Caixas de gordura são dispositivos para retenção de material gorduroso, de origem animal e vegetal, proveniente de pias de cozinha. Sua instalação é exigida por muitos municípios para liberação de ligações de esgoto, visando reduzir as concentrações de óleos e graxas (OG) lançadas no sistema público de coleta e tratamento. Um fator primordial para que estas caixas cumpram suas funções é o estabelecimento de rotinas de manutenção envolvendo inspeção e limpeza periódica. A instalação de locais para recebimento e pré-tratamento dos resíduos retirados das caixas de gordura pode incentivar boas práticas de operação e manutenção destes dispositivos. Diante disso, os objetivos desta pesquisa contemplam a caracterização de resíduos acumulados em caixas de gordura e a avaliação da flotação como alternativa para o seu pré- tratamento, seguido de caracterização do óleo extraído da escuma produzida no flotador. Para tanto, materiais acumulados em caixas de gorduras de fontes distintas foram caracterizados, possibilitando observar grande variação em sua composição, e elevadas concentrações de DBO, DQO, SST e OG. Para verificar o desempenho da flotação visando à redução de OG no efluente pré-tratado, foram realizados ensaios em bancadas e testados quatro produtos químicos coagulantes, sendo eles o PAC, o cloreto férrico, o tanino e o polímero catiônico. Todos apresentaram eficiências elevadas na remoção de OG, porém o produto que apresentou mais vantagens na aplicação foi o polímero. Utilizando o polímero, foram realizados ensaios para verificação do desempenho de várias dosagens associadas a três pH de coagulação diferentes e o melhor desempenho se deu com a aplicação de 30 mg/L de polímero combinada ao pH 4,3, natural da amostra. Foram também realizados ensaios utilizando diferentes relações A/S (7,5/1000, 15/1000 e 22/1000 gar/gsólidos),obtendo-se melhores remoções de OG com a utilização da relação 22/1000 gar/gsólidos. Os materiais flotados obtidos nos ensaios de avaliação da relação A/S foram caracterizados e apresentaram concentrações de ST entre 9,7 e 10,6% e de OG entre 6,1 e 6,7%. Baseado nos resultados obtidos a flotação mostra-se como alternativa com bom desempenho para o pré- tratamento dos resíduos estudados. Para avaliar a dificuldade do manuseio dos resíduos provenientes de caixas de gordura, uma planta piloto foi operada, e entre as principias dificuldades observadas estão o odor intenso, a necessidade de remoção de sólidos grosseiros e de homogeneização do resíduo no tanque de equalização. Visando reaproveitamento do resíduo flotado, foi realizada a extração do óleo com solvente de uma amostra deste material (com teor de sólidos de 8,86%), obtendo a recuperação de 30g óleo/L resíduo com acidez de 13,76 mg KOH/L. A elevada acidez indica a necessidade de purificação, se o objetivo for a produção de biodiesel. / Grease traps are devices that retain animal and vegetal fatty material from kitchen sinks. Many municipalities demand its installation in order to connect house wastewater to the public network, aiming to reduce fat, oil and grease concentration in the collecting and treatment systems. The establishment of maintenance schedule involving inspection and periodic cleaning is a key factor to the right functioning of the device. The existence of appropriated sites to receive and pretreat grease trap wastes may stimulate good practices on maintenance and operation of these devices. In this direction, the objectives of this research are the characterization of grease trap wastes and the evaluation of flotation as an alternative for its pretreatment, followed by characterization of the oil extracted from the scum formed at flotator. Therefore, grease trap wastes from different sources were collected and characterized. It could be observed a wide variation on its composition and high concentrations of BOD, COD, TSS and FOG. Lab scale tests were performed to assess flotation performance to reduce pretreated effluent FOG using four chemical coagulants: PAC, ferric chloride, tannin and cationic polymer. All of them achieved high efficiency on FOG removal, however the product that presented more advantages on application was polymer. More tests were performed using several dosages of polymer associated to three pH coagulation conditions. The combination that resulted in the best efficiency was 30 mg/L of polymer combined to pH 4.3, samples natural pH. Different A/S ratios were also tested (7.5/1000, 15/1000, 22/1000 gair/gsolids), the ratio 22/1000 gair/gsolids presented the best FOG removal efficiencies. Floated material from A/S ratio tests were characterized and presented TS concentrations between 9.7% and 10.6% and FOG was from 6.1% to 6.7%. Based on the obtained results, flotation appears as a high performance alternative for the pretreatment of studied wastes. A pilot plant was operated to evaluate problems related to grease trap waste handling. The main problems were: bad odor, the need of screening and waste homogenization in equalization tank. Aiming to reuse the floated waste, oil was extracted from a sample (8.86% solid content) using solvent, achieving the recovery of 30g oil/L waste with 13.76 mgKOH/L acidity. The high acidity points to the need of purification if biodiesel production is intended.

Caixas de gordura são dispositivos para retenção de material gorduroso, de origem animal e vegetal, proveniente de pias de cozinha. Sua instalação é exigida por muitos municípios para liberação de ligações de esgoto, visando reduzir as concentrações de óleos e graxas (OG) lançadas no sistema público de coleta e tratamento. Um fator primordial para que estas caixas cumpram suas funções é o estabelecimento de rotinas de manutenção envolvendo inspeção e limpeza periódica. A instalação de locais para recebimento e pré-tratamento dos resíduos retirados das caixas de gordura pode incentivar boas práticas de operação e manutenção destes dispositivos. Diante disso, os objetivos desta pesquisa contemplam a caracterização de resíduos acumulados em caixas de gordura e a avaliação da flotação como alternativa para o seu pré- tratamento, seguido de caracterização do óleo extraído da escuma produzida no flotador. Para tanto, materiais acumulados em caixas de gorduras de fontes distintas foram caracterizados, possibilitando observar grande variação em sua composição, e elevadas concentrações de DBO, DQO, SST e OG. Para verificar o desempenho da flotação visando à redução de OG no efluente pré-tratado, foram realizados ensaios em bancadas e testados quatro produtos químicos coagulantes, sendo eles o PAC, o cloreto férrico, o tanino e o polímero catiônico. Todos apresentaram eficiências elevadas na remoção de OG, porém o produto que apresentou mais vantagens na aplicação foi o polímero. Utilizando o polímero, foram realizados ensaios para verificação do desempenho de várias dosagens associadas a três pH de coagulação diferentes e o melhor desempenho se deu com a aplicação de 30 mg/L de polímero combinada ao pH 4,3, natural da amostra. Foram também realizados ensaios utilizando diferentes relações A/S (7,5/1000, 15/1000 e 22/1000 gar/gsólidos),obtendo-se melhores remoções de OG com a utilização da relação 22/1000 gar/gsólidos. Os materiais flotados obtidos nos ensaios de avaliação da relação A/S foram caracterizados e apresentaram concentrações de ST entre 9,7 e 10,6% e de OG entre 6,1 e 6,7%. Baseado nos resultados obtidos a flotação mostra-se como alternativa com bom desempenho para o pré- tratamento dos resíduos estudados. Para avaliar a dificuldade do manuseio dos resíduos provenientes de caixas de gordura, uma planta piloto foi operada, e entre as principias dificuldades observadas estão o odor intenso, a necessidade de remoção de sólidos grosseiros e de homogeneização do resíduo no tanque de equalização. Visando reaproveitamento do resíduo flotado, foi realizada a extração do óleo com solvente de uma amostra deste material (com teor de sólidos de 8,86%), obtendo a recuperação de 30g óleo/L resíduo com acidez de 13,76 mg KOH/L. A elevada acidez indica a necessidade de purificação, se o objetivo for a produção de biodiesel. / Grease traps are devices that retain animal and vegetal fatty material from kitchen sinks. Many municipalities demand its installation in order to connect house wastewater to the public network, aiming to reduce fat, oil and grease concentration in the collecting and treatment systems. The establishment of maintenance schedule involving inspection and periodic cleaning is a key factor to the right functioning of the device. The existence of appropriated sites to receive and pretreat grease trap wastes may stimulate good practices on maintenance and operation of these devices. In this direction, the objectives of this research are the characterization of grease trap wastes and the evaluation of flotation as an alternative for its pretreatment, followed by characterization of the oil extracted from the scum formed at flotator. Therefore, grease trap wastes from different sources were collected and characterized. It could be observed a wide variation on its composition and high concentrations of BOD, COD, TSS and FOG. Lab scale tests were performed to assess flotation performance to reduce pretreated effluent FOG using four chemical coagulants: PAC, ferric chloride, tannin and cationic polymer. All of them achieved high efficiency on FOG removal, however the product that presented more advantages on application was polymer. More tests were performed using several dosages of polymer associated to three pH coagulation conditions. The combination that resulted in the best efficiency was 30 mg/L of polymer combined to pH 4.3, samples natural pH. Different A/S ratios were also tested (7.5/1000, 15/1000, 22/1000 gair/gsolids), the ratio 22/1000 gair/gsolids presented the best FOG removal efficiencies. Floated material from A/S ratio tests were characterized and presented TS concentrations between 9.7% and 10.6% and FOG was from 6.1% to 6.7%. Based on the obtained results, flotation appears as a high performance alternative for the pretreatment of studied wastes. A pilot plant was operated to evaluate problems related to grease trap waste handling. The main problems were: bad odor, the need of screening and waste homogenization in equalization tank. Aiming to reuse the floated waste, oil was extracted from a sample (8.86% solid content) using solvent, achieving the recovery of 30g oil/L waste with 13.76 mgKOH/L acidity. The high acidity points to the need of purification if biodiesel production is intended.

Fat, oil, and grease residues, food particles, solids and some kitchen wastewaters are collected in grease traps which are separate from the municipal wastewater stream. Grease traps are emptied periodically and grease trap waste (GTW) is hauled for treatment. This dissertation focuses on anaerobic co-digestion of un-dewatered (raw) GTW with municipal wastewater treatment sludge (MWS) at wastewater treatment plants. In particular, this research focuses on the biochemical methane potential of un-dewatered GTW as well as the stability and performance of anaerobic co-digestion of MWS and un-dewatered GTW. A set of modified biochemical methane potential tests was performed to determine the methane potential of un-dewatered GTW under mesophilic conditions (35 °C). Methane potential of un-dewatered GTW in this study was 606 mL CH₄/g VS [subscript added] which is less than previously reported methane potentials of 845 - 1050 mL CH₄/g VS [subscript added] for concentrated/dewatered GTW. However, the methane potential of un-dewatered GTW (606 mL CH₄/g VS [subscript added]) was more than two times greater than the 223 mL CH₄/g VS [subscript added] reported for MWS digestion alone. A comprehensive study was performed to determine the stability and performance of anaerobic co-digestion of MWS with un-dewatered GTW as a function of increasing GTW feed ratios. The performance of two semi-continuously fed anaerobic digesters at 35 °C was evaluated as a function of increasing GTW feed ratios. Anaerobic co-digestion of MWS with un-dewatered GTW at a 46% GTW feed ratio (on a volatile solids basis) resulted in a 67% increase in methane production and a 26% increase in volatile solids reduction compared to anaerobic digestion of MWS alone. On the other hand, anaerobic co-digestion of un-dewatered GTW resulted in a higher inhibition threshold (46% on VS basis) than that of dewatered GTW. These results indicate that using un-dewatered GTW instead of dewatered GTW can reduce the inhibition risk of anaerobic co-digestion of MWS and GTW. Recovery of the anaerobic digesters following upset conditions was also evaluated and semi-continuous feed of digester effluent into upset digesters yielded of the biogas production level of the undisrupted digestion. Finally, a mathematical model was used to describe the relationship between methane potential and GTW feed ratio on a VS basis. The results of this research can be used to predict methane production and identify suitable GTW feeding ratios for successful co-digestion of un-dewatered GTW and MWS. / text

Diploma thesis was concentrated at testing of a single commercial product designed as a lipid residue removal agent, applicable in grease trap vessel. Concept was, that product is to be tested for possible content of viable microbial culture with ability to utilize various kinds of vegetable oils and animal fats, by producing functional lipase. Four types of vegetable oils were used, and two fats of animal origin: olive oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, lard and beef fat. Determined fat characteristics were: point of the saponification, the acid value, the ester value and the peroxide value. Submerged cultivation was performed on specially composed medium in which the oil or fat of choice, was mixed later. Lipolytic activity and biomass growth measurement was performed using spectrophotometry, lipid degradation ability was measured using titrimetry. Based on results it can be stated that tested microorganisms, originated from product, and its lipase has ability to successfully utilize all of used fats and oils and thus, theoretically, remove its content from grease trap.

Submitted master’s thesis is focused on the study of possibilities of lipids degradation in particular wastewaters originating in food industry or restaurants. The effort is given to the employment of lipolytic activity presenting microorganisms. In the literature review, wastewater treatment with aim on the sludge management and fat separators are described, as a way how to pre-treat these wastewaters. In this part the enzymes lipases of microbial origin are researched from point of view of their production conditions and possible applications. The experimental part is dedicated to the research of optimization of cultivation conditions for lipases production employing selected microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, G. thermocatenulatus and mixed bacterial culture Thermus and Bacillus) and a commercial formulation (Sany Duo Spezial). Lipases production and growth of microorganisms are determined spectrofotometrically on various concentrations of lipids. Moreover, employing the solid nutrition medium, the effect of detergents onto the Bacillus subtilis culture was assessed, since detergents are generally abundant in this particular wastewaters. As a conclusion, vide supra mentioned microorganisms were characterized according to their abilities to degrade triacylglycerols.

Tidigare undersökningar visar att fettproblematiken i de kommunala ledningsnäten är ökande. Fettet som hamnar i avloppen leder till drift- och underhållskostnader, men leder även till problem för att nå de lagar och regler som ställs på VA-huvudmännen. Vad gör huvudmännen åt detta problem? Är användningen av bioteknik en lösning? Vilka åtgärder finns mot hushållen? I denna uppsats har en litteraturstudie genomförts om fett i avlopp, en enkätstudie för att undersöka privatpersoners kunskap om matavfallssortering och även intervjuer med personer från företag inom VA. Resultaten visar att det finns indikationer på att informationen ut till privatpersoner kan förbättras från enkätstudien. Informationen som finns på kommunens hemsida som är riktad mot privatpersoner är svåråtkomlig. Fett i avlopp är ofta ett osynligt problem för allmänheten. Därför krävs informationsinsatser för att minska uppkomsten. Användandet av fettavskiljare är en effektiv åtgärd så länge de är tillräckligt dimensionerade och töms varje månad. Bioteknikens påverkan i de kommunala ledningsnäten bör undersökas vidare i en större studie. / Previous studies show that problems with fat in the municipal sewer systems are increasing. The fat that ends up in the drain leads to costs related to operation and maintenance, as well as issues with reaching the laws and rules that the owners of the water- and wastewater infrastructure needs to apply. What are the sewer system owners doing against this problem? Is the use of biotechnology a part of the solution? What actions are available towards the households? In this study we have done a literature study about fat in sewers, a survey to investigate the publics knowledge about food waste separation. We have also performed interviews with companies within the field. The results from the survey shows indications that the information to the public can be improved. The accessible information aimed towards the public on the municipality's website is hard to reach. Fat in sewers is often an invisible problem to the individuals. Because of this efforts with information is needed to lower the emergence of fat. The use of grease traps is an effective solution if they are correctly dimensioned and are emptied every month. The effect that biotechnology have on the wastewater system ought to be investigated in a larger study.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:07:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriele Pizzatto.pdf: 2509942 bytes, checksum: 2ced823abdb0d261ba88e1b1559d76a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / The effluent from the kitchen sink, dishwasher, tank/washing machine, toilet bowl, shower, sink and tub when not covered are the source of many environmental problems and public health. The current management models based on conventional technologies still present technical and economic limitations. In this context, the study aimed to develop and propose a new model of management of domestic sewage and specifically the development of an alternative technology for the preliminary treatment of wastewater generated in the kitchen sink (due to its specific characteristics). The methodology included the qualitative and quantitative characterization of the generating source and domestic effluents, methods of collection, transportation and conventional treatment of domestic sewage and explanation of the advantages/disadvantages of the methods, processes and conventional technology. The results of the monitoring activities and habits of a family allowed determining the water consumption and the consequent generation of waste in each of the sources, which resulted in a correlation that will assist in the calculation of generation capacity/production of domestic sewage in homes and corresponding diagnosis. The tests performed with commercially available technologies for treating the effluent from the kitchen sink (grease trap) have identified the technical limitations of these technologies and the consequence was that the development of a new technology with innovative features called "ash for treatment of effluent from the sink kitchen with simultaneous separation of fat and settleable solids - Model UNIOESTE" innovative technology and in the process of patenting. It therefore contributes to mitigating the negative impacts that result from inadequate management of domestic wastewater using for such technological innovations resulting from intellectual activity with experimental validation. Key-words: domestic sewage, effluent from the kitchen sink, waste management, grease trap. / Os efluentes domésticos provenientes da pia da cozinha, máquina de lavar louça, tanque/máquina de lavar roupas, bacia sanitária, chuveiro, lavatório e banheira quando não tratados são fonte de muitos problemas ambientais e de saúde pública. Os atuais modelos de gestão com base de tecnologias convencionais ainda apresentam limitações técnicas e econômicas. Nesse contexto, o trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento e proposição de um novo modelo de gestão de efluentes domésticos e especificamente o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia alternativa para o tratamento preliminar do efluente gerado na pia da cozinha (devido às suas características peculiares). A metodologia contemplou a caracterização qualitativa e quantitativa da fonte geradora e dos efluentes domésticos, dos métodos de coleta, transporte e tratamento convencional de efluentes domésticos e explicitação das vantagens/desvantagens dos métodos, processos e da tecnologia convencional. Os resultados do monitoramento das atividades e hábitos de uma família permitiram determinar o consumo de água e a conseqüente geração de efluentes em cada uma das fontes, cujo resultado foi uma correlação que deverá auxiliar no cálculo da capacidade de geração/produção de efluentes domésticos nas residências e o correspondente diagnóstico. Os testes realizados com tecnologias disponíveis no mercado para tratamento do efluente da pia da cozinha (caixa de gordura) permitiram identificar as limitações técnicas dessas tecnologias e a conseqüência disso foi o desenvolvimento de uma nova tecnologia com características inovadoras denominada Caixa para tratamento de efluente da pia da cozinha com separação simultânea de gordura e sólidos sedimentáveis Modelo UNIOESTE , de tecnologia inovadora e em fase de patenteamento. Desta forma, contribui-se com a mitigação dos impactos negativos que resultam da gestão inadequada dos efluentes domésticos utilizando-se para tal, inovações tecnológicas resultantes da atividade intelectual com validação experimental.