Este trabalho visa identificar os fatores influentes no sucesso da gestão da pequena produção familiar citrícola sob o ponto de vista do pequeno produtor de Bebedouro, norte paulista. Inicialmente se apresenta a evolução da citricultura, a posição sócio-econômico da pequena produção de citros e a visão sistêmica do negócio. Posteriormente, os fatores externos e internos condicionantes da gestão e a racionalidade desses produtores em relação aos objetivos e recursos disponíveis para se adaptar às influências do meio em que se inserem. A amostra foi estratificada em dois grupos de produtores segundo o tamanho da propriedade, pois o volume da área pode conotar limitação de recursos e diferentes pontos vista, ainda que no conjunto sejam considerados pequenos. Verificou-se que os principais fatores externos são o clima e a política governamental, os internos são as finanças e os custos. O pequeno citricultor familiar gere o negócio e reage às contingências ambientais pela sua experiência e restrições, recorre eventualmente à orientação técnica e se caracteriza como agricultor tradicional. Nota-se uma lacuna no serviço de extensão rural pela falta do trabalho contínuo que o oriente técnica e administrativamente; e falta de união de produtores e órgãos representativos em torno de objetivos comuns que propiciem a essas famílias perspectivas de continuidade no campo e na citricultura. / The objective of this piece of work is to identify the influential factors in the success of the small administration of de citrus family production under the point of view of the small producer from Bebedouro, north of the state of São Paulo. Initially we flow over the evolution of the citrus grower and the social economic position of the small family production and the systematic vision of the undertaking. Posteriorly, the external and internal conditional factors in the way of the administration, and the rationality of the small producer in relation to his own objectives and disposable resources to adapt to the influences of the that is inserted. The sample was stratified into two groups of producers following the size of the property, considering the volume of the area we can relate limits of resouces and differentiation in point of views. Yet the groups are considered small. It was verified that the principal external factors of the administration are the weather and the govermental politics. The principal internal factors are finances and costs. The small familiar citrus grower generates the production unit system and reacts to the environmental contingences according to their experiences and restrictions, sometimes counting on tecnical orientation, chacacterized as a traditional agriculturist. We noticed a gap in the rural extention for the lack of a continual work that orientates tecnicly and administratively; and the lack of agglutination of producers and representative organs around the common objectives that conciliate these family perspectives of continuance in the citrus grower field.

This thesis deals with the legislation of viticulture and winemaking in the Czech Republic. The main goal of this thesis is to introduce to the readers both, professionals and non-professionals, viticulture and wine law in its full extensity. For this reason, we deeply analyze the Act No. 321/2004 describing viticulture and winemaking as amended by subsequent law. The thesis is composed of seven main chapters. The abbreviations, witch are subsequently used in the work, are defined in the separate chapter. The first part is an introduction to the topic and describes the origin of growing grape-wine and winemaking. The second part deals with the historical development of vineyard and wine law in the Czech Republic. For the sake of clarity, second part is divided into five subsections. The third chapter defines the position of vineyard and wine law in legal system of Czech Republic and characterizes this specific agriculture sector. The fourth part provides a review of written sources of vineyard and wine law. The chapter is hierarchically separated into the categories: international law, EU law and Czech law. Part five is major and it is the most extensive part of this diploma. It deals with the current legislation of viticulture and winemaking in the Czech Republic by Act No. 321/2004 Coll. It...

Cette thèse sur l’histoire des rosiéristes lyonnais entre 1820 et 1939 s’articule autour de plusieurs problématiques : l’individu et l’exploitation familiale, l’activité commerciale et les goûts des consommateurs, et l’action collective d’une profession qui se démarque progressivement au sein du monde horticole. De l’apparition des premières spécialisations, vers 1820, au déclin de l’activité rosicole pendant l’entre-deux-guerres, la périodisation souligne l’âge d’or de la rosiculture française matérialisée, entre autre, par la formation de lignées professionnelles tout au long du XIXe siècle. L’étude se propose de reconstituer les divers aspects, chronologiques, entrepreneuriaux, socio-économiques, techniques ou culturels de l’activité et apporte des éléments explicatifs à la compréhension du travail des obtenteurs : ceux-ci appartiennent à l’excellence du monde horticole et sont, à ce titre, sujets de l’histoire des élites – il s’agit ici d’élites professionnelles. Grâce aux archives des établissements — livres de comptes, registres d’expédition, correspondances commerciales — la thèse met à jour les évolutions du marché du rosier et montre comment une activité marginale, ignorée des statistiques officielles, se développe par l’intermédiaire d’un réseau commercial étendu. Pour ce faire, le diaporama des acheteurs et l’examen d’une clientèle élitaire et mondaine permettent de décrypter la consommation d’une époque et l’émergence de nouveaux codes esthétiques articulés autour d’un produit qui renvoie à des pratiques culturelles et à des constructions sociales et identitaires. L’exploitation des données quantifiées relatives à la structuration du marché, l’identification nominative de la clientèle et la périodisation des modes en matière de roses, illustrée par une exploitation statistique des préférences des acheteurs, confèrent à cette thèse une démarche neuve et originale. L’analyse des logiques économiques et sociales qui ont influencé la réussite puis le recul du secteur rosicole donne à voir le fonctionnement d’une filière artisanale, son évolution quantitative et qualitative et l’organisation d’un marché à vaste échelle, soutenu par un savoir-faire garant de la qualité du produit et du choix de l’acheteur. Certaines de ces micro-entreprises consolident leur position par une politique dynamique faisant interagir mécanismes de vente et talents créatifs en adoptant des pratiques commerciales relativement modernes pour répondre à un accroissement et une diversification progressive des transactions commerciales. Quant à la mise en adéquation du marché de l’offre et de celui de la demande, elle montre un élargissement de la clientèle lié aux transformations économiques et culturelles provoquées par l’évolution des loisirs dans la majorité des catégories sociales qui voient dans la culture des fleurs une activité de détente et un moyen d’embellir le cadre de vie. Au fil de la réflexion se déclinent de nouvelles préférences florales établies autour de considérations esthétiques qui ne sont pas sans rapport avec la mise en scène ornementale que les architectes paysagistes s’attachent à reproduire. La nouveauté du coloris n’est-elle pas un constitutif déterminant dans le succès d’une variété ? En ce sens, l’engouement en faveur de la rose jaune informe sur les codes de l’élégance qui se généralisent dans les jardins. La colorimétrie dominante constitue donc un observatoire privilégié des sensibilités et des mutations esthétiques et allégoriques qui s’inscrivent au cœur d’une histoire des représentations. Dans un autre versant, l’enquête prosopographique révèle des relations économiques et familiales solidement imbriquées et livre des éléments explicatifs sur la réalité de la petite exploitation et sur les mécanismes comportementaux qui président à la constitution d’une culture familiale.... / This thesis on the story of Lyon’s roses’ breeders between 1820 and 1939 focuses on several issues: the individual and the family farm, the commercial activity and consumers’ tastes, and the collective action of a profession which gradually stands apart from the horticultural world. From the apparition of first specializations around 1820 to the decline of the activity related to roses during the interwar, the periodization highlights the golden age of French roses’ culture materialized, among others, by the formation of professional lines throughout the nineteenth century. This study proposes to reconstruct various aspects, historical, entrepreneurial, socio-economic, technical or cultural of the activity and provides explanatory material in order to understand the work of breeders: they belong to the excellence of the horticultural world and are, as such, subject to the history of elites – we are talking here of professional elites: With the archives of companies – account books, shipping records, professional correspondence – the thesis updates the developments of the roses’ market and shows how a marginal activity, ignored by official statistics, develops through an extensive sales network. In order to do so, the overview of buyers and the examination of an elitist and fashionable clients permits to decrypts the consumption of an epoch and the emergence of new aesthetic codes articulated around a product that refers to cultural practices and social and identity constructions. The exploitation of quantified data about the market’s structuration, the nominal identification of clients and the periodization of roses’ trends, illustrated by a statistical analysis of the preferences of buyers, give to this thesis a new and original approach. The analysis of economic and social logics that have influenced the success and the decline of the roses’ sector show the functioning of a traditional industry, its quantitative and qualitative evolution and the organization of a large-scale market, supported by a know-how which guarantees the quality of the product and the choice of the buyer. Some of those micro-companies consolidate their position by choosing a dynamic policy using and combining both sales’ mechanisms and creative talents, taking relatively modern business practices in response to a gradual increase and diversification of commercial transactions. Concerning the matching of supply and demand, it shows a broadening of the customer, which is related to the economic and cultural changes brought about by the expansion of leisure in most social groups who see the flowers ’culture as a relaxing activity and a way to beautify the living environment. Throughout the reflexion, new floral preferences established have been declined; around aesthetic considerations which are not unrelated with the development of ornamental staging which landscape architects strive to reproduce. Isn’t the novelty of a colour a preeminent element determining the success of a variety? In this sense, the enthusiasm for the yellow rose lets us know about codes of elegance that became widespread in the gardens. The colorimetry is therefore a privileged observatory of sensibilities and aesthetic and allegorical mutations that join the heart of a history of representations.In another side, the prosopographic survey reveals economic and family relationships securely nested and delivers explanatory elements of the reality of small farm functioning and behavioural mechanisms that govern the formation of a family culture. De facto, this work aims to provide a contribution to the understanding of the historical genesis of a professional group, whose history is constructed in terms of lineage and genealogy....

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