Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

This study investigated the sex-role attitudes of vocational guidance and counseling personnel in Texas. The population was comprised of vocational guidance counselors and vocational guidance teachers. The results demonstrated the association between their sex-role attitudes and the independent variables, occupation, sex, age, level of education, marital status, and school district size. Data were obtained by sending the Osmond-Martin Sex-Role Attitude Scale with questions for the collection of demographic information. The SRAS is an instrument designed to identify the traditionality of the respondents' sex-role attitudes in four separate categories. The survey instruments were sent to two randomly selected sample groups.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur tidig vägledning bedrivs i skolan. Våra frågeställningar handlar om vilken metod som används för tidigare vägledning i grundskolan, samt vilka resurser och vilken samverkan som krävs. Kan tidigare vägledning förebygga kompromisser och begränsningar för elever i grundskolan. För vår undersökning har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ metod, där vi har intervjuat sex studie- och yrkesvägledare från olika skolor. Forskningen har visat att barn mellan 9-13 år är redo att ta till sig abstrakta kunskaper. Det är sparsamt med tidigare forskning kring barns utveckling i de tidiga skolåren. I det material som vi har hittat i tidigare forskning har Supers model om barns karriärutveckling använts. Därför är det relevant att analysera det empiriska materialet med Supers teori och med Gottfredsons teori om begränsningar och kompromisser samt Parsons modell. Resultatet från undersökningen visar att informanterna arbetar med att vägleda eleverna till att öka sin självkännedom med tanken att de skall göra ett väl underbyggt val. I årskurs sex får eleverna göra ett collage om sig själv, där drömmar och framtid är obegränsade. Med denna arbetsmetod påbörjas processen med tidig vägledning hos eleverna. / The purpose of this study is to examine how early guidance is conducted in the school. Our questions are about which kind of method is used in previous guidance in elementary school, and what resources and which kind of collaboration are required. Can previous guidance prevent compromises and limitations? For our investigation, we used a qualitative approach, where we have interviewed six guidance counselors from different schools. We also want to show that previous research provides support to begin the process of guiding for kids in the middle and high elementary school. Research has shown that children between 9-13 years are ready to take on abstract knowledge. It is sparse with previous research on child development in the early school years. In the material that we have found in previous research Supers model on children’s career development has been used.It is therefore relevant to analyze the empirical material with Super’s theory, with Gottfredson’s theory of limitations and compromises, and Parson’s model. And the result we found is that the children’s perspective widens at an earlier stage, so that they can more easily make aware decisions as far as possible to be reconciled with their dreams of future careers. The earlier children receive guidance, the sooner they can make good decisions, especially as we have seen and can show that the counselors are working with children’s self -awareness.

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While current accountability regimes in U.S. public education focus on the job performance of individual school professionals, research in industrial/organizational psychology has established the importance of system-wide factors for organizational outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify school-wide factors that predict guidance program readiness in New York State high schools. This nonexperimental, quantitative study was based on a survey sample of 97 guidance counselors in New York State. Multivariariate analyses of variance showed that two school-wide independent variables-urbanization of school location and counselor-student ratio-predict scores on guidance program readiness, measured using the American School Counselor Association Readiness Survey. This instrument assesses program readiness on seven subscales-community support, leadership, guidance curriculum, staff/time use, counselor's beliefs and attitudes, counselor's skills, district resources-and overall program readiness. Because prior research shows that this instrument predicts guidance program effectiveness, the findings of the present research have important implications for school reform debates. Specifically, it would appear that school-wide factors significantly influence guidance program outcomes, calling into question the adequacy of accountability systems based on the job performance of individual guidance counselors and other education professionals. This research contributes to a growing body of evidence in support of the whole system paradigm of school reform, which seeks to improve both individual and system outcomes through system transformation.