Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / Combating antimicrobial resistant infections caused by nosocomial pathogens poses a major public health problem globally. The widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for the treatment of wound infections has led to the appearance of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbes which further exacerbates the growth of microbes amongst patients. It may result in prolonged debility of the patient and an increase in healthcare costs due to prolonged hospital stays and expensive treatment regimens to avoid patient-patient transmission. Therefore, it is imperative that alternative sources of treatment to antimicrobial use in wound infections needs to be developed in order to inhibit or kill resistant microbes and to provide point of care medical treatment to the less fortunate at an affordable cost.

No description available.

<p dir="ltr">Reported herein is a brief summary regarding the previous syntheses of borane-amines, newly developed protocols to synthesize borane-amines, and the material and synthetic applications utilizing borane-amines. Methods to generate borane-amines typically relied on a metathesis-dehydrogenation reaction between ammonium salts and metal borohydrides in organic solvent, typically hazardous tetrahydrofuran (THF). However, due to the poor solubility of inorganic salts in organic solvent, stirring of the reaction mixture becomes difficult and, in turn, scalability is made challenging. We report two new methods to generate borane-amines that both rely on the hydroboration of sodium borohydride and a carbonyl activator, followed by the S_N2-type reaction with the amine to form the requisite borane-amine. The activator for our procedures are either 1) gaseous carbon dioxide or 2) water/ethyl acetate system. The CO₂ mediated protocol was applied to a variety of 1°-, 2°-, 3°-, and heteroaromatic amines as well as phosphines to form the corresponding borane adducts (73-99%). Water was also found to be a green, compatible activator. Interestingly, we had swapped environmentally and health hazardous THF with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and found the reaction had still proceeded with competitive conversion of amines to the borane-amines (72-97%). The robustness of this reaction was demonstrated with a 1.1 mol scale synthesis of borane pyridine with 87% yield. With increased accessibility of borane-amines established, we sought to investigate their potential applications, including testing their hypergolic properties. Additionally, we utilized borane-ammonia for a sequential reduction/Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzyl carbonyls. Traditionally an alkyl halide, the scope of the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction has widened to include alcohols and carbonyls as potential Friedel-Crafts reactants. Few reports exist for the arylation of aldehydes and ketones, while no precedence exists for the arylation of carboxylic acids and esters. Our group previously reported that TiCl₄ is capable of eliminating oxygen from benzyl alcohols, forming a carbocation intermediate. Theoretically, the carbocation formed from TiCl₄ and benzyl alcohols would be vulnerable from attacks from other nucleophiles, including pi bonds from arenes. This was indeed proven to be the case when benzyl alcohol was reacted in 1 equiv. TiCl₄with benzene as the solvent and diphenylmethane was obtained as the sole product. By including borane-ammonia as a hydride source, various aryl carbonyls and aryl carbinols were also reduced to the corresponding alcohol <i>in situ</i>, enabling these substrates to participate in Friedel-Crafts alkylation.</p>

Les matériaux d’oxyde de silice et de titane sont présents dans de nombreux domaines (chimie, environnemental, médical, pharmaceutique, etc.). Le principal problème de ces matériaux concerne les forts coûts financier et environnemental de leur synthèse. Dans ce travail de recherche, l’objectif fut de résoudre cette problématique. Ainsi, une nouvelle synthèse d’oxyde de silice a été élaborée. Ces nanostructures ont été analysées par les méthodes de caractérisation classique en sciences des matériaux (Adsorption volumétrique N2, Analyse Thermogravimétrique (ATG), …). Les propriétés viscoélastiques des milieux réactionnels ont été déterminées par micro-rhéologie. Une stratégie d’élimination de certaines familles de surfactant non ioniques (poloxamères et polyéthoxydes) utilisées comme template dans les synthèses de matériaux mésoporeux à base de silice (SBA-n, MSU-X, …) a été également mise en œuvre. Cette procédure a permis à la fois de récupérer les surfactants et d’obtenir des matériaux aux propriétés physicochimiques remarquables, identifiées par les mêmes méthodes d’instrumentation. Après fonctionnalisation de leur surface, les matériaux lavés semblent plus efficaces en termes d’adsorption de composés organiques que leurs homologues calcinés. Etendu aux oxydes de titane, tout aussi efficace pour éliminer les composés tensio-actifs, le procédé de lavage semble produire à partir d’un pourcentage de TiO2 (> 70 %) des matériaux hautement réactifs en photocatalyse et au pouvoir antibactérien assez élevé. / Silica and titanium oxides are present in many fields (chemistry, environmental, medical, pharmaceutical, etc…). The main problem of these materials concerns the synthesis financial and environmental costs. In this work, the aim was to solve this problem. A new greener silica oxide nanoparticles synthesis was prepared. These nanomaterials have been analyzed by the conventional characterization methods in material sciences (N2 volumetric adsorption, Thermogravitometric Analysis (TGA),...). The viscoelastic properties of the reaction media were determined by micro-rheology. A strategy for the elimination of non-ionic surfactant families (poloxamers and polyethylene oxide) ) used as template in the synthesis of mesoporous materials based on silica (SBA-n, MSU-X, ....) was also implemented. This procedure allowed to recover the surfactants and to obtain materials with remarkable physicochemical properties identified by the same methods instrumentation. After functionalization of the surface, the washed materials appear to be more efficient in terms of adsorption of organic compounds as their calcined counterparts. Extended to titanium oxide, the washing process seems to produce from a percentage of TiO2 (> 70%) highly reactive materials in photocatalysis and with a high antibacterial power.

This thesis deals with green synthesis of noble metals nanoparticles. The first part contains secondary literature research which maps both the traditional and newly developed techniques of nanoparticles preparation. Most attention is given to the various types of green synthesis, which constitute an environmentally friendly alternative to industrially applied methods. The second part deals with the preparation of noble metal nanoparticles using tea broths. The section describes the entire synthesis process and includes photographic documentation. A total of eight colloidal solutions were prepared, four of each metal. The nanoparticles were subsequently analyzed using UV-vis spectroscopy. A time-lapse spectroscopic description of each synthesis was also undertaken. Furthermore, the size distribution of the particles by volume was measured and compared with the pictures obtained by scanning electron microscopy. The results have showed that tea broths, especially those from black tea and rooibos, are suitable for the biosynthesis of stable noble metal nanoparticles.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Combating antimicrobial resistant infections caused by nosocomial pathogens poses a major public health problem globally. The widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for the treatment of wound infections has led to the appearance of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbes which further exacerbates the growth of microbes amongst patients. It may result in prolonged debility of the patient and an increase in healthcare costs due to prolonged hospital stays and expensive treatment regimens to avoid patient-patient transmission. Therefore, it is imperative that alternative sources of treatment to antimicrobial use in wound infections needs to be developed in order to inhibit or kill resistant microbes and to provide point of care medical treatment to the less fortunate at an affordable cost. / 2021-08-30

No description available.

Current commercial intercalation cathodes are approaching their theoretical capacity edges, which limits further improvement of the energy density in Li-ion batteries. To overcome this limitation, Li-rich antiperovskite cathodes were developed, utilizing both cationic and anionic redox activities. This class of materials has the general formula (Li2TM)ChO, where TM and Ch represent a transition metal (Fe, Mn, Co) and chalcogen ion (S, Se), respectively. This work focuses on understanding the reaction mechanism, exploring novel approaches for optimizing the electrochemical performance, and developing a scalable synthesis method for the antiperovskite cathodes. Firstly, the effect of substituting S by Se in the solid-state synthesized (Li2Fe)SO on the structural and electrochemical performance is thoroughly investigated. The anionic substitution was found to improve the structural and thermal stabilities of (Li2Fe)SO material. The cyclic voltammetry data confirmed both the cationic (Fe) and anionic (S/Se) redox activities, with possibility of controlling the anionic redox potential through the anionic substitution. It was observed that the electrochemical performance exhibits a non-linear dependence on the degree of anionic substitution. Among the prepared (Li2Fe)S1-xSexO (x = 0.1-0.9) compositions, (Li2Fe)S0.7Se0.3O exhibited the best electrochemical performance with a specific capacity 245 mAhg-1 and good cycling stability at low current rate. Ex-situ and in-situ measurements suggested an enhanced structural stability of (Li2Fe)S0.7Se0.3O during electrochemical cycling compared to (Li2Fe)SO, which could be one of the reasons for its superior performance at low current rates. The second part of this work focuses on understanding the reaction mechanism of (Li2Fe)SeO prepared by solid-state reaction (SSR) method and exploring the impact of cationic substitution of Fe by Mn on its structural and electrochemical properties. Electrochemical investigations showed that the cationic redox activity leads to a reversible cycling behaviour, indicating its role in the stable performance. Whereas, the anionic redox activity leads to partial decomposition of the (Li2Fe)SeO cathode to an electrochemically active phase. In general, although the electrochemical activity of the phase resulting from the partial decomposition of any antiperovskite composition can compensate the initial capacity loss, it opens a channel for capacity fading over long term of cycling. The (Li2Fe)SeO cathode could deliver an initial specific discharge capacity of 165 mAhg-1, which declined to only 140 mAhg-1 after 100 cycles, indicating a good cycling performance. Even at high current rate (1C), the (Li2Fe)SeO could provide a reasonable specific capacity of 100 mAhg-1. Replacing Fe with Mn reduced the overall redox activity of the cationic and anionic redox processes, when using active material: carbon: binder weight ratio of 70:15:15 wt. %. This may result from impeded kinetics and the Jahn-Teller effect associated with Mn2+/3+ redox. However, low substitution levels can be beneficial in optimizing the performance while minimizing the negative effects associated with Mn2+/3+ redox pair. Modifying the electrode ratio to 85:10:5 wt. % improved the specific capacity for (Li2Fe0.9Mn0.1)SeO, surpassing that of the unsubstituted (Li2Fe)SeO cathode. These findings highlight the role of controlled substitution and electrode ratio in optimizing the electrochemical performance of antiperovskite cathodes. The third part of this work focuses on developing scalable, controllable, and sustainable synthesis of antiperovskite cathodes using mechanochemical (MC) method based on ball milling (BM), which is crucial for practical application. Both (Li2Fe)SeO and (Li2Fe)SO antiperovskite cathodes have been successfully prepared by direct MC without the need for external heating, which is advantageous for energy saving. Post-heat treatment after the milling was found to be an effective strategy for controlling the morphological and electrochemical properties of both materials. Both ball-milled materials revealed similar reaction mechanism to the (Li2Fe)SeO prepared by SSR method, involving both cationic and anionic redox activities. The ball-milled (Li2Fe)SeO displayed an average specific discharge capacity of 255 mAhg-1 at 0.1C and 138 mAhg-1 at 1C in the potential range 1-3 V. Transmission electron microscopy and magnetic investigations revealed a partial conversion of the mechanochemically synthesized (Li2Fe)SeO into an electrochemically active Fe1-xSex phase during the anionic redox process. On the other hand, mechanochemically synthesized (Li2Fe)SO exhibited an average specific discharge capacity of 340 and 133 mAhg-1 at 0.1C and 1C, respectively, in the potential range 1-3 V. Excluding the anionic redox activity of both materials by restricting the potential scanning range was found to be advantageous for enhancing the cycling stability over long range of cycling. This highlights the critical role of controlling the potential range on the electrochemical performance and cyclability of these materials.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As nanopartÃculas metÃlicas apresentam inÃmeras aplicaÃÃes, como na construÃÃo de sensores, microeletrÃnica, catÃlise, aÃÃo bactericida, cÃlulas fotovoltaicas, entre outras. Dentre elas, a nanopartÃculas de prata (NPAg) tem ganhado destaque, em especial pela a sua atividade bactericida e por exibirem propriedades Ãpticas e eletromagnÃticas diferentes das observadas no metal agregado. VÃrias metodologias de sÃntese de nanopartÃculas de prata jà foram desenvolvidas. Para substituir os mÃtodos clÃssicos, que se baseiam na reduÃÃo dos Ãons prata por boroidreto de sÃdio ou citrato de sÃdio. A sÃntese verde, uma dessas novas metodologias, propÃe o uso de extrato de plantas, aÃÃcares, microrganismos e polissacarÃdeos para a reduÃÃo dos Ãons prata e estabilizaÃÃo das nanopartÃculas obtidas. O objetivo deste trabalho à propor a sÃntese verde de nanopartÃculas de prata, usando o extrato aquoso de sementes de girassol como agente redutor e soluÃÃo de galactomanana da fava danta como agente estabilizante. As NPAg foram sintetizadas adicionando-se 500 &#956;L de soluÃÃo de AgNO3 a 20 mL de soluÃÃo de galactomanana 0,032% (m/v) e 5 mL do extrato aquoso. As sÃnteses foram conduzidas a temperatura ambiente, 50, 70 e 90 ÂC, utilizando soluÃÃes 10 e 100 mmol/L de AgNO3 e soluÃÃo de galactomanana 0,032 %. O extrato aquoso das sementes de girassol liofilizado, apresentou um teor de umidade de 11,7%, um teor de proteÃnas de 15,5% e um resÃduo a 900ÂC de 12,8%. A formaÃÃo das nanopartÃculas foi confirmada por espectroscopia de absorÃÃo na regiÃo do UV-Vis, pela banda de ressonÃncia de plasmon na regiÃo de 400 nm. Os sistemas reacionais, com maior concentraÃÃo de Ag+, mostraram-se mais eficiente que os sistemas com menor concentraÃÃo desse Ãon. Entretanto, as NPAg formadas apresentaram maiores valores de &#955;mÃx (lambda mÃxima) e LMA (largura de banda à meia altura), indicando maiores tamanhos e maior polidispersividade das mesmas. O aumento da temperatura favorece a formaÃÃo das NPAg para todos os sistemas, inclusive os sistemas com menor concentraÃÃo de Ãons prata. Os coloides obtidos em presenÃa de soluÃÃo de galactomanana apresentaram bandas de plasmon simÃtricas, bem definidas e estreitas, indicando a galactomanana como estabilizante na formaÃÃo das NPAg. Avaliou-se a estabilidade temporal dos coloides por anÃlise de UV-Vis, os resultados demonstraram que os coloides obtidos sÃo estÃveis. O poder redutor do extrato das sementes de girassol nÃo sofreu alteraÃÃo com o aquecimento prÃvio a temperatura de 90 ÂC e nem apÃs processo de liofilizaÃÃo e resuspensÃo, porÃm o poder redutor do extrato diminuiu apÃs uma partiÃÃo com acetato de etila e apÃs um processo de diÃlise. O MET mostrou que as nanopartÃculas de prata formada apresenta formato esfÃrico com pouca polidispersÃo e diÃmetro na faixa de Â17 nm. / Metallic nanoparticles have several applications, such as in biosensor, microelectronics, catalysis, bactericidal action and photovoltaic cells. Silver nanoparticles (NPAg) has gained prominence, especially for its bactericidal activity and exhibit different optical and electromagnetic properties. Several methods for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles have been developed to replace traditional methods, which are based on the reduction of silver ions by sodium borohydride or sodium citrate. The green synthesis proposes the use of plant extracts, sugars, polysaccharides, and microorganisms for the reduction of silver ions and stabilization of the nanoparticles obtained. The objective of this work is to propose the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of sunflower seeds as a reducing agent and galactomannan from fava danta, as a stabilizer agent. NPAg were synthesized by adding 500 &#956;l of a solution of AgNO3 and 20 mL of galactomannan 0.032 % (w/v) and 5 mL of aqueous extract. The syntheses were carried out at room temperature, 50, 70 and 90  C, using 10 to 100 mmol/L AgNO3 solution and 0.032% solutions of galactomannan. The aqueous extracts of sunflower seeds, when dried showed a moisture content of 11.7 %, protein content of 15.5% and a residue at 900 C of 12.8 %. All colloid synthesized were analyzed by absorption spectroscopy in the UV-Vis confirming the formation of the band NPAG the appearance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the region of 400 nm. The reaction systems with higher concentrations of Ag+, were more efficient than systems with lower concentration of this ion. However the NPAg formed, showed higher &#955;mÃx (maximum lambda) and LMA (bandwidth at half maximum), indicating larger sizes and higher polydispersity of the same. Raising the temperature favors the formation of NPAG to all systems, including systems with lower concentrations of silver ions. Colloids obtained in the presence of galactomannan solution showed bands of symmetric plasmon, well defined and narrow, indicating the galactomannan as a stabilizer in the formation of NPAg. The temporal stability of the colloids was evaluated by UV-Vis analysis, and the results obtained showed that the colloids are stable. The reducing power of the extract of sunflower seeds did not change with the preheating (90  C) and even after lyophilization and resuspension process, but the reducing power of the extract decreased after a partition with ethyl acetate and after a dialysis process. TEM analysis showed that silver nanoparticles presents spherical shape with low polydispersity and diameter in the range of Â17 nm.

<p>Predmet izučavanja ove disertacije je ispitivanje mogućnosti&nbsp; primene stabilisanog nano Fe(0)&nbsp; i &bdquo;zelenom&ldquo; sintezom produkovanog nano&nbsp; Fe(0)&nbsp; u uklanjanju Cr(VI), Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) i As(III)&nbsp; iz vode.&nbsp; Sinteza nano Fe(0) za stabilizaciju izvr&scaron;ena je konvencionalnom metodom&nbsp; redukcije gvožđa sa natrijum borhidridom&nbsp; u prisustvu materijala za stabilizaciju: kaolinita,&nbsp; bentonita i karboksimetil celuloze. Za &bdquo;zelenu&rdquo; sintezu nano Fe(0) kori&scaron;ćeno je li&scaron;će drveća: hrasta, duda i vi&scaron;nje.&nbsp; Karakterizacija&nbsp; dobijenih nanomaterijala izvr&scaron;ena je transmisionom i skenirajućom elektronskom mikroskopijom. Rezultati karakterizacije su pokazali da se tokom sinteze nano Fe(0) natrijum borhidridom i stabilizacije kaolinitom, bentonitom i karboksimetil celulozom, formiraju nano čestice Fe(0) veličine 20 do 90 nm, dok su veličine čestica nano Fe(0) sintetisanih &bdquo;zelenom&ldquo; metodom iznosile 10-30 nm i okarakterisane su kao nano čestice sfernog oblika, različitih veličina bez značajane aglomeracije.&nbsp; Primena nano&nbsp;Fe(0) na efikasnost&nbsp; uklanjanja metala iz vode ispitivana je pri različitim uslovima:&nbsp; uticaju doze nanomaterijala, početne koncentracije&nbsp; metala, pH vrednosti rastvora i kontaktnog vremena.&nbsp; Dobijeni rezultati prilikom ispitivanja uticaja&nbsp; doze nanomaterijala&nbsp; na efikasnosti uklanjanja odabranih metala iz vode primenom stabilisanih i &bdquo;zelenih&ldquo; nanomaterijala&nbsp; pokazali&nbsp; su&nbsp; da se povećanjem doze nanomaterijala&nbsp; povećava efikasnost uklanjanja.&nbsp; Prilikom primene stabilisanih nanomaterijala, koncentracije 14.00 gFe(0)/l,&nbsp; postignute&nbsp; su visoke efikasnosti uklanjanja, već pri dozama od&nbsp; 2 ml, dok je efikasnost uklanjanja primenom&nbsp; &bdquo;zelenih&ldquo; nanomaterijala koncentracije 1,395 gFe(0)/l bila niža. Prilikom ispitivanja uticaja pH vrednosti na uklanjanje metala iz vode primenom ispitivanih nanomaterijala, određeni &nbsp;su optimalni opsezi pH vrednosti pri kojima se postiže najveća adsorpcija metala&nbsp; na ispitivanim nanomaterijalima.&nbsp; Veza između metala&nbsp; i&nbsp; ispitivanih nanomaterijala obja&scaron;njena je modelovanjem Langmuir-ove i Freunlich-ove&nbsp; adsorpcione izoterme. Veće adsorpcione kapacitete prilikom adsorpcije svih ispitivanih metala pokazali su nanomaterijali produkovani &bdquo;zelenom&ldquo; sintezom u odnosu na stabilisane nanomaterijale, &scaron;to je povezano sa veličinom čestica, tj. manje nanočestice nanomaterijala produkovanih &bdquo;zelenom&rdquo; sintezom imaju veću&nbsp; specifičnu povr&scaron;inu i samim tim mogu&nbsp; ponuditi&nbsp; vi&scaron;e reaktivnih mesta, veću reaktivnost i bolju disperziju. Ispitivanje kinetike adsorcije&nbsp; Cr(VI), Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) i As(III) na ispitivanim stabilisanim i &bdquo;zelenom&ldquo; sintezom produkovanim nanomaterijalima pokazalo je veoma brzu reakciju adsorpcije metala na ispitivanim&nbsp;nanomaterijalima i&nbsp; bolje slaganje eksperimentalno dobijenih podataka sa pseudo-drugim kinetičkim modelom.&nbsp; Rezultati dobijeni u ovom&nbsp; istraživanju omogućiće procenu&nbsp; primene nano Fe(0) za uklanjanje metala iz vode, posebno adsorpciju metala iz vode kao i odabir najefikasnijeg i najekonomičnijeg adsorbensa za uklanjanje različitih metala iz vode.</p> / <p>This work is concerned with exploring the possibility&nbsp; of&nbsp; application of&nbsp; stabilized nano Fe(0)&nbsp; and nano Fe (0) produced by &ldquo;green&rdquo; synthesis&nbsp; in the&nbsp; removal&nbsp; of Cr(VI), Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II)&nbsp; and&nbsp; As(III)&nbsp; from&nbsp; the&nbsp; water.&nbsp; Synthesis of nano Fe(0) for the stabilization is carried out according to conventional method of iron reduction with sodium borohydride in the presence of a material for stabilization: kaolinite, bentonite and carboxymethyl cellulose. Leaves of oak, mulberry and cherry trees used for&nbsp; &ldquo;green&rdquo;&nbsp; synthesis of nano Fe(0). Characterization of nanomaterials&nbsp; was performed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.&nbsp; The&nbsp; characterization&nbsp; results&nbsp; have shown that during the synthesis and stabilization of nano Fe (0) process formed nanoparticles with size from 20 to 90 nm, while the nano Fe (0) particles synthesized by &quot;green&quot; method were within the&nbsp; size of&nbsp; 10-30 nm and characterized as spherical nanoparticles with&nbsp; various sizes without significant agglomeration.&nbsp; Application of nano Fe (0) on the&nbsp; removal&nbsp; efficiency of&nbsp; metals from water was studied under different conditions: the influence of&nbsp; nanomaterials&nbsp; dose, the initial metal concentrations, pH value of the solution&nbsp; and the contact time. The results obtained during the examination of the impact of nanomaterial&nbsp; dose&nbsp; on the&nbsp; removal&nbsp; efficiency&nbsp; of selected metals from water&nbsp; have shown that increasing&nbsp; of nanomaterial&nbsp; dose increases removal efficiency. High removal efficiency is achieved when used&nbsp; 2 ml of stabilized nanomaterials, concentration of 14.00 gFe(0)/L, while when &quot;green&quot; nanomaterials,&nbsp; concentration&nbsp; of&nbsp; 1,395&nbsp; gFe(0)/L,&nbsp; were&nbsp; used&nbsp; the removal efficiency&nbsp; was&nbsp; lower.&nbsp; The optimal ranges of pH values&nbsp; at which&nbsp; the tested&nbsp; nanomaterials&nbsp; reach the maximum adsorption of metals&nbsp; were obtained, during the examination of&nbsp; the influence of pH value on removal of metals from water by using the tested nanomaterials&nbsp; The&nbsp; relation&nbsp; between&nbsp; the metals&nbsp; and tested&nbsp;&nbsp; nanomaterials is explained by modeling&nbsp; of&nbsp; Langmuir&#39;s and Freunlich&#39;s adsorption isotherm.&nbsp; Nanomaterials&nbsp; produced&nbsp; by&nbsp; &quot;green&quot; synthesis&nbsp; showed higher&nbsp; adsorption capacity&nbsp; than&nbsp; stabilized&nbsp; nanomaterials, which is related&nbsp; with particle size, i.e. the&nbsp; nanoparticles&nbsp; produced by&nbsp; &quot;green&quot; synthesis&nbsp; have&nbsp; less particles, higher specific surface area and therefore can offer more reactive sites, greater reactivity and better dispersion. Kinetics&nbsp; tests&nbsp; showed a very fast adsorption of metal&nbsp; on&nbsp; the tested nanomaterials and better agreement with the experimental data to&nbsp; second&nbsp; pseudo-kinetic model.&nbsp; The results obtained in this study will enable the assessment of the application of nano&nbsp; Fe (0) for the removal of metals from water, especially for the adsorption of metals from water as well as the selection of the most&nbsp; efficient and most economical of the adsorbent for the removal of various metals from water.</p>