In this work, we present mathematical and artistic techniques for the easy creation of artistic screening animations in video resolution by extending the artistic screening technique of adapting various patterns as screen dots for generating halftones. For video dithering, three different animations are needed. One is for screen dots which is a simple black and white animation; another is for the goal (or perceived) animation on the screen; and the other animation is for controlling the color and the size of screen dots. By combining three different animations with video dithering techniques, two animations appear simultaneously on the result video screen and provide complex and unique animation. Our techniques assure creating of aesthetic looking movies by providing frame to frame coherence and avoiding spatial and temporal aliasing that can be caused by low quality of video images. We shows how this technique is a powerful and effective way to create artistic results, by demonstrating variety of video dithering.

In this work, we present mathematical and artistic techniques for the easy creation of artistic screening animations in video resolution by extending the artistic screening technique of adapting various patterns as screen dots for generating halftones. For video dithering, three different animations are needed. One is for screen dots which is a simple black and white animation; another is for the goal (or perceived) animation on the screen; and the other animation is for controlling the color and the size of screen dots. By combining three different animations with video dithering techniques, two animations appear simultaneously on the result video screen and provide complex and unique animation. Our techniques assure creating of aesthetic looking movies by providing frame to frame coherence and avoiding spatial and temporal aliasing that can be caused by low quality of video images. We shows how this technique is a powerful and effective way to create artistic results, by demonstrating variety of video dithering.

Efficient methods for the calculation of radial influence are described and applied to two image processing problems, digital halftoning and mixed content image compression. The methods operate recursively on scanlines of image values, spreading intensity from scanline to scanline in proportions approximating a Cauchy distribution. For error diffusion halftoning, experiments show that this recursive scanline spreading provides an ideal pattern of distribution of error. Error diffusion using masks generated to provide this distribution of error alleviate error diffusion "worm" artifacts. The recursive scanline by scanline application of a spreading filter and a complementary filter can be used to reconstruct an image from its horizontal and vertical pixel difference values. When combined with the use of a downsampled image the reconstruction is robust to incomplete and quantized pixel difference data. Such gradient field integration methods are described in detail proceeding from representation of images by gradient values along contours through to a variety of efficient algorithms. Comparisons show that this form of gradient field integration by convolution provides reduced distortion compared to other high speed gradient integration methods. The reduced distortion can be attributed to success in approximating a radial pattern of influence. An approach to edge-based image compression is proposed using integration of gradient data along edge contours and regularly sampled low resolution image data. This edge-based image compression model is similar to previous sketch based image coding methods but allows a simple and efficient calculation of an edge-based approximation image. A low complexity implementation of this approach to compression is described. The implementation extracts and represents gradient data along edge contours as pixel differences and calculates an approximate image by performing integration of pixel difference data by scanline convolution. The implementation was developed as a prototype for compression of mixed content image data in printing systems. Compression results are reported and strengths and weaknesses of the implementation are identified.

Efficient methods for the calculation of radial influence are described and applied to two image processing problems, digital halftoning and mixed content image compression. The methods operate recursively on scanlines of image values, spreading intensity from scanline to scanline in proportions approximating a Cauchy distribution. For error diffusion halftoning, experiments show that this recursive scanline spreading provides an ideal pattern of distribution of error. Error diffusion using masks generated to provide this distribution of error alleviate error diffusion "worm" artifacts. The recursive scanline by scanline application of a spreading filter and a complementary filter can be used to reconstruct an image from its horizontal and vertical pixel difference values. When combined with the use of a downsampled image the reconstruction is robust to incomplete and quantized pixel difference data. Such gradient field integration methods are described in detail proceeding from representation of images by gradient values along contours through to a variety of efficient algorithms. Comparisons show that this form of gradient field integration by convolution provides reduced distortion compared to other high speed gradient integration methods. The reduced distortion can be attributed to success in approximating a radial pattern of influence. An approach to edge-based image compression is proposed using integration of gradient data along edge contours and regularly sampled low resolution image data. This edge-based image compression model is similar to previous sketch based image coding methods but allows a simple and efficient calculation of an edge-based approximation image. A low complexity implementation of this approach to compression is described. The implementation extracts and represents gradient data along edge contours as pixel differences and calculates an approximate image by performing integration of pixel difference data by scanline convolution. The implementation was developed as a prototype for compression of mixed content image data in printing systems. Compression results are reported and strengths and weaknesses of the implementation are identified.

Efficient methods for the calculation of radial influence are described and applied to two image processing problems, digital halftoning and mixed content image compression. The methods operate recursively on scanlines of image values, spreading intensity from scanline to scanline in proportions approximating a Cauchy distribution. For error diffusion halftoning, experiments show that this recursive scanline spreading provides an ideal pattern of distribution of error. Error diffusion using masks generated to provide this distribution of error alleviate error diffusion "worm" artifacts. The recursive scanline by scanline application of a spreading filter and a complementary filter can be used to reconstruct an image from its horizontal and vertical pixel difference values. When combined with the use of a downsampled image the reconstruction is robust to incomplete and quantized pixel difference data. Such gradient field integration methods are described in detail proceeding from representation of images by gradient values along contours through to a variety of efficient algorithms. Comparisons show that this form of gradient field integration by convolution provides reduced distortion compared to other high speed gradient integration methods. The reduced distortion can be attributed to success in approximating a radial pattern of influence. An approach to edge-based image compression is proposed using integration of gradient data along edge contours and regularly sampled low resolution image data. This edge-based image compression model is similar to previous sketch based image coding methods but allows a simple and efficient calculation of an edge-based approximation image. A low complexity implementation of this approach to compression is described. The implementation extracts and represents gradient data along edge contours as pixel differences and calculates an approximate image by performing integration of pixel difference data by scanline convolution. The implementation was developed as a prototype for compression of mixed content image data in printing systems. Compression results are reported and strengths and weaknesses of the implementation are identified.

Efficient methods for the calculation of radial influence are described and applied to two image processing problems, digital halftoning and mixed content image compression. The methods operate recursively on scanlines of image values, spreading intensity from scanline to scanline in proportions approximating a Cauchy distribution. For error diffusion halftoning, experiments show that this recursive scanline spreading provides an ideal pattern of distribution of error. Error diffusion using masks generated to provide this distribution of error alleviate error diffusion "worm" artifacts. The recursive scanline by scanline application of a spreading filter and a complementary filter can be used to reconstruct an image from its horizontal and vertical pixel difference values. When combined with the use of a downsampled image the reconstruction is robust to incomplete and quantized pixel difference data. Such gradient field integration methods are described in detail proceeding from representation of images by gradient values along contours through to a variety of efficient algorithms. Comparisons show that this form of gradient field integration by convolution provides reduced distortion compared to other high speed gradient integration methods. The reduced distortion can be attributed to success in approximating a radial pattern of influence. An approach to edge-based image compression is proposed using integration of gradient data along edge contours and regularly sampled low resolution image data. This edge-based image compression model is similar to previous sketch based image coding methods but allows a simple and efficient calculation of an edge-based approximation image. A low complexity implementation of this approach to compression is described. The implementation extracts and represents gradient data along edge contours as pixel differences and calculates an approximate image by performing integration of pixel difference data by scanline convolution. The implementation was developed as a prototype for compression of mixed content image data in printing systems. Compression results are reported and strengths and weaknesses of the implementation are identified.

<p>In this thesis, I present three research topics in the areas of scanning and printing.</p><p>The first topic is on detecting and removing specific artifacts in images scanned using</p><p>sheetfed scanners. Sheetfed scanners are widely used for scanning stacks of loose pages at</p><p>high speed. The scanhead in the sheet-fed scanners is stationary and the pages are fed with</p><p>an automatic document feeder. When dust particles get stuck onto the scanner glass, they</p><p>reflect the incident light and cause vertical streaks in the scanned images. These artifacts are</p><p>known as dust streaks. I have developed a method for detecting and healing dust streaks.</p><p>The second topic is on motor control system and test page design for inkjet printers.</p><p>Motor control consists of two main parts which are movement of the printhead in the scan</p><p>direction and the process direction. Scan direction movement needs to have a constant</p><p>smooth velocity in order to avoid banding artifacts. Process direction movement needs to</p><p>advance an exact distance in order to avoid misalignment. The full procedure for implementing</p><p>the motor control on a microcontroller, determining optimal parameters, and designing</p><p>test pages for validating the motor control system is presented.</p><p>The third topic is on printer model based halftoning and print mask design using DBS.</p><p>Inkjet printers can fire nozzles at specific pixel locations. Due to nozzle clogging and nonuniformity</p><p>in the nozzles, inkjet printers usually print in the multipass mode to reduce print</p><p>artifacts. In this mode, the printhead goes over the same line more than once with different</p><p>sets of nozzles of the same ink. Print mask determines which pixels are printed at a certain</p><p>pass and which pixels are not printed. I developed a printer model to predict prints and</p><p>also developed test pages to obtain parameters for the printer model. Then, we looked into</p><p>model based halftoning and print mask design using the direct binary search algorithm. In</p><p>addition, I investigated the advantages and disadvantages of using light magenta as opposed</p><p>to using black ink in 4-color printing.</p>

<p>In this dissertation, we propose four novel digital image processing algorithms. First, we discuss a novel digital halftoning algorithm that efficiently removes halftone artifacts commonly associated with error diffusion while adding only an insignificant computational cost. Second, we propose a novel gamut mapping algorithm that utilizes the entire printer gamut resulting in more saturated print results. Third, we propose two digital halftoning algorithms using deep neural networks that generate halftones with quality comparable to those generated with the direct binary search (DBS) algorithm. Lastly, we propose a descreening algorithm based on generative adversarial networks (GAN) framework that generates images with realistic texture.</p>

Hologramas podem ser produzidos utilizando-se técnicas tradicionais de holografia ou podem ser gerados também por computador, conhecidos como hologramas gerados por computador (HGCs). A maioria destes hologramas opera usando luz monocromática. Por outro lado, os hologramas podem também operar com luz branca. Estes elementos de luz branca são usados em diversas aplicações, como segurança, para verificar a autenticidade dos cartões de crédito e outros documentos, porque seus processos de fabricação são difíceis e caros de serem reproduzidos. Entretanto, os hologramas de luz branca convencionais operam baseados na reflexão da luz, e apresentam alguns efeitos indesejáveis, como distorções cromáticas, como o efeito rainbow. Neste trabalho foi proposto um elemento óptico difrativo de luz branca gerado por computador. O elemento é calculado baseado na técnica de halftoning e na coerência espacial parcial de uma fonte de luz branca estendida. Os elementos da fase são produzidos através de técnicas de fabricação bem estabelecidas de circuitos integrados, e as simulações óticas são apresentadas. Não há necessidade de métodos iterativos. Os resultados das reconstruções ópticas e simuladas deste elemento de luz branca são muito semelhantes e produzem imagens nítidas, não sendo observadas distorções cromáticas. O elemento de luz branca ainda não foi descrito na literatura, e algumas de suas aplicações podem ser um correlator óptico ou arte holográfica. Este trabalho foi realizado no laboratório de óptica do departamento da engenharia elétrica do EESC, e financiado por CAPES (Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior). / Holograms can be produced using traditional holography techniques or may be also generated by computer, which are known as CGHs(Computer-generated holograms). Most of these holograms operate using monochromatic light. On the other hand, holograms can also operate with white light. These white light holograms are used in several applications, such as security, to verify the autencity of credit cards end other documents, because their fabrication processes are dificult to reproduce and are expensive. However, convencional white light holograms operate based on reflection of light, and present some undesirable effects, like chromatic distortions, such as rainbow effect. In this work it was proposed a computer-generated phase optical difractive element designed to operate under white light illumination. The element is calculated based on the halftoning technique and in the partial spatial coherence of a white light extended source. Phase elements are manufactured using well-established integrated circuits fabrication techniques and optical simulations are shown. No iterative methods are necessary. Simulated and optical reconstructions results are very similar and produce good clear images, and no chromatic distortions are observed. The white light element was not yet described on literature, and some of its applications may be an optical correlator or holographic art. This work was carried at the laboratory of optics of the department of electrical engineering of the EESC, and supported by CAPES (Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento dePessoal de Nível Superior).

Hologramas podem ser produzidos utilizando-se técnicas tradicionais de holografia ou podem ser gerados também por computador, conhecidos como hologramas gerados por computador (HGCs). A maioria destes hologramas opera usando luz monocromática. Por outro lado, os hologramas podem também operar com luz branca. Estes elementos de luz branca são usados em diversas aplicações, como segurança, para verificar a autenticidade dos cartões de crédito e outros documentos, porque seus processos de fabricação são difíceis e caros de serem reproduzidos. Entretanto, os hologramas de luz branca convencionais operam baseados na reflexão da luz, e apresentam alguns efeitos indesejáveis, como distorções cromáticas, como o efeito rainbow. Neste trabalho foi proposto um elemento óptico difrativo de luz branca gerado por computador. O elemento é calculado baseado na técnica de halftoning e na coerência espacial parcial de uma fonte de luz branca estendida. Os elementos da fase são produzidos através de técnicas de fabricação bem estabelecidas de circuitos integrados, e as simulações óticas são apresentadas. Não há necessidade de métodos iterativos. Os resultados das reconstruções ópticas e simuladas deste elemento de luz branca são muito semelhantes e produzem imagens nítidas, não sendo observadas distorções cromáticas. O elemento de luz branca ainda não foi descrito na literatura, e algumas de suas aplicações podem ser um correlator óptico ou arte holográfica. Este trabalho foi realizado no laboratório de óptica do departamento da engenharia elétrica do EESC, e financiado por CAPES (Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior). / Holograms can be produced using traditional holography techniques or may be also generated by computer, which are known as CGHs(Computer-generated holograms). Most of these holograms operate using monochromatic light. On the other hand, holograms can also operate with white light. These white light holograms are used in several applications, such as security, to verify the autencity of credit cards end other documents, because their fabrication processes are dificult to reproduce and are expensive. However, convencional white light holograms operate based on reflection of light, and present some undesirable effects, like chromatic distortions, such as rainbow effect. In this work it was proposed a computer-generated phase optical difractive element designed to operate under white light illumination. The element is calculated based on the halftoning technique and in the partial spatial coherence of a white light extended source. Phase elements are manufactured using well-established integrated circuits fabrication techniques and optical simulations are shown. No iterative methods are necessary. Simulated and optical reconstructions results are very similar and produce good clear images, and no chromatic distortions are observed. The white light element was not yet described on literature, and some of its applications may be an optical correlator or holographic art. This work was carried at the laboratory of optics of the department of electrical engineering of the EESC, and supported by CAPES (Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento dePessoal de Nível Superior).