The Wanganui-Wilberg landslide lies between Hokitika and Franz Josef townships, at the entrance of Harihari, on the true left bank of the Wanganui River, by State Highway 6. This apparently co-seismic landslide belongs to the class of events called rock avalanches - powerful destructive agents (Keefer, 1984) in the landscape. Other rock avalanches are numerous (Whitehouse, 1983), and widespread over the Southern Alps of New Zealand, and many appear to be co-seismic. De Mets et al. (1994) used the model NUVEL-1A to characterize the motion of the Alpine fault: 37 mm/year at an azimuth of 071° for the strike-slip and a dip-slip of 10 mm/year normal to the strike direction. Although linear when seen from the sky, the detailed morphology of the fault is more complex, called en échelon (Norris and Cooper, 1997). It exhibits metamorphosed schists (mylonite series) in its hanging wall (McCahon, 2007; Korup, 2004). Earthquakes on the Alpine fault have a recurrence time of c. 200-300 years and a probability of occurrence within 100 years of 88% (Rhoades and Van Dissen, 2002). Thought to have been triggered by the AD1220 event (determined by dendrochronology), the Wanganui-Wilberg rock avalanche deposit represents only 20% of its original volume, which was c. 33 million cubic metres. The deposit probably dammed the Wanganui River and, as a result, created a small and short-lived lake upstream. The next earthquake capable of triggering such events is likely to occur fairly soon (Yetton, 1998). Knowledge of historic catastrophic events such as the Wanganui-Wilberg rock avalanche is of crucial importance in the development of future hazard and management plans.

7 pp. / First in a planned series for each county in the state. / Limited information is available to the County Extension offices to address common concerns of water supply in rural Arizona. In addition, in the more metropolitan areas of the state, little is understood about water resources. This project is proposed to provide a ten to twelve page primer on water resources on a county-by-county basis, beginning with Yavapai County.

4 pp. / Following on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Arsenic Rule" decision to require public water systems to lower the allowable arsenic content in drinking water from 50 parts per billion (ppb) to 10 ppb by January 23, 2006, private well owners across the state have realized the importance of testing their own water supply for arsenic. Under Arizona law, it is the sole responsibility of the private well owner to determine the quality (potability) of their private well water. This article discusses the geologic prevelance of arsenic across the state, and options available to the well owner to address this water quality concern. Expected to be the first in a 3-part series on ground water quality issues common in Arizona.

6 pp. / Well Owners' Guide to Ground Water Resources in Yavapai County. AZ1451 / Private well owners are responsible for the safety and quality of their water supply. The nearly 6,000 exempt wells in Gila County are not regulated by any state or federal agency, and lot splits and subdivisions may result in an unregulated water supply serving several homes. This publication is one in a series of county-based publications that identifies well maintenance and testing procedures for the well owner, with an emphasis on water quality concerns for Gila County.

4 pp. / This fact sheet is to be taken from research conducted by Uhlman and Rahman and published on the WRRC web site as: "Predicting Ground Water Vulnerability to Nitrate in Arizona". Funded by TRIF and peer reviewed by ADEQ. It also follows on "Arizona Well Owner's Guide to Water Supply" and also "Arizona Drinking Water Well Contaminants" (part 1 already submitted, part 2 in process). / Arizona's arid environment and aquifer types allow for the persistence of nitrate contamination in ground water. Agricultural practices and the prevalence of septic systems contributes to this water quality concern, resulting in nitrate exceeding the EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) in several locations across the state. Working with known nitrate concentrations in 6,800 wells across the state, this fact sheet presents maps showing the probability of nitrate contamination of ground water exceeding the MCL. The importance of monitoring your domestic water supply well for nitrate is emphasized.

The concentration of phenols in the soils environment and their fate was studied as a function of five different soil types, six different monohydroxyphenols, and three different municipal landfill leachates media. Concentrations of naturally occurring phenols were also followed for a period of one year in young and old leachates. Methods for analysis of phenols were reviewed for quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenols in landfill leachates. To determine the adsorptive capabilities of the soils used in this study, the isotherm approach was used after the equilibration time of phenols in soils was determined to be five days. Concentrations of phenols varying from 5 ppm to 100 ppm were used to construct isotherm graphs. The soil-phenol isotherm curves conformed very well to the Freundlich equation, indicating multiple adsorption mechanisms and slow equilibration times in the soilsphenols reactions. A statistical analysis of the isotherm data showed %-free iron oxides to be the most important soil characteristic for the adsorption of phenols by all soils; followed by soil pH and % clay in order of significance. High solubility and moderate polarity of phenols also were found to be favorable factors in the adsorption of phenols by soils. Naturally occurring phenols such as cresols disappeared fastèr from soil solutions than synthetic phenols. The reactivities of phenols with MSW leachates increased with the age of the leachates. Very young leachates, having low pH and high TOC levels favored synthetic phenols over naturally occurring phenols to react with. All leachates studied demonstrated an ability to remove from solution one or more of the six phenols used in large quantities over a period of 15 days or less. The overall performance of the leachates used in this study seemed to be a function of the humic acid levels found in them. Levels of naturally occurring phenols in leachates varied from several ppbs to more than 9000 ppbs for a year's period. The highest phenol levels were found in the young phenols and the lowest levels in the old phenols; indicating that pH and TOC concentration determine the amounts of phenols in solution. In column studies of perfusion of leachates through 10 cm of soil materials packed at field densities, no soil was able to stop the migration of phenols for more than 5 to 10 pore volume displacements. Low pH and high TOC levels seemed to play a much larger role in the migration of phenols through soils than the levels of phenols found in the leachates used. The use of phenol enriched deionized water passed through soil columns showed the fact that there is a clear dependency of adsorption of phenol on the flow rate. Slow rates favored adsorption of phenol by all soils studied. The TOC analysis of the effluents from the phenol enriched water-soil columns studies indicated that some mechanisms for the disappearance of phenol from soil solution may have been transformation reactions as well as adsorption reactions. Varying TOC levels with flux seemed to indicate that these reactions are much slower than the adsorption reactions. The use of Cu⁺² saturated soils in an attempt to correlate transformation reactions of phenol with transition metal catalytic properties failed to increase the adsorption and/or transformation of phenol in the soil media. The 4-aminoantipyrine colorimetric method performed well in the analysis of phenols in air unstable leachates. Gas-liquid chromatography using NPGSB+H₃PO₄ on Anakrom A 90/100 mesh was used for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenols in leachates.

Although ground stone artifacts comprise a substantial portion of the archaeological record, their use as an important source of information about the past has remained underdeveloped. This is especially true for milling tools (mortars, pestles, grinding slabs and handstones) used by hunter-gatherers. Three studies that apply novel techniques and approaches to prehistoric milling technology are presented here. Together they demonstrate that substantial opportunities exist for new avenues of inquiry in the study of these artifacts. The first combines a simple optimization model from behavioral ecology with experimental data to weigh manufacturing costs against gains in grinding efficiency for mobile hunter-gatherers. Results run counter to widespread assumptions that mobile hunter-gatherers should not spend time shaping grinding surfaces on milling tools. Next, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is used to analyze lipid preservation in modified rock features in dry caves at Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, New Mexico. A high concentration of lipids, derived from processing a seed resource, was recovered from a grinding surface in these caves. The lipid content in this surface is comparable to amounts recovered from select pottery sherds that have been used for radiocarbon dating. The third study uses synchronic and diachronic variability in morphology, use-wear, and symbolic content to analyze ground stone milling tools from mortuary contexts in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. Archaeological and ethnographic evidence supports the inferred association of certain mortars with feasting and ritual activities. Differences in the representation of some of these forms in male and female graves may reflect changes in the roles of women and men in community ritual and politics.

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No description available.

Porous plates delivered calcium chloride at a negative potential to the top of blocks of partially welded (20.1 x 20.1 x 66.6 cm) and densely welded (30.1 x 20.1 x 48.1 cm) tuff with discrete fractures. During infiltration, flux increased through the partially welded block's fracture as the applied suction was lowered to 2.3 cm. The wetting front advanced 66.6 cm in 239 days. Chloride concentration and temporal moments from five tracer tests with 0 to 5 cm of applied suction indicated that preferential fracture flow occurred. Displacement transducer data reflect a decrease in fracture aperture at several months prior to but not during tracer tests. Fracture transmissivities decreased an order of magnitude (6.4 x 10⁻⁹ to 4.2 x 10⁻¹⁰ M²/s) as the applied suction increased from 0 to 5 cm while the tensiometer data indicated a suction of about 20 cm of water within the fracture and matrix. Highest during infiltration to an initially dry block, inflow losses of 3 to 44 percent due to evaporation are the greatest source of error for the constant potential method used.