado como adubo favorece a produção adequada da cultura da alface ‘Grand Rapids’, quando da aplicação de 1,0 e 1,5 vezes a recomendação da Comissão de Fertilidade do Solo para o RS/SC (2004). Independentemente da origem da semente de alface ‘Grand Rapids’, a resposta quanto à adubação com vermicomposto bovino, no que tange aos aspectos relacionados à comercialização, foi satisfatória, pois atendeu a recomendação para o diâmetro de planta e área foliar. O teor de NO3 - nas folhas da alface ‘Grand Rapids’ com a aplicação de vermicomposto bovino, está dentro dos padrões da FAO para o acúmulo em folhosas. O efeito residual do vermicomposto bovino no solo, após a colheita da alface ‘Grand Rapids’, permite dar continuidade a um próximo cultivo sem necessidade de adição de adubo. O comportamento da cultivar ‘Grand Rapids’ com sementes orgânicas e convencionais, sob adubação orgânica é similar. / With objective to evaluate the production of 'Grand Rapids' lettuce from organic and conventional seeds under organic fertilization with bovine manure vermicompost in polyethylene greenhouse, based on the recommendation indexes of the Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo - RS / SC (2016) was developed an experiment in the year 2016 in the period from 07/26/2016 to 08/30/2016, a deposit of data of the transplant of the seedlings. A polyethylene greenhouse, model chapel, was used in the experimental area of the Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão Campus, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A 'Grand Rapids' cultivar was chosen, using two types of seeds: organic seed (S1) and conventional seed (S2), submitted to bovinemanure vermicompost (BV) fertilization in the previous way: T1 (0,5 ROLAS VB); T2 (1,0 ROLAS VB) and T3 (1,5 ROLAS VB). The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design. The variables studied were: above ground biomass fresh and dry, fresh and dry root phytomass, plant diameter, leaf area, leaf number, root length, root density, shoot root system and macronutrients, crosses of laboratorial efforts. The bovine manure vermicompost used as fertilizer favors the adequate production of the 'Grand Rapids' lettuce crop, when applying the 1.0 and 1.5 times the recommendation of the Comissão de Fertilidade do Solo RS/SC (2004). Regardless of the origin of the 'Grand Rapids' lettuce seed, the response regarding fertilizer application with bovine manure vermicompost was satisfactory, as it met the recommendation for plant diameter and leaf area. The NO3 - content in 'Grand Rapids' lettuce leaves with the application of bovine vermicompost, is within the FAO standards for hardwood accumulation. The residual effect of bovine manure vermicompost on the soil, after harvesting the 'Grand Rapids' lettuce, allows the continuation of a next crop without the addition of fertilizer. The behavior of the 'Grand Rapids' cultivar with organic and conventional seeds under organic fertilization is similar.

Membre de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, François Pourfour du Petit (1664-1741), ophtalmologue, médecin, chirurgien, botaniste, laisse à la postérité un grand nombre de travaux. Du collège Dormans-Beauvais à l'Académie Royale des sciences, son parcours suit celui de la première révolution biologique amorcée au XVIe siècle. De sa lettre de 1710, on retient la mise en évidence du faisceau pyramidal et de son mémoire de 1727 la requalification du nerf intercostal : de nerf cérébral, il devient nerf spinal. Ses nombreux mémoires sur l'anatomie oculaire, publiés dans l'Histoire et Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences entre 1727 et 1731 lui donne un rôle de précurseur dans l'histoire de l'ophtalmologie naissante. Mais c'est avant tout une méthode qu'il convient de mettre en avant. Même si le concept de physiologie expérimentale semble appartenir au XIXe siècle, il est le fondement sur lequel s'appuient les investigations anatomiques de François Pourfour Du Petit / Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris, François Pourfour du Petit (1664-1741), ophthalmologist, doctor, surgeon, botanist, leaves to posterity a large number of works. From Collège Dormans-Beauvais to the Royal Academy of Sciences, his career follows that of the first biological revolution that began in the 16th century. From his letter of 1710, we note the evidence of the pyramidal tract and on his 1727's dissertation, we can retain the requalification of the intercostal nerve : from the cerebral nerve, he becomes a spinal nerve. His numerous dissertations on ocular anatomy, published in the History and Dissertations of the Royal Academy of Sciences between 1727 and 1731, give him a precursory role in the history of nascent ophthalmology. But it is above all a method that should be highlighted. Although the concept of experimental physiology seems to belong to the nineteenth century, it is the foundation on which François Pourfour Du Petit's anatomical investigations are based

Climate variability has had a dramatic impact on eastern Grand Canyon tributaries over the past -100 ky. This is readily observed in the Lava Chuar and Comanche catchments, which host well preserved colluvial remnants and river terraces that resulted from several climate-induced cycles of aggradation and incision. This study investigates these climate responses using surveying, sedimentology, and luminescence geochronology methods to investigate the mechanisms and timing of their deposition. The survey data demonstrate that the concavity of terrace treads is lower than modern drainages. The sedimentology suggests the prevalence of stream-flow reworking of debris flow deposits and portrays an expected down-stream fining of deposits. Results of geochronology indicate that Lava Chuar Creek aggraded from -100-90 ka (S4), 61-55 ka (S3o), 50-35 ka (S3y), and 14-7 ka (S2). Comanche Creek similarly aggraded twice during the time period from 77-35 ka (S3) and also from 26-22 ka (S2). The response of eastern Grand Canyon tributaries to glacial-interglacial climate cycling appears to be more complicated than formerly thought. Previous conceptual models assumed that stream aggradation in arid settings occurred as a response to one specific set of climatic and biologic conditions, but new field data and luminescence dates on terrace materials reveal that there are at least two sets of conditions that were conducive to aggradation along local streams. First, streams aggraded during cooler, wetter climates, which is inferred to be due to increased sediment supply (e.g. S4 and S3y in Lava Chuar). With the transition to warmer interglacial climates came higher intensity storms and decreased vegetation density in catchments, based on previous paleoclimate studies. These conditions caused remobilization and redeposition of older sediment and resulted in a second set of stream aggradation phases (e.g. S3o and S2 in Lava Chuar). Meanwhile, the Colorado River aggraded only once per climate cycle during glacial advances and subsequent climate transitions. Thus, tributaries have responded more frequently and more sensitively to changing local conditions compared to the relatively insensitive Colorado River. This is supported by tighter correlation of tributary records to trends in regional paleoclimate records than to global ice records.

La première partie de cette thèse concerne la gestion des très grands catalogues astronomiques. Deux grands projets de cartographie du ciel dans l'infrarouge proche, DENIS et 2MASS, étaient en cours pendant ce travail de thèse. Je présente les méthodes de compression, sans perte d'information et préservant une indexation sur la base des positions célestes, développées pour les catalogues de sources ponctuelles de ces deux relevés. Le codage optimisé permet un gain de compression d'un facteur 1.5 à 2 par rapport à des algorithmes de type LZ77. Les premières versions des catalogues DENIS et 2MASS sont pleinement intégrées aux services du CDS (VizieR, Aladin), et donc interrogeables par le Web, avec des temps d'accès moyens inférieurs à 20 microsecondes par source. Dans le cadre du projet DENIS, le travail de validation des données a permis, dans un premier temps, la première diffusion publique pour ce relevé (\url(http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/denis-public/)). La comparaison des données réduites par les deux chaînes de traitement DENIS (LDAC et PDAC) a ensuite permis de définir des critères de filtrage et d'utiliser les données PDAC pour l'étude de la structure Galactique. La deuxième partie de la thèse s'appuie sur une version modifiée du modèle de synthèse de populations stellaires de Besançon. Les lois de densité du disque ont été modifiées pour pouvoir simuler un disque stellaire gauchi et/ou évasé. Les comparaisons avec les données PDAC indiquent une échelle de longueur $h_R=2.5$~kpc pour le disque, avec une troncature à $R=14$~kpc. Je discute une méthode de reconstruction tridimensionnelle de l'extinction par ajustement du modèle sur les données DENIS. Le gauchissement du disque galactique est observé entre $l=230$ et 330\degres\xspace, et se traduit par une inclinaison du disque stellaire vers $b<0$, comme pour le gaz. Le gauchissement commence près de la position du Soleil ($R=8.4$~kpc), et l'origine de l'évasement montre une dépendance en longitude.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most important environmental factors necessary to sustain aquatic life. The Southern Grand River is characterized with extensive marshes. This study focuses on the Dunnville Marsh in the Southern Grand River. The spatial and temporal variation in dissolved oxygen was studied in the Dunnville Marsh and the Grand River over a one year cycle during 2007 to 2008. Dunnville Marsh exhibited little influence on the oxygen regime of the river. The Grand River; however, could influence the oxygen regime in the marsh during the spring when waters are high but exerts little influence during the rest of the year. There were no great differences in DO between the wetland and the river during the high water spring melt period; however notable differences occurred in the summer and fall. Oxygen stable isotopes and diel O2 measurements showed that ecological factors probably were influencing the DO cycle in Dunnville Marsh, whereas both ecological and weather factors influenced the cycle in the Grand River. Monthly δ18O-DO data from the river revealed a shift towards atmospheric equilibrium compared to the wetland. These data exhibited less photosynthetic activity in the fall and more photosynthetic activity during the summer. The wetland showed higher photosynthetic activities in the summer than the river. Nitrogen input from the agricultural areas was low at most of the time and had minimal influence on the DO in the Dunnville Marsh. Despite low nitrogen input the attenuation ability of the Dunnville Marsh was apparent, presumably due to plant uptake, especially in the northern part of the marsh. Based on the δ18O-water signature in late April (after the flood season) it appears river water extended about two-thirds along the main stream well into Dunnville Marsh. River water, probably inundates a significant part of the Dunnville Marsh in early April (flood peak), when water flow was more than 10 fold higher than later in April following the peak flood season. River water can be intruded into the marsh and brought the DO to similar saturations as in the river in spring.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most important environmental factors necessary to sustain aquatic life. The Southern Grand River is characterized with extensive marshes. This study focuses on the Dunnville Marsh in the Southern Grand River. The spatial and temporal variation in dissolved oxygen was studied in the Dunnville Marsh and the Grand River over a one year cycle during 2007 to 2008. Dunnville Marsh exhibited little influence on the oxygen regime of the river. The Grand River; however, could influence the oxygen regime in the marsh during the spring when waters are high but exerts little influence during the rest of the year. There were no great differences in DO between the wetland and the river during the high water spring melt period; however notable differences occurred in the summer and fall. Oxygen stable isotopes and diel O2 measurements showed that ecological factors probably were influencing the DO cycle in Dunnville Marsh, whereas both ecological and weather factors influenced the cycle in the Grand River. Monthly δ18O-DO data from the river revealed a shift towards atmospheric equilibrium compared to the wetland. These data exhibited less photosynthetic activity in the fall and more photosynthetic activity during the summer. The wetland showed higher photosynthetic activities in the summer than the river. Nitrogen input from the agricultural areas was low at most of the time and had minimal influence on the DO in the Dunnville Marsh. Despite low nitrogen input the attenuation ability of the Dunnville Marsh was apparent, presumably due to plant uptake, especially in the northern part of the marsh. Based on the δ18O-water signature in late April (after the flood season) it appears river water extended about two-thirds along the main stream well into Dunnville Marsh. River water, probably inundates a significant part of the Dunnville Marsh in early April (flood peak), when water flow was more than 10 fold higher than later in April following the peak flood season. River water can be intruded into the marsh and brought the DO to similar saturations as in the river in spring.

Abstract With the transformation of the world geopolitics since the collapse of USSR, the international relations theories about borders, cross-border ethnics, and energy politics are increasingly getting important. Meanwhile, there are some doubts about the debate between the land power and sea power based on the theories of the classic geopolitics. Take China for example. It is a nation equipped with land power and sea power, and is moving forward as a great power. Accordingly, my research focuses on the nature of Chinese geopolitics and its thinking on national security from the perspective of the dynamic process of Chinese border and borderland. I hope it can be of help to interpret China¡¦s Grand Strategy. Through the general explorations of geopolitics and national strategy, I intend to prove the arguments: whether China will be a nation with land power and sea power or a nation with only one alternative. Besides, how can China resolve the geopolitical dilemma in the diplomatic practice? In my research, the understanding of historical culture and geography factors should be prior to the thinking on the Chinese geopolitical theory. In the Chinese history, ¡§China¡¨ and ¡§Borderland¡¨ have been integrated with each other during the war times, which have made China expand into the vast territory and border of all time, and have made the national security more stable than at any time since the Opium Wars of 1839-1841. In the 21st century, when China declared its ¡§peaceful rise¡¨ and developed its marine strategies, the so-called ¡§geopolitical dilemma in sea-power and land-power,¡¨ based on the classic theories, would not virtually cause any problem to China. The key is that China¡¦s Grand Strategy always balances with and adjusts to the dynamic world politics. China wins over the advantage of land-border security by announcing the mutual respect and interests to the surrounding states, and practices its ¡§soft power¡¨ through the international institutes. In addition to the military modernization promoted by economic effects, China begins to strive for an ocean strategy. Furthermore, in my opinion, the problem of Xinjing is the biggest threat to the national security inside China. As the cross-border ethnics and ¡§pivot of Asia,¡¨ Xinjing is inclined to be influenced by the outside world. In order to promote the border protection and attack the antiterrorism, China founded the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Xinjing is the biggest province of China and the access to the Central Asia and Europe from China. That¡¦s why Xinjing is called ¡§Eurasian Crossroads.¡¨ As a consequence, Xinjing is deeply affected by the outside world no matter what issues are involved, such as politics, economics, military security, energy, border, and antiterrorism. That¡¦s why China¡¦s national security and Xinjing are closely tied up. My conclusion is that the threat to China¡¦s national security lies not in outside the border but in inside the country. In Chinese history, the diplomatic practices are the reflections on the domestic demands, especially under the principles of the ¡§sovereignty¡¨ and the ¡§unification of territory,¡¨ which form the basis for the formation of ¡§China¡¨ and ¡§Borderland¡¨ in Chinese history, and are also the foundation stone for CCP to maintain its control over the state.

Constitution is a contract between a state and its people. For a modern democratic state ruled by law, all limitations on exercise of a state's right are stipulated in its written constitution in order to protect the people's rights from being infringed. Besides, the value of constitution is established through the will and thoughts of the whole people to lead the way for a well-ordered constitutional government. Even though a state ruled by an unwritten constitution, there will be legal instruments, customary practices, judgements and theories to form a substantive standard with biding force. According the constitution of the Republic of China, Grand Justices of the Judicial Yuan are the supreme and sole constructionist. They are vested with the authority to shoulders the heavy responsibilities of safeguard and support of the constitutional system. For this reason, Grand Justices enjoy the good name of "guardian angel of constitution". The Grand Justices of course should construe laws and decrees in accordance with the regulations of the constitution, so as to exert their judicial influences on balance of power, protection of human right and solution of constitutional disputes. A constitution lays down nothing but the political life of a state. So, the Grand Justices should take the development, change and needs of politics, economics, society and culture into consideration based on laws before they make a proper judgement and decision. That is not only an inevitable fate of the Grand Justices to be "political", but also an essential political character of a constructionist. In the past over 5 decades, our constitution experienced an unusual period of legal system, transformation of regime, frequent modification of constitution, and even the rotation of political parties. In the face of such a great change in environment, tide and the times, it is inevitable for a constructionist to present a different style in its construction of the constitution.