Freiburg (Breisgau), Universiẗat, Diss., 2004. / Erscheinungsjahr an der Haupttitelstelle: 2003.

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

published_or_final_version / Geography and Geology / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1991.

No description available.

<p>The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse the Chinese destination of Hainan, with background in a globalizing tourism destination development, for tourism from Finland and Sweden. The questions at issue are regarding what kind of an impact the status as a special economic zone have had upon Hainan, what kind of conditions there are for tourism on the island, in what form participants of the tourism industry want the development to proceed, what the prevailing trend is for distant destinations for Nordic markets and also regarding what kind of potential there is for organized tourism to Hainan from Finland and Sweden.</p><p>As a foundation for the paper, I’ve composed a theoretical reference for knowledge of China, Hainan and the study of destinations. The sources of secondary kind are literature related to the subject. The primary sources are mainly interviews, field work done at Hainan has given a concrete and personal knowledge of the place. The interviews are with Finnish and Swedish travel operators, Chinese embassy representatives in Finland and Sweden, on Hainan both Nordic tourists and tourism industry stakeholders were interviewed.</p><p>The analysis bring forth that Hainan do have relatively good conditions for tourism. The destination has gone through a relatively rapid development, mainly focused upon domestic tourism. The development has led to an infrastructure for tourism, and as experienced during my visit, this is obvious through widespread tourism related building. The status of Hainan as a Special Economic Zone, received during the late 1980s, has facilitated the development of tourism. Although the status has lost its real function as once had, favourable conditions facilitated rapid tourism development, giving as an example tourism development zones. The prevailing development of Hainan, is the making of a top class resort destination. This is foremost aimed at the domestic market, but increasing at international markets such as the Nordic ones. The participants on Hainan seem to have a relatively common standpoint, in the process of attracting increasing amounts of Nordic visitors. Regarding Finnish and Swedish operators, distant destinations seem to have a certain degree of development possibilities. As flexible means of travel increases, changes are given upon the volume of travel. Connected to this, is different resulting opportunities for destinations, depending on volume and demand from tourists. Hainan being a distant destination, would need large volumes to justify significant arrangements. Finnish and Swedish operators are somewhat interested of Hainan, although varying depending on operator and to a great deal on the current small volumes. In conclusion, Hainan represents a globalizing tourism destination development, giving new tourism places. There is need of accomplishing demand in Finland and Sweden for Hainan, to get pronounced volumes of organised arrangements. Tough competition give the need for a proactive and aggressive approach from the participants of Hainan to achieve these volumes. Of importance for further development, is to produce an increasing demand in the Finnish and Swedish markets, that the destination bring forth a more palpable domestic/local form of culture and that a suitable form of travel to Hainan at present, for an example is combination tours.</p>

The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse the Chinese destination of Hainan, with background in a globalizing tourism destination development, for tourism from Finland and Sweden. The questions at issue are regarding what kind of an impact the status as a special economic zone have had upon Hainan, what kind of conditions there are for tourism on the island, in what form participants of the tourism industry want the development to proceed, what the prevailing trend is for distant destinations for Nordic markets and also regarding what kind of potential there is for organized tourism to Hainan from Finland and Sweden. As a foundation for the paper, I’ve composed a theoretical reference for knowledge of China, Hainan and the study of destinations. The sources of secondary kind are literature related to the subject. The primary sources are mainly interviews, field work done at Hainan has given a concrete and personal knowledge of the place. The interviews are with Finnish and Swedish travel operators, Chinese embassy representatives in Finland and Sweden, on Hainan both Nordic tourists and tourism industry stakeholders were interviewed. The analysis bring forth that Hainan do have relatively good conditions for tourism. The destination has gone through a relatively rapid development, mainly focused upon domestic tourism. The development has led to an infrastructure for tourism, and as experienced during my visit, this is obvious through widespread tourism related building. The status of Hainan as a Special Economic Zone, received during the late 1980s, has facilitated the development of tourism. Although the status has lost its real function as once had, favourable conditions facilitated rapid tourism development, giving as an example tourism development zones. The prevailing development of Hainan, is the making of a top class resort destination. This is foremost aimed at the domestic market, but increasing at international markets such as the Nordic ones. The participants on Hainan seem to have a relatively common standpoint, in the process of attracting increasing amounts of Nordic visitors. Regarding Finnish and Swedish operators, distant destinations seem to have a certain degree of development possibilities. As flexible means of travel increases, changes are given upon the volume of travel. Connected to this, is different resulting opportunities for destinations, depending on volume and demand from tourists. Hainan being a distant destination, would need large volumes to justify significant arrangements. Finnish and Swedish operators are somewhat interested of Hainan, although varying depending on operator and to a great deal on the current small volumes. In conclusion, Hainan represents a globalizing tourism destination development, giving new tourism places. There is need of accomplishing demand in Finland and Sweden for Hainan, to get pronounced volumes of organised arrangements. Tough competition give the need for a proactive and aggressive approach from the participants of Hainan to achieve these volumes. Of importance for further development, is to produce an increasing demand in the Finnish and Swedish markets, that the destination bring forth a more palpable domestic/local form of culture and that a suitable form of travel to Hainan at present, for an example is combination tours.

This thesis examines the characteristics of a community that positively influence the success of a community renewable energy project. As the first stage of a two-stage inductive research process, a review of relevant bodies of literature results in the development of 5 characteristics of a community that?based on the literature?have the potential to positively affect the success of a community renewable energy project. Those characteristics are: a large stock of social capital and a strong sense of community; effective leadership from local government and local organizations; past experience with cooperation and innovation, and access to technical resources; economic perceptions and realities; and biophysical resources appropriate to the technologies being used. <br /><br /> Following an examination of how these characteristics might manifest themselves in a Chinese context, the five characteristics were used as a heuristic to guide the second stage of the research process: a case study of a community biogas project in Cang Dong Village in China's Hainan province. This case study suggests that the success of Cang Dong's biogas project was directly influenced by four main factors: effective leadership from local government, access to technical resources, economic perceptions and realities, and biophysical resources appropriate to the technologies being used. The impact of the community's past experience with innovation & cooperation and their strong stock of social capital were more ambiguous; although the community had past experience with cooperative and innovative projects, along with a high stock of social capital, a direct link between these characteristics and the success of the biogas project could not be conclusively determined. <br /><br /> As a result of the case study, this thesis concludes with an outline of a general framework that could be used to evaluate the suitability of a community for a community renewable energy project. This outline is presented acknowledging the exploratory nature of this research and follows the need for more research on this topic.

China currently produces the largest quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the world at 190, 000, 000 metric tones (World Bank 2005). China faces the continuing challenge of increased waste generation due to population growth, increased income, and increased urbanization. As part of environmental protection initiatives, the central government has issued many policy commitments at the national level to address waste management. In concurrence with the national objectives of addressing the problem of waste management, Hainan province has developed an integrated waste management plan that it hopes to implement by 2020 (The Hainan City Environment and Sanitary Association, in association with Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology of Environmental Science and Engineering, 2005). Organic waste, which accounts for a significant proportion of the waste stream in China, poses both challenges and opportunities in terms of disposal and recovery. While the final disposal of organics may present significant challenges, recovery of organic waste through composting is one alternative. Composting is widely recognized as an effective method of turning organic waste into a useful product. Nevertheless, the implementation of composting as part of a Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) strategy faces challenges. Broadly, these challenges include administrative/policy, human acceptance and participation, management, technological and logistical, and marketing as well as composting process, source separation, contamination, quality of the final product, appropriate composting technologies and final demand and distribution of the final product (Schubeler et al. 1996, Hoornweg et al. 1999). This thesis uses a case study approach in implementing a composting pilot project in cooperation with the local and provincial government in Baisha Hainan China. Labor intensive, low technological, windrow composting is used so as to assess the challenges and potential of implementing composting as part of a municipal solid waste management strategy in Baisha Hainan China. The research uses a participatory action research approach incorporating research methods such as participant observation, key informant interviews (n=122), and rapid rural appraisals. The research objectives are to understand the current waste management system, understand how implementing composting affects the waste management system entails, understand the barriers to implementation, understand the implications: impact of implementation, potential, and finally to propose recommendations on how to implement composting. The research identified seven necessary key factors that if not given sufficient attention could potentially jeopardize the successful implementation and operation of composting: governmental support must be present, funds must be made available since operating cost of the waste management system will increase, best practices for composting must be established, training for waste workers must be provided, a market (or end use) for the final product must be established, NIMBY needs to be addressed, source separation should be applied.