Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de caracterizar cafeeiros de sete espécies de Coffea e das respectivas variedades pertencentes a C. canephora e C. liberica presentes no Banco de Germoplasma de Café do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, visando à possibilidade do seu agrupamento, bem como a sua utilização no melhoramento das espécies C. arabica e C. canephora. Para o referido estudo foram utilizadas cento e dez plantas pertencentes a sete espécies e treze variedades, tendo sido avaliadas em função das características químicas de sementes como: sólidos solúveis, lipídios, trigonelina, ácidos clorogênicos e cafeína. Com base nos resultados destas variáveis observou-se uma grande variação entre e dentro dos diferentes materiais analisados, com valores extremos de 24,12% a 31,00% para sólidos solúveis; 6,61% a 17,49% para lipídios; 0,32% a 2,15% para trigonelina; 2,58% a 6,38% para ácidos clorogênicos e 0,80% a 3,29% para cafeína, indicando que estes atributos podem ser adotados na seleção de plantas com potencial para o melhoramento das espécies C. arabica e C. canephora. Os resultados evidenciam que as variáveis: (i) sólidos solúveis, lipídios, ácidos clorogênicos e cafeína permitem o agrupamento das variedades de C. canephora; (ii) sólidos solúveis, lipídios e trigonelina possibilitam discriminar as variedades de C. liberica; e, (iii) lipídios, ácidos clorogênicos, trigonelina e cafeína foram eficientes no agrupamento das sete espécies de Coffea. As variedades de C. canephora não apresentaram diferenças para o teor de trigonelina, enquanto as de C. liberica não variaram em relação aos teores de ácidos clorogênicos e cafeína. O conjunto dos dados obtidos para as variáveis químicas analisadas indica que há possibilidade das variedades Uganda e Bangelan serem híbridos entre as espécies C. congensis e C. canephora. / The objective of this work was to characterize seven coffee species and varieties from C. canephora and C. liberica presents in Germplasm Bank of the Instituto Agronômico in order to determine the possibility of its grouping as well its use on breeding of C. arabica and C. canephora species. A total of a hundred ten plants belonging to seven species and thirteen varieties were analysed for some chemical components of seeds (soluble solids, lipids, trigonelline, chlorogenic acids and caffeine). The results evidenced the existence of great variation among and within the materials analyzed, with values ranging from 24,12% to 31,00% for soluble solids; 6,61% to 17,49% for lipids; 0,32% to 2,15% for trigonelline; 2,58% to 6,38% for chlorogenic acids and 0,80% to 3,29% for caffeine, indicating that these variables can be used in selection of plants for the improvement of C. arabica and C. canephora. The results also showed that (i) soluble solids, lipids, chlorogenic acids and caffeine allowed to group C. canephora varieties, (ii) soluble solids, lipids and trigonelline permited discriminate C. liberica varieties.and (iii) lipids, chlorogenic acids, trigonelline and caffeine allowed to group coffee species. The C. canephora varieties did not show differences in relation to trigonelline while C. liberica varieties did not varied in relation to caffeine and chlorogenic acids. The hole group of obtained data for chemical variables analysed show that there is the possibility that Uganda and Bangelan varieties been hybrids between C. congensis and C. canephora.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de caracterizar cafeeiros de sete espécies de Coffea e das respectivas variedades pertencentes a C. canephora e C. liberica presentes no Banco de Germoplasma de Café do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, visando à possibilidade do seu agrupamento, bem como a sua utilização no melhoramento das espécies C. arabica e C. canephora. Para o referido estudo foram utilizadas cento e dez plantas pertencentes a sete espécies e treze variedades, tendo sido avaliadas em função das características químicas de sementes como: sólidos solúveis, lipídios, trigonelina, ácidos clorogênicos e cafeína. Com base nos resultados destas variáveis observou-se uma grande variação entre e dentro dos diferentes materiais analisados, com valores extremos de 24,12% a 31,00% para sólidos solúveis; 6,61% a 17,49% para lipídios; 0,32% a 2,15% para trigonelina; 2,58% a 6,38% para ácidos clorogênicos e 0,80% a 3,29% para cafeína, indicando que estes atributos podem ser adotados na seleção de plantas com potencial para o melhoramento das espécies C. arabica e C. canephora. Os resultados evidenciam que as variáveis: (i) sólidos solúveis, lipídios, ácidos clorogênicos e cafeína permitem o agrupamento das variedades de C. canephora; (ii) sólidos solúveis, lipídios e trigonelina possibilitam discriminar as variedades de C. liberica; e, (iii) lipídios, ácidos clorogênicos, trigonelina e cafeína foram eficientes no agrupamento das sete espécies de Coffea. As variedades de C. canephora não apresentaram diferenças para o teor de trigonelina, enquanto as de C. liberica não variaram em relação aos teores de ácidos clorogênicos e cafeína. O conjunto dos dados obtidos para as variáveis químicas analisadas indica que há possibilidade das variedades Uganda e Bangelan serem híbridos entre as espécies C. congensis e C. canephora. / The objective of this work was to characterize seven coffee species and varieties from C. canephora and C. liberica presents in Germplasm Bank of the Instituto Agronômico in order to determine the possibility of its grouping as well its use on breeding of C. arabica and C. canephora species. A total of a hundred ten plants belonging to seven species and thirteen varieties were analysed for some chemical components of seeds (soluble solids, lipids, trigonelline, chlorogenic acids and caffeine). The results evidenced the existence of great variation among and within the materials analyzed, with values ranging from 24,12% to 31,00% for soluble solids; 6,61% to 17,49% for lipids; 0,32% to 2,15% for trigonelline; 2,58% to 6,38% for chlorogenic acids and 0,80% to 3,29% for caffeine, indicating that these variables can be used in selection of plants for the improvement of C. arabica and C. canephora. The results also showed that (i) soluble solids, lipids, chlorogenic acids and caffeine allowed to group C. canephora varieties, (ii) soluble solids, lipids and trigonelline permited discriminate C. liberica varieties.and (iii) lipids, chlorogenic acids, trigonelline and caffeine allowed to group coffee species. The C. canephora varieties did not show differences in relation to trigonelline while C. liberica varieties did not varied in relation to caffeine and chlorogenic acids. The hole group of obtained data for chemical variables analysed show that there is the possibility that Uganda and Bangelan varieties been hybrids between C. congensis and C. canephora.

Ability grouping in education is a common practice used to differentiate instruction in order to meet the academic needs of students. The primary purpose for grouping students by ability is to increase their academic growth and achievement by providing instruction at the students’ current instructional level. However, there is much conflicting research regarding the impact of grouping students by ability and its link to student achievement. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between school-wide student achievement in grades 3, 4, and 5 based on the type of grouping: ability grouped or not grouped by ability classroom settings. Data were collected from the Tennessee Department of Education website for the 2012-2013 academic school year as well as from individual school administrators regarding how students were grouped for instruction: grouped by ability or not grouped by ability. Independent samples t-tests were run to determine if there is a significant difference between students who received instruction in ability grouped setting and those that were not placed in an ability grouped classroom. The results of this study indicated that there is no difference in achievement scores based on the type of instructional setting (ability grouped or not grouped by ability) in reading and math in grades 3, 4, and 5.

The major purpose of this investigation was to study the structure, attributes , and supplemental aspects of equivalence classifying of words and pictures made by sixth graders, freshmen college students and junior and senior college students . A particular point of interest was whether or not increasing or decreasing the size of the groups results in different types of equivalence classifying. Other minor goals were to determine the effects of direction of grouping, type of stimuli, and class level on unique reasons produced and recall of stimuli. The results of the study support the thesis that there is a cognitive developmental progression which supports the works of Piaget, Bruner, Vinacke and others. Children, compared to college levels, use a less efficient grouping structure, lower level simple association and concrete and perceptual grouping attributes, lower quality responses, and more specific reasons for grouping. College levels, compared to six grade, use more representational grouping attributes, have higher quality responses, and have a more general level of specificity. In addition, decreasing grouping structure results in a high level of cognitive performance in all aspects of grouping. There were no main effect differences between the words and pictures. However, there were significant interaction effects involving directions, stimuli, and class levels. There were more stimuli recalled and unique reasons produced by the college students. More pictures than words were recalled by all groups. One implication of the results is that decreasing the size of groupings apparently results in a higher level of cognitive functioning. One reason ventured for this result is that decreasing group size results in more divergent thinking and allows the individual to contemplate more possibilities for his groupings. Increasing group size is related to convergent thinking in which the subject is hindered by a previous set. Another implication is that there is a cognitive development a l progression which results in an increasingly more sophisticated ability to deal with the complex stimuli of the environment. Also, there is some evidence that different grade levels handle pictures differently than they do words. More study is needed to clarify the role of different forms of stimuli in classifying. From this study it is clear that there are no main effect differences between words and pictures. However, there certainly appear to be some interaction effects, and these need further clarification.

Object tracking is an active research topic in computer vision and has appli- cation in several areas, such as event detection and robotics. Vehicle tracking is used in Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and surveillance systems. Its re- liability is critical to the overall performance of these systems. Feature-based methods that are used to represent distinctive content in visual frames are one approach to vehicle tracking. Existing feature-based tracking systems can only track vehicles under ideal conditions. They have difficulties when used under a variety of conditions, for example, during both the day and night. They are highly dependent on stable local features that can be tracked for a long time period. These local features are easily lost because of their local property and image noise caused by factors such as, headlight reflections and sun glare. This thesis presents a new approach, addressing the reliability issues mentioned above, tracking whole feature groups composed of feature points extracted with the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm. A feature group in- cludes several features that share a similar property over a time period and can be tracked to the next frame by tracking individual feature points inside it. It is lost only when all of the features in it are lost in the next frame. We cre- ate these feature groups by clustering individual feature points using distance, velocity and acceleration information between two consecutive frames. These feature groups are then hierarchically clustered by their inter-group distance, velocity and acceleration information. Experimental results show that the pro- posed vehicle tracking system can track vehicles with the average accuracy of over 95%, even when the vehicles have complex motions in noisy scenes. It gen- erally works well even in difficult environments, such as for rainy days, windy days, and at night. We are surprised to find that our tracking system locates and tracks motor bikes and pedestrians. This could open up wider opportunities and further investigation and experiments are required to confirm the tracking performance for these objects. Further work is also required to track more com- plex motions, such as rotation and articulated objects with different motions on different parts.

Guillaume de Machaut’s motets constitute a cycle. This study focuses upon Machaut’s six Latin texted motets and their influence upon these cyclical contexts. Former research into these motets has uncovered references to contemporary poetry, liturgical texts, literary sources, particular persons, and historical events. Through an examination of recent research into the cyclical nature of the motets it is possible to critically evaluate these hypotheses in the light of the past historical, codicological, liturgical, musical and poetic analysis of these works to create a rounded picture of each motet. In this way it was found that many of the previously researched aspects of the motets follow in line with recent theories surrounding motet grouping structures. In this way when placing these works within a mystical theological literary context their sacred nature, evident within the tenor chant fragments upon which many of them are built, becomes evident and a greater plan apparent. Beyond this, with an examination of Machaut’s life and the events which occurred in his lifetime the context for composition of the remaining motets is unearthed. Within these motets elements have now been identified which link them to Machaut’s canonries at both Saint Quentin and Reims as well as the events of the Hundred Years’ War. In this way the deep connection between Machaut’s motets and all levels of his life is becoming increasingly apparent. Through an examination of these six Latin texted motets it is found that a liturgical context is key to the analysis of all voices. This is apparent in the mere use of vocabulary idiomatic to the liturgy present within these texts. In this way the selection of words within motet 21 points to a Marian allusion and the apocalyptic, drawing motet 21 even closer in context to motets 22-23. This apocalyptic reference is also seen in specific words within in triplum text of motet 22. Furthermore, the Marian allusions discovered throughout these last three motets in their upper voices are apparent only with a close examination of the Salve Regina texts. In this way the influence and importance of liturgical context to the analysis of the motet has been extended to all voices. This study has also uncovered allusions to other fourteenth century works in the analysis of Machaut’s motets. In the case of motet 9 a connection between its chant tenor and another from the Roman de Fauvel reveals a political context which brings an added richness to the interpretation of these texts. Furthermore, as with motets 18-19, it may be gleaned that as Machaut and Vitry were both canons at Saint Quentin that perhaps it was here and with these two motets that Machaut began his tutelage with the older master of the motet. These conclusions may be drawn by the striking similarities between Machaut’s works and those believed to have originated from within the Vitry circle. In the course of this study there have been additions to evidence the necessity of looking to all aspects of Guillaume de Machaut’s motets in their analysis. This includes use of numerical symbolism in varying aspects as shown in motet 9 as well as a thorough exploration of Machaut’s use of vocabulary within his texts to find its literary, historical, motet, and liturgical allusions. The identification of these sources may either serve to reinforce or expand the context of the motet leading to a deeper understanding of its purpose within a group of motets or individually.

Segmentational grouping in music listening refers to the organisation of individual tones into tone groups that tend to be processed and subsequently recalled as perceptual units or chunks. Grouping of tones via this process tends to occur at natural breaks in structure of a tone sequence, so that relatively larger changes in pitch, amplitude or timing are perceived as boundaries which cue the segmentational grouping process. Segmentational grouping processes have been examined using behavioural research techniques; yet neurophysiological processes underlying the grouping process have received little attention, and are poorly understood. This study aimed to identify brain regions involved in the segmentational grouping process as cued by rhythmic information. Participants performed two auditory tasks while brain electrical activity responses were monitored using Steady-State Probe Topography (SSPT). Behavioural responses evoked in a task probing individuals' use of lengthened-duration tones to organise memory for pitch sequences indicated that longer-duration tones were used as cues to organise working memory representations of the musical patterns. Examination of dynamic SSPT responses during the encoding phase of a probe recognition task indicated that greater use of rhythmic cues to organise working memory representations was associated with activation of a network of left hemisphere frontal, temporal and parietal regions. During the lengthened tone, activation of left central and vertex regions and progressive activation of left temporal and temporoparietal regions were linked with use of the deviant status of the lengthened tone to update temporal expectations for the sequence. Excitatory responses observed in left posterior frontal and temporal regions to a tone following the lengthened tone were proposed to reflect temporal allocation of attention to this point in time, whereas sustained excitatory activation of left temporal, and temporoparietal regions reflected the role of these regions in supporting representations of the tone events in working memory. Finally, late inhibitory responses to the tone following the lengthened tone in left frontal, temporal, temporoparietal, and parietal regions were linked with the manipulation and closure of the working memory trace in association with the grouping process. Together, these findings support the activation of a network of left frontal, temporal and parietal regions underlying rhythmic grouping of pitch sequences.

<p>Today, scientists in various biomedical fields rely on biological data sources in their research. Large amounts of information concerning, for instance, genes, proteins and diseases are publicly available on the internet, and are used daily for acquiring knowledge. Typically, biological data is spread across multiple sources, which has led to heterogeneity and redundancy.</p><p>The current thesis suggests grouping as one way of computationally managing biological data. A conceptual model for this purpose is presented, which takes properties specific for biological data into account. The model defines sub-tasks and key issues where multiple solutions are possible, and describes what approaches for these that have been used in earlier work. Further, an implementation of this model is described, as well as test cases which show that the model is indeed useful.</p><p>Since the use of ontologies is relatively new in the management of biological data, the main focus of the thesis is on how semantic similarity of ontological annotations can be used for grouping. The results of the test cases show for example that the implementation of the model, using Gene Ontology, is capable of producing groups of data entries with similar molecular functions.</p>

The shapes of naturally occurring objects characteristically involve spatial events occurring at many scales. This paper offers a symbolic approach to constructing a primitive shape description across scales for 2D binary (silhouette) shape images: grouping operations are performed over collections of tokens residing on a Scale-Space Blackboard. Two types of grouping operations are identified that, respectively: (1) aggregate edge primitives at one scale into edge primitives at a coarser scale and (2) group edge primitives into partial-region assertions, including curved- contours, primitive-corners, and bars. This approach avoids several drawbacks of numerical smoothing methods.

We discuss a strategy for visual recognition by forming groups of salient image features, and then using these groups to index into a data base to find all of the matching groups of model features. We discuss the most space efficient possible method of representing 3-D models for indexing from 2-D data, and show how to account for sensing error when indexing. We also present a convex grouping method that is robust and efficient, both theoretically and in practice. Finally, we combine these modules into a complete recognition system, and test its performance on many real images.