The response of 11 different varieties of grapes treated with different levels of N was studied over a seven-year period Phosphorau fertilizer was applied midway through the study. Tissue samples were tested for total P and NO₃-N content, and yield determined annually. The results showed a positive interaction in tens of increased yield between N and P when sufficient quantities of both nutrients were provided

No description available.

No description available.

Over the last few years, the GRAPE algorithm has become of central importance in the development of general purpose control sequences for several branches of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. In this thesis, the application of the GRAPE algorithm to quantum information processing tasks is considered. First the theory underlying the algorithm is reviewed in detail, then a number of extensions and improvements to the core technique are developed. An implementation of the GRAPE algorithm using GPUs is presented and compared with a standard CPU based implementation. A variety of experimental results are presented covering many different aspects of the practical use of GRAPE. This includes an evaluation of some of the errors that can affect the performance of GRAPE sequences in real experiments, and their relative importance. The strengths and weaknesses of GRAPE compared to the other possible techniques are assessed, and some suggestions made regarding potential developments in this direction. Pseudo-pure states are a crucial component of any NMR based quantum computer, but many current methods for preparing them sacrifice purity in exchange for simplicity in the preparation sequence. This thesis also presents a new method for robustly generating pseudo-pure states with the maximum possible purity.

Les protéines de raisin thaumatin-like et chitinase sont d’un intérêt majeur, tant pour la recherche viticole de par leur implication dans les mécanismes de défense de la vigne, que pour la recherche en oenologie en raison de leur présence en quantité majoritaire dans le pool protéique d’un jus de raisin. La mise au point d’un protocole de quantification par chromatographie liquide et dosage immuno-enzymatique utilisant des gammes de protéines purifiées à partir de jus de raisin a permis de caractériser la diminution de la concentration de ces deux protéines au cours du procédé de vinification. Les propriétés tensioactives des deux protéines thaumatin-like et chitinase purifiées ont été évaluées, révélant que ni l’une ni l’autre ne pouvait à elle seule expliquer la formation et la stabilisation des bulles et de la mousse d’un Champagne. Une étude structurale de la protéine thaumatin-like VVTL1 a ensuite été menée dans l’optique de mieux comprendre les mécanismes chimiques, biologiques et physiques dans lesquels elle peut être impliquée. Une structure de VVTL1 a été modélisée par homologie et l’analyse de ses modes normaux a permis de révéler un mécanisme de type mâchoire autour d’une cavité acide, site potentiel de l’activité enzymatique de la protéine. Un feuillet beta en épingle à cheveux isolé dans la structure s’est révélé être très conservé et absolument spécifique à la superfamille des protéines thaumatin-like, ouvrant peut-être la voie vers l’élucidation complète du rôle biologique de ces protéines. Dans une seconde approche, la détermination de la structure d’un peptide sélectionné dans la séquence de VVTL1 par modélisation sous contraintes RMN a posé les bases d’une étude modèle de l’adsorption des protéines à la surface de la bentonite, argile utilisée pour la clarification des vins. / Grape proteins thaumatin-like and chitinase are of major interest, as much by the vine defense mechanisms they are involved in as by their dominance over the grape juice protein pool. Liquid chromatography and immunoassays allowed both proteins to be quantified in grape juice and Champagne, showing that their concentration decreases through winemaking. The involvement of these proteins in gas/liquid interfaces was also studied on the purified fractions from grape juice previously made for quantification standards. Results clearly indicated that neither thaumatin-like nor chitinase could alone explain bubble formation and foam stabilization in Champagne. A first study of the three-dimensional structure of the main thaumatin-like protein VVTL1 using homology molecular modeling was then achieved and normal modes analysis was performed on the VVTL1 model. It revealed a jaw-like mechanism opening and closing an acidic cleft assessed to be the enzymatic binding site. An isolated beta hairpin turned out to be highly conserved and specific to the thaumatin-like superfamilly. This domain could provide a first clue to unravel the mystery of the protein biological activity in the field of plant-pathogen interactions. A second approach was set up for the structure determination of a VVTL1 peptide using molecular modeling under NMR restraints. It could lead to a model study of protein adsorption on bentonite, a clay used for wine clarification.

L’objectif de mes travaux de thèse était d’étudier le métabolisme du tréhalose chez la vigne (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay) en réponse à l’exposition à deux stress : le froid" chilling " et l’infection par le champignon pathogène Botrytis cinerea.Pour cela, nous avons tout d’abord optimisé un dosage du tréhalose par fluorimétrie qui nous a permis de caractériser le métabolisme du tréhalose en réponse à ces deux stress.Le métabolisme du tréhalose est activé différemment par le froid dans les organes dela vigne. Les gènes VvTPPA, codant une enzyme de synthèse du tréhalose, et VvTRE, codantla tréhalase, l’enzyme de dégradation, sont respectivement induits et réprimés dans les feuilleset leur expression est corrélée à une augmentation de la concentration en tréhalose. En outre,aucune synthèse de tréhalose n’est mesurée dans les tiges et il n’est pas détectable dans les racines. Enfin, la synthèse de T6P, son précurseur, est précoce dans les feuilles (3 heures aprèsl’exposition au froid). Nos résultats s’accordent avec le modèle actuel faisant du T6P une molécule-signal, corrélée à la concentration en saccharose. Ils excluent, pour le tréhalose, une participation significative à l’osmorégulation en réponse au froid chez la vigne. Par ailleurs,nous avons utilisé des plants de vigne bactérisés par Burkholderia phytofirmans, une bactérie endophyte induisant une tolérance au froid chez cette plante. Nous y avons observé une synthèse de T6P et de tréhalose et nous pensons que cette synthèse pourrait constituer une composante importante de la tolérance induite au froid.Lors de l’infection de feuilles de vitroplants de vigne par B. cinerea, nous avons observé (i) une forte augmentation de la quantité de tréhalose, (ii) l’induction de l’expression du gène VvTRE et (iii) l’augmentation de l’activité tréhalase. En revanche, aucune augmentation de la concentration en T6P n’a été détectée. Nous pensons donc que la synthèsede tréhalose in planta n’est pas favorisée durant l’infection et que le tréhalose détecté est probablement d’origine fongique. Nos résultats sont compatibles avec l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’induction du gène codant la tréhalase et l’augmentation concomitante de son activité interviendraient lors des interactions plantes-agents pathogènes pour éviter toute perturbation du rôle de molécule-signal joué par le T6P.Au final, le métabolisme du tréhalose participe à la réponse aux stress environnementaux chez la vigne et son étude mériterait d’être approfondie, notamment en ce qui concerne les stress biotiques. / The purpose of the present thesis was to investigate grapevine trehalose metabolism upon exposure to 2 stress conditions: chilling and infection by the grey mould fungus Botrytis cinerea.Initially, we had to optimize a fluorimetric based assay to assess trehalose concentration in grapevine. Latter, this method was used to characterize trehalose synthesis in this plant when exposed to chilling or infected by B. cinerea.Upon chilling exposure, trehalose metabolism is differentially activated in grapevine organs. VvTPPA, a gene involved in trehalose synthesis, and VvTRE, encoding the trehalose degrading enzyme (trehalase), were respectively induced and repressed and their expression was correlated with an increase of trehalose concentration in leaves. No trehalose synthesis was observed in stems and the sugar was undetectable in roots. T6P (its precursor)concentration increase was faster in leaves (3 hours after chilling exposure). Our results are in agreement with current status of T6P acting as a signal molecule, correlated with sucrose concentration, and exclude any significant participation of trehalose as a global osmoprotectant under chilling stress in grapevine. Additionally, we have used grapevine plants bacterized by Burkholderia phytofirmans, an endophytic bacterium that confers them chilling tolerance. We have detected T6P and trehalose synthesis in these plants and we believe it might contribute to the induced chilling tolerance.During grapevine leaf infection by B. cinerea, we observed: (i) a strong increase oftrehalose concentration, (ii) the induction of VvTRE and (iii) an increase of trehalase activity.However, no increase in T6P concentration was detected during infection. Our results suggest that trehalose metabolism is not activated upon B. cinerea infection and that trehalose detected is mainly of fungal origin. This is compatible with current hypothesis considering trehalase encoding gene induction and increase in trehalase activity as a plant response to avoid interference with T6P signaling pathway during pathogen infection.Overall, trehalose metabolism is involved in environmental stress responses in grapevine and might be consider for further research especially with focus on biotic stress.

No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, o cultivo da videira tem atraído muitos produtores e empresas para a produção e elaboração de sucos e vinhos. Na maioria dos cultivos, as videiras comuns das cultivares Vitis labrusca são as mais utilizadas para essa finalidade. Na viticultura, há o uso intensivo de máquinas agrícolas, fertilizantes sintéticos e defensivos agrícolas, gerando altos custos econômicos e ambientais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade, desenvolvimento e composição química dos frutos da cultivar \"Bordô\", nas safras 2011/2012 e 2012/2013, com a utilização da cobertura do solo com amendoim forrageiro, Arachis pintoi (Krap. & Greg). Foram realizados dois experimentos instalados em vinhedo comercial, com 10 anos de idade, localizado no município de Jaguari, RS, no sistema de sustentação latada e manjedoura. Realizaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: solo com cobertura total com amendoim forrageiro; solo com cobertura parcial com amendoim forrageiro; solo limpo com aplicação de nitrogênio, e solo limpo sem aplicação de nitrogênio. Constituem as variáveis analisadas na pesquisa: massa de frutos, número de cachos, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), pH, açúcares totais, antocianinas totais, polifenóis totais, nitrogênio total, massa de ramos, comprimento de internódios, diâmetro de ramos, índice relativo de clorofila (IRC) e o nitrogênio nas folhas. Nos dois experimentos, os resultados obtidos em cada variável foram submetidos à análise de variância, em análise bifatorial com parcelas subdivididas no tempo. As médias dos tratamentos foram analisadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. O experimento 1, em manjedoura, apresentou diferenças significativas entre safras e tratamentos para as variáveis: massa de frutos, SS, antocianinas, polifenóis totais e nitrogênio total. Houve diferença significativa nos tratamentos para as variáveis: massa de ramos, diâmetro de ramos, IRC e nitrogênio nas folhas. No experimento 2, em sustentação latada, houve diferenças significativas para massa de frutos, SS, AT, antocianinas, polifenóis totais, nitrogênio total e diferença entre os tratamentos na massa de ramos e nitrogênio nas folhas. Assim, nas condições deste estudo, conclui-se que a cobertura de solo com amendoim forrageiro, em ambos os sistemas de sustentação, interfere positivamente na produção e composição química dos frutos, sendo uma alternativa para a substituição da adubação nitrogenada. / The grape production has attracted many companies and growers for the production of wines and juices in Rio Grande do Sul state. Grapes common cultivars of Vitis labrusca are the most used for this purpose in most crops. There is an intensive use of agricultural machinery, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in viticulture and these practices bring on high economic and environmental costs. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production, development and chemical composition of fruits of the cultivar \"Bordo\", in crop seasons 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, with the use of soil cover with Arachis pintoi (Krap. & Greg). Two experiments were conducted in 10 years old commercial vineyard, located at Jaguari, RS, on two support systems for grapevine production: Y\" shape training system and trellis. Treatments were performed in three ways: soil with full coverage Arachis pintoi, soil with partial coverage with Arachis pintoi; clean soil with nitrogen application, and clean soil without nitrogen. The analyzed variables were fruit mass, number of clusters, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, total sugars, anthocyanins, total polyphenols, total nitrogen, total mass of branches, length of internodes, diameter branches, relative chlorophyll index (CRI) and nitrogen in the leaves. The results obtained in each of the variables studied in both experiments were submitted to variance analysis, factorial analysis with a split plot in time and the treatment means analyzed by Tukey test at 5 % probability. In experiment 1, the Y\" shape training system, showed significant differences between crop seasons and treatments for the variables: fruit mass, SS, anthocyanins, total polyphenols and total nitrogen, significant differences in terms of treatment variables: mass of branches, diameter of branches, 1 IRC and 2 nitrogen leaves. The experiment 2, the trellis system, showed significant differences for fruit mass, SS, TA, anthocyanins, total polyphenols, total nitrogen and differences among treatments in relation to the mass of branches and nitrogen in the leaves. Thus, under the conditions of this study, we concluded that the soil cover with Arachis pintoi interferes in the production positively in both systems support and chemical composition of the fruit, Arachis pintoi is an alternative to replace the fertilization from nitrogen.

Dietas ricas em vegetais são fontes de antioxidantes, importantes agentes que auxiliam na prevenção do envelhecimento precoce. O cacau, matéria prima base para a produção de chocolates é considerado rica fonte de antioxidante. Entretanto, o chocolate do tipo ao leite, que possui menor quantidade de cacau e, portanto, menor ação antioxidante, é o mais consumido no Brasil. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de desenvolver formulações de chocolates ao leite com propriedades funcionais. Para tal, foram produzidas três diferentes variações de chocolate: ao leite (controle), ao leite adicionados de folhas de couve e ao leite adicionados de frutos de videira. Os chocolates fabricados foram avaliados por suas características físicas, físico químicas, sensoriais e quanto ao potencial antirradicalar. Como resultado, observou-se que o teor de umidade do chocolate ao leite e a atividade de água não se modificaram com a adição dos produtos liofilizados. Encontrou-se no chocolate com couve, aumento de 9% no teor de fibras e 6% no conteúdo mineral. Foi encontrada diferença nas propriedades físicas do chocolate com uva, como viscosidade Casson (0,76±0,04 Pa.s), dureza (43,77±2,05 N), tensão inicial Casson (12,9±3,35 Pa) e tamanho de partícula (37,8±1,13 µm). A avaliação sensorial registrou alta aceitabilidade dos produtos e a percepção de diferentes texturas nos chocolates. O perfil do potencial atioxidante sugere que não houve aumento da capacidade antirradicalar com a adição de couve e uva, porém a análise do perfil cromatográfico de fenólicos levanta a hipótese de que alguns compostos foram transferidos para os chocolates com adição de couve e de uva. Conclui-se que foi possível agregar propriedades funcionais no chocolate ao leite. / Nowadays, it is known that a diet rich in vegetables is a source of antioxidants which help in the prevention of premature ageing. Studies on cocoa indicate that this raw material, essential in the production of chocolate, is a rich source of antioxidants. However, milk chocolate, which contains less cocoa and less antioxidant activity, is the most consumed type in Brazil. The aim of this study was to develop milk chocolate formulations with antioxidant properties. As such, three kinds of chocolate were produced: with added kale leaves, with added grapes and the control, normal milk chocolate. The chocolates produced were evaluated on their physical characteristics, physical-chemistry and antioxidant potential. It was found that the moisture content and the water activity did not change with the addition of lyophilized materials. The addition of kale increased 9% of fibers content and 6% of mineral content. It was found that the greatest change in physical properties was with added grape, such as viscosity (0,76±0,04 Pa.s), texture (43,77±2,05 N), yield value (12,9±3,35 Pa) and particle size (37,8±1,13 µm). The sensorial analysis resulted in high acceptability of the products and in the differences of perception in texture between the three kinds of chocolates. The antioxidant profile suggest that there was no occurrence of increases in antioxidant capacity with the addition of kale and grape, but the chromatography profile of phenolic compounds raises the hypothesis that some phenolic compounds were transferred to the chocolates after the addition. It was found that it is possible to aggregate functional properties of milk chocolate.

Dietas ricas em vegetais são fontes de antioxidantes, importantes agentes que auxiliam na prevenção do envelhecimento precoce. O cacau, matéria prima base para a produção de chocolates é considerado rica fonte de antioxidante. Entretanto, o chocolate do tipo ao leite, que possui menor quantidade de cacau e, portanto, menor ação antioxidante, é o mais consumido no Brasil. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de desenvolver formulações de chocolates ao leite com propriedades funcionais. Para tal, foram produzidas três diferentes variações de chocolate: ao leite (controle), ao leite adicionados de folhas de couve e ao leite adicionados de frutos de videira. Os chocolates fabricados foram avaliados por suas características físicas, físico químicas, sensoriais e quanto ao potencial antirradicalar. Como resultado, observou-se que o teor de umidade do chocolate ao leite e a atividade de água não se modificaram com a adição dos produtos liofilizados. Encontrou-se no chocolate com couve, aumento de 9% no teor de fibras e 6% no conteúdo mineral. Foi encontrada diferença nas propriedades físicas do chocolate com uva, como viscosidade Casson (0,76±0,04 Pa.s), dureza (43,77±2,05 N), tensão inicial Casson (12,9±3,35 Pa) e tamanho de partícula (37,8±1,13 µm). A avaliação sensorial registrou alta aceitabilidade dos produtos e a percepção de diferentes texturas nos chocolates. O perfil do potencial atioxidante sugere que não houve aumento da capacidade antirradicalar com a adição de couve e uva, porém a análise do perfil cromatográfico de fenólicos levanta a hipótese de que alguns compostos foram transferidos para os chocolates com adição de couve e de uva. Conclui-se que foi possível agregar propriedades funcionais no chocolate ao leite. / Nowadays, it is known that a diet rich in vegetables is a source of antioxidants which help in the prevention of premature ageing. Studies on cocoa indicate that this raw material, essential in the production of chocolate, is a rich source of antioxidants. However, milk chocolate, which contains less cocoa and less antioxidant activity, is the most consumed type in Brazil. The aim of this study was to develop milk chocolate formulations with antioxidant properties. As such, three kinds of chocolate were produced: with added kale leaves, with added grapes and the control, normal milk chocolate. The chocolates produced were evaluated on their physical characteristics, physical-chemistry and antioxidant potential. It was found that the moisture content and the water activity did not change with the addition of lyophilized materials. The addition of kale increased 9% of fibers content and 6% of mineral content. It was found that the greatest change in physical properties was with added grape, such as viscosity (0,76±0,04 Pa.s), texture (43,77±2,05 N), yield value (12,9±3,35 Pa) and particle size (37,8±1,13 µm). The sensorial analysis resulted in high acceptability of the products and in the differences of perception in texture between the three kinds of chocolates. The antioxidant profile suggest that there was no occurrence of increases in antioxidant capacity with the addition of kale and grape, but the chromatography profile of phenolic compounds raises the hypothesis that some phenolic compounds were transferred to the chocolates after the addition. It was found that it is possible to aggregate functional properties of milk chocolate.

No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, o cultivo da videira tem atraído muitos produtores e empresas para a produção e elaboração de sucos e vinhos. Na maioria dos cultivos, as videiras comuns das cultivares Vitis labrusca são as mais utilizadas para essa finalidade. Na viticultura, há o uso intensivo de máquinas agrícolas, fertilizantes sintéticos e defensivos agrícolas, gerando altos custos econômicos e ambientais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade, desenvolvimento e composição química dos frutos da cultivar \"Bordô\", nas safras 2011/2012 e 2012/2013, com a utilização da cobertura do solo com amendoim forrageiro, Arachis pintoi (Krap. & Greg). Foram realizados dois experimentos instalados em vinhedo comercial, com 10 anos de idade, localizado no município de Jaguari, RS, no sistema de sustentação latada e manjedoura. Realizaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: solo com cobertura total com amendoim forrageiro; solo com cobertura parcial com amendoim forrageiro; solo limpo com aplicação de nitrogênio, e solo limpo sem aplicação de nitrogênio. Constituem as variáveis analisadas na pesquisa: massa de frutos, número de cachos, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), pH, açúcares totais, antocianinas totais, polifenóis totais, nitrogênio total, massa de ramos, comprimento de internódios, diâmetro de ramos, índice relativo de clorofila (IRC) e o nitrogênio nas folhas. Nos dois experimentos, os resultados obtidos em cada variável foram submetidos à análise de variância, em análise bifatorial com parcelas subdivididas no tempo. As médias dos tratamentos foram analisadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. O experimento 1, em manjedoura, apresentou diferenças significativas entre safras e tratamentos para as variáveis: massa de frutos, SS, antocianinas, polifenóis totais e nitrogênio total. Houve diferença significativa nos tratamentos para as variáveis: massa de ramos, diâmetro de ramos, IRC e nitrogênio nas folhas. No experimento 2, em sustentação latada, houve diferenças significativas para massa de frutos, SS, AT, antocianinas, polifenóis totais, nitrogênio total e diferença entre os tratamentos na massa de ramos e nitrogênio nas folhas. Assim, nas condições deste estudo, conclui-se que a cobertura de solo com amendoim forrageiro, em ambos os sistemas de sustentação, interfere positivamente na produção e composição química dos frutos, sendo uma alternativa para a substituição da adubação nitrogenada. / The grape production has attracted many companies and growers for the production of wines and juices in Rio Grande do Sul state. Grapes common cultivars of Vitis labrusca are the most used for this purpose in most crops. There is an intensive use of agricultural machinery, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in viticulture and these practices bring on high economic and environmental costs. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production, development and chemical composition of fruits of the cultivar \"Bordo\", in crop seasons 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, with the use of soil cover with Arachis pintoi (Krap. & Greg). Two experiments were conducted in 10 years old commercial vineyard, located at Jaguari, RS, on two support systems for grapevine production: Y\" shape training system and trellis. Treatments were performed in three ways: soil with full coverage Arachis pintoi, soil with partial coverage with Arachis pintoi; clean soil with nitrogen application, and clean soil without nitrogen. The analyzed variables were fruit mass, number of clusters, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, total sugars, anthocyanins, total polyphenols, total nitrogen, total mass of branches, length of internodes, diameter branches, relative chlorophyll index (CRI) and nitrogen in the leaves. The results obtained in each of the variables studied in both experiments were submitted to variance analysis, factorial analysis with a split plot in time and the treatment means analyzed by Tukey test at 5 % probability. In experiment 1, the Y\" shape training system, showed significant differences between crop seasons and treatments for the variables: fruit mass, SS, anthocyanins, total polyphenols and total nitrogen, significant differences in terms of treatment variables: mass of branches, diameter of branches, 1 IRC and 2 nitrogen leaves. The experiment 2, the trellis system, showed significant differences for fruit mass, SS, TA, anthocyanins, total polyphenols, total nitrogen and differences among treatments in relation to the mass of branches and nitrogen in the leaves. Thus, under the conditions of this study, we concluded that the soil cover with Arachis pintoi interferes in the production positively in both systems support and chemical composition of the fruit, Arachis pintoi is an alternative to replace the fertilization from nitrogen.