This thesis examines the characteristics of a community that positively influence the success of a community renewable energy project. As the first stage of a two-stage inductive research process, a review of relevant bodies of literature results in the development of 5 characteristics of a community that?based on the literature?have the potential to positively affect the success of a community renewable energy project. Those characteristics are: a large stock of social capital and a strong sense of community; effective leadership from local government and local organizations; past experience with cooperation and innovation, and access to technical resources; economic perceptions and realities; and biophysical resources appropriate to the technologies being used. <br /><br /> Following an examination of how these characteristics might manifest themselves in a Chinese context, the five characteristics were used as a heuristic to guide the second stage of the research process: a case study of a community biogas project in Cang Dong Village in China's Hainan province. This case study suggests that the success of Cang Dong's biogas project was directly influenced by four main factors: effective leadership from local government, access to technical resources, economic perceptions and realities, and biophysical resources appropriate to the technologies being used. The impact of the community's past experience with innovation & cooperation and their strong stock of social capital were more ambiguous; although the community had past experience with cooperative and innovative projects, along with a high stock of social capital, a direct link between these characteristics and the success of the biogas project could not be conclusively determined. <br /><br /> As a result of the case study, this thesis concludes with an outline of a general framework that could be used to evaluate the suitability of a community for a community renewable energy project. This outline is presented acknowledging the exploratory nature of this research and follows the need for more research on this topic.

China currently produces the largest quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the world at 190, 000, 000 metric tones (World Bank 2005). China faces the continuing challenge of increased waste generation due to population growth, increased income, and increased urbanization. As part of environmental protection initiatives, the central government has issued many policy commitments at the national level to address waste management. In concurrence with the national objectives of addressing the problem of waste management, Hainan province has developed an integrated waste management plan that it hopes to implement by 2020 (The Hainan City Environment and Sanitary Association, in association with Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology of Environmental Science and Engineering, 2005). Organic waste, which accounts for a significant proportion of the waste stream in China, poses both challenges and opportunities in terms of disposal and recovery. While the final disposal of organics may present significant challenges, recovery of organic waste through composting is one alternative. Composting is widely recognized as an effective method of turning organic waste into a useful product. Nevertheless, the implementation of composting as part of a Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) strategy faces challenges. Broadly, these challenges include administrative/policy, human acceptance and participation, management, technological and logistical, and marketing as well as composting process, source separation, contamination, quality of the final product, appropriate composting technologies and final demand and distribution of the final product (Schubeler et al. 1996, Hoornweg et al. 1999). This thesis uses a case study approach in implementing a composting pilot project in cooperation with the local and provincial government in Baisha Hainan China. Labor intensive, low technological, windrow composting is used so as to assess the challenges and potential of implementing composting as part of a municipal solid waste management strategy in Baisha Hainan China. The research uses a participatory action research approach incorporating research methods such as participant observation, key informant interviews (n=122), and rapid rural appraisals. The research objectives are to understand the current waste management system, understand how implementing composting affects the waste management system entails, understand the barriers to implementation, understand the implications: impact of implementation, potential, and finally to propose recommendations on how to implement composting. The research identified seven necessary key factors that if not given sufficient attention could potentially jeopardize the successful implementation and operation of composting: governmental support must be present, funds must be made available since operating cost of the waste management system will increase, best practices for composting must be established, training for waste workers must be provided, a market (or end use) for the final product must be established, NIMBY needs to be addressed, source separation should be applied.

海南地居中國東南沿海第一門戶，在清代並未得到中央政府應有的重視，但是張之洞任職兩廣總督期間，卻對其大力建設。本文首先探討張之洞建設海南的時代背景，以當時的情勢分析其作法乃因應海防所需。以這個觀點，將其對海南的種種作為進行整體性的探討，使得建設的原因與動機得到相當合理的解釋，更進一步說明其建設的主張即在於「籌瓊之要，以治軍防海為歸宿，而必自撫黎開山始」。其諸多建設可綜合為兩方面：內陸治化與軍備籌設，不僅治標地擴展軍力，更厚實社會力量，澈底鞏固海防的根基。張之洞從事海南海防建設，需要大筆經費，但是此時清廷國庫已無餘力支應，唯有自力籌措，本文對其經費取得的方法亦有所介紹。張之洞大力建設海南海防，但是由於國際局勢、清廷的海防政策、及朝臣從中摯肘，使得張之洞被迫調離兩廣。李瀚章繼任兩廣總督，他並不像張之洞那麼重視海南的海防地位，使得海南海防建設走向下坡。針對這種情形，本文分成軍備、內陸治化兩方面加以探討，並分析內陸治化傾圮對海防的影響。最後，以台灣同時期的海防建設與海南海防建設相比較，不僅可以發現其動機幾乎一樣，甚至建設的理念也近似，「一面撫番，一面開路」及「誠令全番歸化，內亂無虞；外患雖來，尚可驅之禦侮」，這樣的說法與張之洞的主張不謀而合。

Wu, Huanyu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-170). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; includes Chinese. / Illustrations --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- Research Question --- p.4 / Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Theoretical Background: Tradition, Modernity, and Social Change" --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2. --- Research Perspective: Food studies --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3. --- Utsat Studies --- p.15 / Chapter 3. --- Methodology --- p.17 / Chapter 4. --- Chapter Organization --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- An Islamic History of Utsat --- p.22 / Chapter 1. --- Arabian-Persian Merchants --- p.22 / Chapter 2. --- Champa Immigrants --- p.27 / Chapter 3. --- Mainland Muslims --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Pu (蒲）Lineage --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Hai （海） Lineage --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Book of Utsat Genealogies (《通屯宗谱全书》) --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4 --- Some Observations --- p.42 / Chapter 4. --- Being Hui --- p.47 / Chapter 5. --- Summary and Analysis --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The Contemporary Utsat Community --- p.57 / Chapter 1. --- Location and Demography --- p.57 / Chapter 2. --- The Local Religious Practice --- p.58 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Mosques --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2 --- Core Duties and Beliefs --- p.61 / Chapter 3. --- Education --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1 --- Religious Education --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2 --- Secular Education --- p.66 / Chapter 4. --- Kinship and Communal Interaction --- p.70 / Chapter 5. --- Tourism and the Local Economy --- p.74 / Chapter 6. --- Summary --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Qingzhen and Islamic Food Laws --- p.78 / Chapter 1. --- The Meaning of Qingzhen --- p.78 / Chapter 2. --- Qingzhen and Islamic Foodways --- p.81 / Chapter 3. --- The Utsat Understanding of qingzhen --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1 --- Our Hui Food --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2 --- Ethnic Food --- p.100 / Chapter 4. --- Summary --- p.104 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Tourism and Law-breaking Behaviors --- p.105 / Chapter 1. --- The Development of Sanya Tourism --- p.105 / Chapter 1.1 --- A General Background --- p.105 / Chapter 1.2 --- Making a Fortune: A Success Story of an Utsat woman --- p.109 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Islam, Gender, and Social Change" --- p.113 / Chapter 2. --- The Changing Utsat Foodways --- p.115 / Chapter 2.1 --- Lawful Ways of Changing --- p.115 / Chapter 2.2 --- Law-breaking Behaviors --- p.125 / Chapter 3. --- Summary & Discussion --- p.149 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.152 / Chapter 1. --- The Nature of Utsat Social Change --- p.152 / Chapter 2. --- Reflections on the Study of Social Change --- p.156 / Bibliography --- p.159 / Appendix I --- p.171

據手稿本影印. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Ju shou gao ben ying yin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-182). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引論 --- p.1 / Chapter (一) --- 研究目的 --- p.1 / Chapter (二) --- 文獻評述 --- p.4 / Chapter (三) --- 研究方法 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二章 --- 黎族概況 --- p.12 / Chapter (一) --- 地理環境 --- p.12 / Chapter (二) --- 歷史背景 --- p.14 / Chapter 第三章 --- 中國政府的少數民族政策 --- p.19 / Chapter 第四章 --- 中國政府對黎族的教育政策 --- p.25 / Chapter (一) --- 第一期　自宋至清 --- p.25 / Chapter (二) --- 第二期　民國期間 --- p.28 / Chapter (三) --- 第三期　中華人民共和國成立以後 --- p.32 / Chapter 第五章 --- 四個現代化方針下的黎族人民教育 --- p.38 / Chapter (一) --- 地方自治權 --- p.39 / Chapter (二) --- 教育投資的變化 --- p.39 / Chapter (三) --- 黎族原有文化的發展 --- p.41 / Chapter (四) --- 黎族教育的現況 --- p.42 / Chapter 1 --- 教育行政 --- p.43 / Chapter 2 --- 學制 --- p.53 / Chapter 3 --- 教育內容 --- p.62 / Chapter 4 --- 教師訓練 --- p.71 / Chapter 第六章 --- 黎族教育發展的幾個問題 --- p.83 / Chapter 第七章 --- 黎族教育的檢討與前景 --- p.88 / Chapter 附錄 --- 附錄 --- p.100 / Chapter (一) --- 原始資料 / Chapter 1 --- 海南島地圖 --- p.100 / Chapter 2 --- 歷史實地考察所得的資料 --- p.102 / Chapter (1) --- 廣東市教育局 --- p.102 / Chapter (2) --- 廣東民族學院 --- p.102 / Chapter (3) --- 廣東省民族研究所 --- p.108 / Chapter (4) --- 海南島苗族自治州 --- p.108 / Chapter A --- 計劃 --- p.108 / Chapter B --- 日程 --- p.109 / Chapter C --- 田野工作經過 --- p.110 / Chapter D --- 海南島黎族苗族自治州教育局 --- p.112 / Chapter E --- 州師範學校（各族並收) --- p.115 / Chapter F --- 番茅小學（只收黎族） --- p.118 / Chapter G --- 州立衛生學校（各族並收） --- p.126 / Chapter H --- 州立中學（重點中學）（各族並收） --- p.157 / Chapter I --- 崖縣田獨新村小學（只收黎族） --- p.157 / Chapter J --- 田獨小學附中（只收黎族） --- p.165 / Chapter K --- 崖縣幼兒園（各族並收） --- p.166 / Chapter L --- 樂東縣縣立民族中學 （只收黎族） --- p.170 / Chapter M --- 樂東縣縣長介紹的教育情況 --- p.172 / Chapter N --- 海南師專（行政區高等學院） --- p.173 / Chapter O --- 瓊台師範（行政區師範學校） --- p.174 / Chapter (二) --- 參考文獻 --- p.175 / Chapter 1 --- 一般性的文獻 --- p.175 / Chapter 2 --- 關於民族問題的民獻 --- p.176 / Chapter 3 --- 關於少數民族問題的文獻 --- p.176 / Chapter 4 --- 關於中國的少數民族問題的文獻 --- p.176 / Chapter 5 --- 關於海南島的文獻 --- p.178 / Chapter 6 --- 關於黎族的文獻 --- p.179 / Chapter 7 --- 關於教育的文獻 --- p.179 / Chapter 8 --- 報章與期刊 --- p.181

by Chan Cheong Shing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 155-161. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.iv / ABSTRACT --- p.v / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- THEORIES OF HUMAN MIGRATION --- p.9 / Chapter 3. --- THE EFFECT OF INFORMATION UPON MIGRANTS' DECISION --- p.22 / Chapter 4. --- THE CASE STUDY IN HAINAN --- p.57 / Chapter 5. --- POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.114 / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSION --- p.147 / WORKS CITED --- p.155

Cultural tourism provides opportunities for ethnic minorities to showcase their cultures, customs and heritage. At the same time, it causes a series of tensions and issues of authenticity and commodification have been the subjects of lively debate among tourism researchers. However, little research has been done to date concerning the roles of stakeholders who authenticate cultural resources. This thesis develops a conceptual framework that is employed to enhance understanding of the authenticity of cultural tourism when ethnic Li communities in Hainan Island, China, experience tourism development. Folk villages are used as a significant point of access for investigating the tensions which emerge in authenticating cultural resources. Four key stakeholders are identified: (1) governments; (2) tourism businesses; (3) visitors; and, (4) ethnic communities. Five pairs of yardsticks were developed based upon Swain's (1989) work to examine the issue of authentification. These constructs are: non-commercialization versus commodification, cultural evolution versus museumification, economic development versus cultural preservation, ethnic autonomy versus state regulation, and mass tourism development versus sustainable cultural tourism. The findings suggest that authenticity is relative rather than absolute and, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder. Therefore, it is necessary to shift from a previous focus on the nature and identification of authenticity to the more tractable question of authentification. The various stakeholders exhibit different positions with respect to the various paradoxes and the tensions that exist between their poles. For example, governments pay more attention on the control of ethnic autonomy whilst tourism businesses prioritize the economic development. Tourists exhibit blurred perceptions of authenticity whilst ethnic minority supports the maintenance of their of culture but gives priority to jobs and remuneration. This thesis demonstrates that it is more useful to evaluate who authenticates and the interests that such claims serve, rather than to adhere to some absolute standard of 'authentic' ethnicity. It makes recommendations for tourism planners, such as ethnic participation in the decision-making process, the development of strategic alliance among tourism stakeholders, and the taking of steps to promote the maintenance of Li culture. It also suggests opportunities for applying this conceptual framework of cultural tourism to other different situations, both within Hainan and elsewhere.

Cultural tourism provides opportunities for ethnic minorities to showcase their cultures, customs and heritage. At the same time, it causes a series of tensions and issues of authenticity and commodification have been the subjects of lively debate among tourism researchers. However, little research has been done to date concerning the roles of stakeholders who authenticate cultural resources. This thesis develops a conceptual framework that is employed to enhance understanding of the authenticity of cultural tourism when ethnic Li communities in Hainan Island, China, experience tourism development. Folk villages are used as a significant point of access for investigating the tensions which emerge in authenticating cultural resources. Four key stakeholders are identified: (1) governments; (2) tourism businesses; (3) visitors; and, (4) ethnic communities. Five pairs of yardsticks were developed based upon Swain's (1989) work to examine the issue of authentification. These constructs are: non-commercialization versus commodification, cultural evolution versus museumification, economic development versus cultural preservation, ethnic autonomy versus state regulation, and mass tourism development versus sustainable cultural tourism. The findings suggest that authenticity is relative rather than absolute and, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder. Therefore, it is necessary to shift from a previous focus on the nature and identification of authenticity to the more tractable question of authentification. The various stakeholders exhibit different positions with respect to the various paradoxes and the tensions that exist between their poles. For example, governments pay more attention on the control of ethnic autonomy whilst tourism businesses prioritize the economic development. Tourists exhibit blurred perceptions of authenticity whilst ethnic minority supports the maintenance of their of culture but gives priority to jobs and remuneration. This thesis demonstrates that it is more useful to evaluate who authenticates and the interests that such claims serve, rather than to adhere to some absolute standard of 'authentic' ethnicity. It makes recommendations for tourism planners, such as ethnic participation in the decision-making process, the development of strategic alliance among tourism stakeholders, and the taking of steps to promote the maintenance of Li culture. It also suggests opportunities for applying this conceptual framework of cultural tourism to other different situations, both within Hainan and elsewhere.

Energy intervention programs have gained prominence in governmental policies and development agendas as a prevailing practice of improving rural livelihoods and protecting local environment and resources in developing rural areas since early 1970s. In spite of the increasing evidences of small-scale renewable energy systems being advantageous over traditional ones towards rural sustainability, the introduction and diffusion of the new energy systems in many developing rural areas has suffered program ineffectiveness in terms of slow construction, limited utilization, and high risks of being idled or abandoned by the adopters. While there are substantial studies documenting the challenges of rural energy planning, few scholars have devoted to the processes and efficacy of the planning practice. Literature has obvious gaps between planning theory and rural energy planning practice as no prior academic efforts were uncovered to use planning theory to examine the rural energy planning practice and to provide directions to future practice. Meanwhile, literature suggests that the integration of efficacy-oriented and context-dependent principles of planning theory into the energy planning processes can contribute to the effectiveness of rural energy intervention programs. Vital to the integration is the conduct of a study that critically assesses the rural energy planning processes against the insights drawn from planning theory and then provides policy implications for bridging the gaps between theory and practice. A review of literature on energy, planning, and community development in relation to sustainability led to an evaluative framework containing 24 criteria which were aggregated into six groups of principles, i.e., equity, flexibility, efficiency, participation, continuity and reflectivity. The principles were coupled respectively focusing on the operationalization, implementation, and monitoring processes of rural energy planning. Employing a primary case study design, the researcher conducted the field study in southern China’s Hainan province to examine whether the aggregated criteria were upheld and performed in local practices. In the field research, the author collected relative information and data through interviews, surveys, secondary sources, and direct observation. The data were analyzed in a mix of inter-related qualitative and quantitative methods. Where possible, the author used triangulation to limit individual and methodological biases. Hainan’s rural energy intervention programs of introducing and diffusion renewable energy systems such as anaerobic digesters and solar heaters in developing rural areas were significant contents of the provincial eco-village program and eco-province strategy. Although the energy programs had satisfactory effectiveness sporadically in a few villages, the majority of the programs suffered from problems like slow construction, limited utilization, and high risks of being idled or abandoned by the adopters. A number of challenges were recognized and mentioned by the administrative interviewees, including financial, technical, social, cultural, institutional and other constraints that support and conform to the discussions in literature. The study advances the understandings by identifying the gaps between planning theory and local rural energy planning practice in Hainan. Specifically, the equity principle was recognized but not totally fulfilled; the flexibility principle remained contentious and singularly executed; the efficiency principle was accepted but performed without enough scrutiny; the participation principle was emphasized but challenging; the continuity principle was aware of but not compulsorily executed; and the reflectivity principle was vague and overlooked. The author further analyzes that there will be barriers at the micro, meso, and macro levels to impede the integration of planning theory into rural energy planning practice. Extending the findings to a broader discussion on planning for development projects in developing rural areas, the author highlights a number of external and internal problems that harm the program effectiveness and calls for immediate and meaningful attention to ensuring program effectiveness. Several suggestions are provided for policy reconsideration and reorientation.

Energy intervention programs have gained prominence in governmental policies and development agendas as a prevailing practice of improving rural livelihoods and protecting local environment and resources in developing rural areas since early 1970s. In spite of the increasing evidences of small-scale renewable energy systems being advantageous over traditional ones towards rural sustainability, the introduction and diffusion of the new energy systems in many developing rural areas has suffered program ineffectiveness in terms of slow construction, limited utilization, and high risks of being idled or abandoned by the adopters. While there are substantial studies documenting the challenges of rural energy planning, few scholars have devoted to the processes and efficacy of the planning practice. Literature has obvious gaps between planning theory and rural energy planning practice as no prior academic efforts were uncovered to use planning theory to examine the rural energy planning practice and to provide directions to future practice. Meanwhile, literature suggests that the integration of efficacy-oriented and context-dependent principles of planning theory into the energy planning processes can contribute to the effectiveness of rural energy intervention programs. Vital to the integration is the conduct of a study that critically assesses the rural energy planning processes against the insights drawn from planning theory and then provides policy implications for bridging the gaps between theory and practice. A review of literature on energy, planning, and community development in relation to sustainability led to an evaluative framework containing 24 criteria which were aggregated into six groups of principles, i.e., equity, flexibility, efficiency, participation, continuity and reflectivity. The principles were coupled respectively focusing on the operationalization, implementation, and monitoring processes of rural energy planning. Employing a primary case study design, the researcher conducted the field study in southern China’s Hainan province to examine whether the aggregated criteria were upheld and performed in local practices. In the field research, the author collected relative information and data through interviews, surveys, secondary sources, and direct observation. The data were analyzed in a mix of inter-related qualitative and quantitative methods. Where possible, the author used triangulation to limit individual and methodological biases. Hainan’s rural energy intervention programs of introducing and diffusion renewable energy systems such as anaerobic digesters and solar heaters in developing rural areas were significant contents of the provincial eco-village program and eco-province strategy. Although the energy programs had satisfactory effectiveness sporadically in a few villages, the majority of the programs suffered from problems like slow construction, limited utilization, and high risks of being idled or abandoned by the adopters. A number of challenges were recognized and mentioned by the administrative interviewees, including financial, technical, social, cultural, institutional and other constraints that support and conform to the discussions in literature. The study advances the understandings by identifying the gaps between planning theory and local rural energy planning practice in Hainan. Specifically, the equity principle was recognized but not totally fulfilled; the flexibility principle remained contentious and singularly executed; the efficiency principle was accepted but performed without enough scrutiny; the participation principle was emphasized but challenging; the continuity principle was aware of but not compulsorily executed; and the reflectivity principle was vague and overlooked. The author further analyzes that there will be barriers at the micro, meso, and macro levels to impede the integration of planning theory into rural energy planning practice. Extending the findings to a broader discussion on planning for development projects in developing rural areas, the author highlights a number of external and internal problems that harm the program effectiveness and calls for immediate and meaningful attention to ensuring program effectiveness. Several suggestions are provided for policy reconsideration and reorientation.