Disertacijoje analizuojama, kokiomis sąlygomis nematomi žymenys atlieka pagrindinę prekių ženklo funkciją, t.y. atskiria vieno asmens prekes ir paslaugas nuo kito asmens prekių ir paslaugų. Atsakant į šį klausimą aptariamos pagrindinės kvapo, skonio ir garso charakteristikos, išskiriamos pagrindinės kvapo, skonio ir garso žymenų rūšys, identifikuojami nematomų žymenų funkcionalumo aspektai, identifikuojami pagrindiniai konkurenciniai aspektai, analizuojami išeikvojimo doktrinos taikymo ypatumai nematomų prekių ženklų atžvilgiu. Taip pat disertacijoje analizuojama nematomo žymens galimybės būti pavaizduotam grafiškai problematika. Aptariama grafinio pavaizdavimo reikalavimo esmė, paskirtis ir vieta absoliučių reikalavimų prekių ženklui sistemoje, analizuojami atskirų tipų nematomų žymenų grafinio pavaizdavimo ypatumai, atskirai aptariant šiuo metu žinomus nematomų žymenų grafinio pavaizdavimo metodus: žodinį žymenų aprašymą, cheminę formulę, nematomų žymenų pavyzdžių (angl. specimen) tinkamumą, atvaizdą, kvapo diagramas, kvepalų radarą, muzikinę penklinę ir garso diagramas. / This dissertation investigates the conditions under which a non-visible sign performs the primary function of a trade mark, i.e. to distinguish the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. To answer this question, the dissertation identifies the main characteristics of smell, taste, and sound, the main types of smell, taste and sound signs, the functionality of non-visible signs, the main competitive aspects, and the peculiarities applying the depletion doctrine with respect to non-visible signs. The dissertation deals with the capability of a non-visible sign to be represented graphically. It describes the essence, purpose and role of the graphical representation requirement in the array of absolute requirements for a trade mark, also analyses the peculiarities of representation of different types of non-visible signs, by focusing more on graphical representation methods known today, such as verbal description of signs, chemical formula, relevance of specimen of non-visible signs, image, diagrams of smell, perfume radar, musical staves, and diagrams of sound.

Orientador: Maria Isabel Castreghini de Freitas / Banca: Cenira Luppinacci da Cunha / Banca: Adler Guilherme Viadana / Banca: Marcello Martinelli / Banca: José Manuel Mateo Rodrigues / Possui anexo em volume separado / Resumo: Esta Tese propõe um estudo sobre A Representação Gráfica das Unidades de Paisagem no Zoneamento Ambiental, adotando como estudo de caso o Município de Ourinhos-SP. Sistematizada em seis capítulos, explicita no Capítulo I Introdução - as considerações iniciais acerca deste trabalho, discorrendo acerca das principais reflexões que motivaram o desenvolvimento da pesquisa; descreve, ainda, os objetivos (geral e específicos), a localização da área de estudo, as justificativas e as hipóteses que consistem no desafio deste trabalho. No Capítulo II A Importância do Zoneamento Ambiental no Planejamento Físico-Territorial discute-se sobre os dédalos dos termos Planejamento, Gerenciamento, Gestão e Zoneamento Ambiental, atualmente percebidos nos trabalhos científicos. Apontam-se, também, os grandes desafios que o Zoneamento assume enquanto um dos instrumentos legais para efetivar o Planejamento Ambiental. O Capítulo III O Estudo e a Representação da Paisagem no Contexto Ambiental pretende uma reelaboração teórica acerca da representação gráfica, sobretudo a cartografia das paisagens, descrevendo as etapas da evolução dos estudos envolvendo a dinâmica da paisagem. Neste aspecto, são revisitados os preceitos das principais Teorias utilizadas na atualidade em trabalhos que visam o Planejamento Ambiental. O Capítulo IV Comunicação Cartográfica e Representação Gráfica das Unidades de Paisagem: uma proposta metodológica - discute os princípios da Comunicação Cartográfica na Geografia, com maior destaque à semiologia gráfica, propondo uma metodologia para a representação e leitura da paisagem, baseada em três níveis diferenciados. O Capítulo IV Comunicação Cartográfica e Representação Gráfica das Unidades de Paisagem: uma proposta metodológica - discute os princípios da Comunicação Cartográfica na Geografia, com maior destaque à semiologia... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: This Thesis considers a study on the Graphical Representation of the Units of Landscape in the Ambient Zoning , adopting as case study the City of Ourinhos-SP. Systemize in six chapters, explicit in Chapter I Introduction - the initial concepts concerning this work, discoursing on the main reflections that had motivated the development of the research; it describes, still, the objectives (general and specific), the localization of the study area, the justifications and the hypotheses that consist of the challenge of this work. In Chapter II the Importance of the Ambient Zoning in the Physicist-Territorial Planning argues on the masses of the terms Planning, Management, Management and Ambient Zoning, currently perceived in the scientific works. They are pointed, also, the great challenges that the Zoning assumes while one of the legal instruments to accomplish the Ambient Planning. Chapter III the Study and the Representation of the Landscape in the Ambient Context intends a theoretical rework concerning the graphical representation, over all the cartography of the landscapes, describing the stages of the evolution of the studies involving the dynamics of the landscape. In this aspect, the rules of the main Theories used in the present time in works are revisited that aim at the Ambient Planning. Chapter IV Cartographic Communication and Graphical Representation of the Units of Landscape: considering one methodology - it argues the principles of the Cartographic Communication in Geography, with bigger prominence to the graphical semiology, considering a methodology for the representation and reading of the landscape, based in three differentiated levels. In Chapter V the Ambient Zoning of the City of Ourinhos-SP proceeds it the execution from the Zoning of the City, using it synthesis cartography as Geoambiental document, for the diagnosis of the ambient characteristics of the different... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Doutor

O século XX marca um período de intensas mudanças nos métodos e nas práticas científicas, face aos novos desafios vividos pela sociedade contemporânea, como a industrialização, crescimento demográfico, expansão urbana e a perda da biodiversidade. Esta nova tendência do cenário mundial faz com que a compreensão do espaço deixe de ser meramente descritiva e independente da participação da sociedade. No âmbito da Geografia, um dos caminhos adotados para tratar estas questões é o conceito de Paisagem fundamentado na teoria dos Geossistemas como orientação viável para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas fundamentais (acadêmicas) e experimentais (aplicadas). No Brasil, uma área que chama atenção pela intensa concentração populacional e a quase extinção da cobertura vegetal é a região do Vale do Rio Paraíba do Sul, face seu histórico de ocupação que, ao longo do tempo, lhe atribuiu um papel singular no cenário econômico nacional. Diante destas premissas, o objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar e caracterizar as unidades ambientais da Bacia do Rio Buquira no Estado de São Paulo, relacionando os aspectos da sociedade e da natureza mediante a elaboração de mapas analíticos que desembocaram num mapa de síntese, como uma etapa no processo do conhecimento. / The XXth Century marks a period of intense change in the methods and scientific practices, meet the new challenges faced by contemporary society, such as industrialization, demographic increasing, urban expansion and loss of biodiversity. In this new trend of world scenario makes understanding of space is no longer seen only in a descriptive way and independent of participation of society. In the scope of Science one theme may allow a reflection about Environmental from the analysis of social organizations allied to a healthy environment is the Geography has the use of landscape concept on the theory of Geossistemas as viable guide for the development of fundamental research (academic) and experimental (applied). In Brazil, an area need care when you think the environmental problems is the Paraiba do Sul River Basin because its history of occupation, which has experienced several economic cycles that gives a major economic role in the national scene in the opposite way, presents a compromising environmental quality. Due to these reasons this work has objective the identification and characterization of environmental units of Buquira`s River Basin in the State of São Paulo, related the social and natural aspects to the space through the development of analytic maps that ran into a synthesis maps one as a step in the knowledge process.

Interested citizens use the Internet for, among other purposes, expressing their opinions and views about political issues and local concerns. There is much expression by citizens in web logs (or blogs). Blogs are a form of individual expression, publicly available and constantly updated. Blog entries may contain a variety of topics of discussion. Two topics are the focus of this thesis: political and local issues. Often blogs are aggregated into regional collections. These aggregated sites are a good source for local and regional discussions. However, because the discussions are only implicitly connected, tools are needed to identify similarity in otherwise individual blog entries. Blog visualizations can help address this problem. We have created a tool, VizBlog that supports the task of local blog discussion discovery. This blog visualization tool visually presents information in a way that helps users identify blog entry clusters of similar content, helps citizens find other citizens opinions, and also helps government officials identify local hot issues. This research seeks to: a) validate the accuracy of the automated similarity classification done by VizBlog; b) evaluate the usability of VizBlog; and c) study the characteristics of local conversations scattered in a series of regional blogs. The results of the evaluation showed that VizBlog did make it easy for users to identify topics of interest from the visualization, in addition to providing insight on ongoing discussion taking place in regional blogs. In addition, the automated similarity computation was validated when compared to classification done by humans. Finally, the thesis discusses the findings of the structure of the regional blogosphere. / Master of Science

For the last 25 years, research on the effects of community colleges on baccalaureate degree attainment has concluded that community colleges drastically reduce the likelihood of attaining a bachelor's degree compared to the effects of four-year institutions on this likelihood. The thesis of this dissertation is that community colleges have been misjudged as institutions that tend to perpetuate social and economic stratification; what previous studies on the topic have found is based on systematic differences in the student populations. Community college students are consistently more at risk of failing academically than four-year students. Then, the positive impact that four-year colleges have on their students compared to the impact of two-year colleges is to a great extent due to the fact that four-year students tend to have more resources and means to handle college requirements than two-year students. The main challenges to analyze two- and four-year sector effects relies on identifying community college students who resemble four-year college students and then compare their outcomes. This dissertation expands on previous research that has only looked at the effect of community colleges on students' educational outcomes by including labor market outcomes. The analyses conducted in this study primarily relied on propensity score matching (PSM) and the Heckman two-stage estimation procedures to reduce bias in the analysis by accounting for non-random selection into the treatment. In addition, the analytic samples were disaggregated by gender and ethnicity. To estimate the effects of interest, a nationally representative sample that is longitudinal and panel in nature was used: The National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88).Results revealed that neither the two- nor the four-year sectors were able to help students with very low probabilities of graduation from a four-year college. A new financial aid approach that bridges merit-based and aid-based perspectives is proposed. Community colleges, by welcoming a greater proportion of first-time, full-time undergraduate students, many of whom are underrepresented in higher education, and by helping their students to perform similarly than four-year college students in the outcomes analyzed, are conceptualized as engines for mobility helping surpass economic and social stratification of opportunities in American society.

Magister Legum - LLM (Private Law) / A trade mark is defined as a sign that is capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trade marks, copyright, patents and designs are some of the forms of intellectual property. Trade marks can be divided into traditional trade marks and non-traditional trade marks. Traditional trade marks are capable of being represented graphically, for example logos, service marks or company names. Non-traditional trade marks are generally not capable of being represented graphically. Examples of these marks are inter alia, scent, taste, touch and sound marks. Technology is changing the way business is being conducted. The registration of nontraditional trade marks has grown exponentially as businesses seek to use innovative ways to protect their brands. Non-conventional trade marks may be visible signs, examples of which include colours, shapes, moving images, holograms and positions or non-visible signs such as sounds, scents, tastes, textures. Visible signs may easily be registered since they satisfy the requirement of graphical representation. Non-visible marks do not generally meet this requirement which makes their registration more complicated. An example of a registered visible non-traditional trade marks is the four finger shape of Kit Kat chocolates.

Un aéronef à voilure tournante est un système physique dynamique complexe. Le développement de ce type de système nécessite méthodes d’analyse (structurelle et comportementale) et de commande afin de maîtriser ses comportements. L’approche énergétique (bond graph et formalisme hamiltonien à port) permet une représentation multi-physique non linéaire, modulaire (acausale) et à différents niveaux de granularité. Parmi ses organes, les commandes de vol de l’aéronef permettent la transmission du pilotage aux rotors : canaliser la puissance motrice (2 MW) à partir d’une commande manuelle est impossible sans organes actifs d’assistance. Afin de représenter les cheminements et traitements des informations nécessaires aux organes actifs, la représentation multi-physique est complétée par une représentation informationnelle causale (schéma bloc).Les travaux exposés dans ce mémoire visent à ajouter le niveau de granularité intermédiaire et nécessaire entre la représentation multi-physique pure et une représentation combinée physique et informationnelle. Basée sur la démarche du PMBC (Physical Model Based Control), ils proposent une méthode originale permettant de représenter les organes d’assistance et leur commande par un modèle physique équivalent. La méthode est ici enrichie dans une démarche de conception des Systèmes d’Assistance à Opérateur : nous déterminons où doivent agir les organes actifs, selon quelles mesures et suivant quelles lois de commande. La méthode est illustrée sur un cas d’étude industriel : nous obtenons deux représentations de l’espace des solutions (les représentations physico-informationnelle détaillée et globale de son comportement) incluant la solution industrielle actuelle. / A rotorcraft is a complex dynamic physical system. The development of this kind of systems requires methods to analyze its structure and its behavior and to control this latter. The energetic framework (bond graph and Hamiltonian formulation) allows a multiphysical nonlinear representation, modular and with several levels of granularity. Among its components, flight controls transmit the orders from the pilot to rotors. Leading the motive power (about 2MW) directly from a handling control is almost impossible without active devices for assistance. In order to represent the flow of the control information and its processing, a cyberphysical representation combines a multiphysical representation with an informational representation (bloc diagram).This thesis work aims at proposing an intermediate granularity level between purely multiphysical representations and cyberphysical representations. Based on PMBC (Physical Model Based Control) approach, a new method to represent the assistance parts is proposed, by means of a physical equivalent model. The method is then enriched by a genuine design procedure of an Operator Assisting System: we determine where actuators must operate, according to which control laws and from which measurements. The method is applied to an industrial case: two representations of the possible design solutions set are obtained, a detailed cyberphysical representation and a global representation of its behavior. The actual industrial solution belongs to the defined set of possible solutions.

Modification of DNA sequences and their suitable representation is important part of analysis, comparison and another processing. Goal of this paper is finding of suitable methods for representation of genomic and proteomic sequences. Because there is great number of metods, this paper will introduce only some of them. All selected methods, are described in the first part of this paper and they were programed in Matlab. Selected methods are illustrated on coding sequences of the first exon of the b-globin gene of 11 different species. Results are compared withresults from the original papers. Some methods are capable of another processing like cluster analysis. Output of this paper is comparison of results, gained from different methods, and finding the most suitable one.

Two standard graph representations for linear codes are the Tanner graph and the tailbiting trellis. Such graph representations allow the decoding problem for a code to be phrased as a computational problem on the corresponding graph and yield graph theoretic criteria for good codes. When a Tanner graph for a code is used for communication across a binary erasure channel (BEC) and decoding is performed using the standard iterative decoding algorithm, the maximum number of correctable erasures is determined by the stopping distance of the Tanner graph. Hence the computational problem of determining the stopping distance of a Tanner graph is of interest. In this thesis it is shown that computing stopping distance of a Tanner graph is NP hard. It is also shown that there can be no (1 + є ) approximation algorithm for the problem for any є > 0 unless P = NP and that approximation ratio of 2(log n)1- є for any є > 0 is impossible unless NPCDTIME(npoly(log n)). One way to construct Tanner graphs of large stopping distance is to ensure that the graph has large girth. It is known that stopping distance increases exponentially with the girth of the Tanner graph. A new elementary combinatorial construction algorithm for an almost regular LDPC code family with provable Ώ(log n) girth and O(n2) construction complexity is presented. The bound on the girth is close within a factor of two to the best known upper bound on girth. The problem of linear time exact maximum likelihood decoding of tailbiting trellis has remained open for several years. An O(n) complexity approximate maximum likelihood decoding algorithm for tail-biting trellises is presented and analyzed. Experiments indicate that the algorithm performs close to the ideal maximum likelihood decoder.

Traditional trade marks, such as words and figures, have for a long time constituted of visual signs. However, due to the evolution of modern technology and changing marketing methods, non-traditional trade marks have been increasing in todays highly competitive market.1 Consequently, the evolution created legal uncertainties in the European Union (EU) since in order to register a trade mark, it had to be represented graphically. This requirement was difficult to achieve for some non-traditional trade marks which were perceived through other sensed than the sight. On the 1 October 2017, requirement for graphical representation has been amended in the EU Trade Mark Regulation 2017/10012 by a technical neutral requirement which opens up possibilities for registration of European Union trade marks in a more suitable way, using generally available technology. The purpose of this thesis has been to analyse how the abolition of graphical representation and the new wider requirement will affect the registration of non-traditional trade marks in the EU. Signs which have been analysed in the frame of this thesis are: sound, olfactory, three-dimensional, colour, motion, multimedia, holograms, pattern, tactile and taste marks. Conclusively, I found that the technical neutral registration requirement has opened up possibilities for trade mark holders to register new types of marks like multimedia marks. Moreover, it has simplified the registration process for already accepted non-traditional trade marks such as hologram, motion and sound marks. However, the reform has hardly affected the registration process of colour, pattern and three-dimensional marks since their biggest challenge with the registration have been the requirement for distinctiveness. Furthermore, it is currently still not possible to register olfactory, tactile and taste marks. Though the new and flexible amendments indicate that those types of marks may be more easily registered in the future.