Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation et la modélisation des fluctuations aléatoires des paramètres électriques des transistors MOS avancées. La structure de test utilisée est validée expérimentalement au moyen de la méthode de mesure de Kelvin. Pour comprendre le comportement des fluctuations, un modèle est d’abord proposé pour le régime linéaire. Il permet de modéliser les fluctuations de la tension de seuil des transistors avec implants de poche pour toutes les longueurs de transistor et aussi pour toute la gamme de tension de grille. Ensuite, l’appariement du courant de drain est caractérisé et modélisé en fonction de la tension de drain. Pour modéliser les caractéristiques réelles de transistors sans implants de poche, il est nécessaire de considérer la corrélation des fluctuations de la tension de seuil et celles de la mobilité. De plus, des caractérisations sur des transistors avec implants de poche montrent un nouveau comportement de l’appariement du courant de drain. Des caractérisations ont aussi été menées pour analyser l’impact des fluctuations de la rugosité de grille. / This research characterizes and models the mismatch of electrical parameters in advanced MOS transistors. All characterizations are made through a test structure, which is experimentally validated using a structure based on Kelvin method. A model, valid in the linear region, is proposed. It is used for modeling the threshold voltage fluctuations of the transistors with pocket-implants, for any transistor length and gate voltage. It gives a deep understanding of the mismatch, especially for devices with non-uniform channel. Another study analyzes the mismatch of the drain current by characterizing and modeling in terms of the drain voltage. A second model is then proposed for transistors without pocket-implants. In order to apply this model, the correlation of threshold voltage fluctuations and mobility fluctuations must be considered. Characterizations are also performed on transistors with pocket-implants, showing a new drain current mismatch behavior for long transistors. Finally, characterizations are made to analyze the impact of gate roughness fluctuations on mismatch.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T18:26:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-10-08. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2018-07-27T18:30:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000866829.pdf: 956943 bytes, checksum: 04f2442f891be7dda6675559a483ecfd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho revisaremos o formalismo do Modelo de Halos e suas aplicações. No Modelo de Halos, toda a matéria do universo está contida em objetos virializados de matéria escura, resultado de colapso gravitacional. A distribuição de matéria escura nesses halos e como eles estão distribuídos no universo são os principais elementos para caracterizá-los. Mostraremos a teoria que descreve o modelo de halos e testaremos sua eficácia comparando-a com simulações numéricas de formação de estrutura no universo, por meio do espectro de potência. Faremos também uma adaptação do modelo de halos para a matéria escura morna e mostraremos como esse tipo de matéria suprime a formação de estrutura do universo em pequenas escalas / In this work we review the formalism of the Halo Model, and its applications. In the Halo Model all the matter of the universe is contained in virialized dark matter halos, as a result of gravitational collapse. The distribution of dark matter within these halos, and how they are distributed in the universe are the main features to caracterize them. We'll show the theory that describes the Halo Model and test is efficiency by comparing it to numerical simulations of structure formation in the universe, using the power spectrum. We'll also do an adaptation of Halo model to warm dark matter, and show how this type of matter supress the structure formation of the universe in small scales

Previous studies have shown that the incidence rate of intervening strong Mg II absorbers towards gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) were a factor of 2-4 higher than towards quasars. Exploring the similar sized and uniformly selected legacy data sets XQ-100 and XSGRB, each consisting of 100 quasar and 81 GRB afterglow spectra obtained with a single instrument (VLT/X-shooter), we demonstrate that there is no disagreement in the number density of strong Mg II absorbers with rest-frame equivalent widths W-r(lambda 2796) > 1 angstrom towards GRBs and quasars in the redshift range 0.1 less than or similar to z less than or similar to 5. With large and similar sample sizes, and path length coverages of Delta z = 57.8 and 254 : 4 for GRBs and quasars, respectively, the incidences of intervening absorbers are consistent within 1 sigma uncertainty levels at all redshifts. For absorbers at z < 2.3, the incidence towards GRBs is a factor of 1.5 +/- 0.4 higher than the expected number of strong Mg II absorbers in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) quasar spectra, while for quasar absorbers observed with X-shooter we find an excess factor of 1.4 +/- 0.2 relative to SDSS quasars. Conversely, the incidence rates agree at all redshifts with reported high-spectral-resolution quasar data, and no excess is found. The only remaining discrepancy in incidences is between SDSS Mg II catalogues and high-spectral-resolution studies. The rest-frame equivalent-width distribution also agrees to within 1 sigma uncertainty levels between the GRB and quasar samples. Intervening strong Mg II absorbers towards GRBs are therefore neither unusually frequent, nor unusually strong.

Orientador: Rogério Rosenfeld / Co-orientador: Flávia Sobreira / Banca: José Geraldo Pereira / Banca: Marcos Vinicius Borges Teixeira Lima / Resumo: Neste trabalho revisaremos o formalismo do Modelo de Halos e suas aplicações. No Modelo de Halos, toda a matéria do universo está contida em objetos virializados de matéria escura, resultado de colapso gravitacional. A distribuição de matéria escura nesses halos e como eles estão distribuídos no universo são os principais elementos para caracterizá-los. Mostraremos a teoria que descreve o modelo de halos e testaremos sua eficácia comparando-a com simulações numéricas de formação de estrutura no universo, por meio do espectro de potência. Faremos também uma adaptação do modelo de halos para a matéria escura morna e mostraremos como esse tipo de matéria suprime a formação de estrutura do universo em pequenas escalas / Abstract: In this work we review the formalism of the Halo Model, and its applications. In the Halo Model all the matter of the universe is contained in virialized dark matter halos, as a result of gravitational collapse. The distribution of dark matter within these halos, and how they are distributed in the universe are the main features to caracterize them. We'll show the theory that describes the Halo Model and test is efficiency by comparing it to numerical simulations of structure formation in the universe, using the power spectrum. We'll also do an adaptation of Halo model to warm dark matter, and show how this type of matter supress the structure formation of the universe in small scales / Mestre

I present Hubble Space Telescope photometry in optical (F475X, 475 nm) and near-infrared (F110W, 1.1 μm) bands of the globular cluster (GC) system of the inner haloes of a sample of 15 brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). I also present a quantitative model of the relation between (F475X - F110W) colour and cluster metallicity, using simulated GCs. The sample comprises massive elliptical galaxies in a range of environments, from sparsely populated groups to dense clusters. Because the material available for large galaxies to accrete varies with environment and GC systems of such galaxies are built up through accretion, I expect the metallicity distribution of the GC systems in my sample to vary with galaxy environment. GC systems in massive elliptical galaxies tend to follow a bimodal colour distribution, with two subpopulations of blue (metal-poor) and red (metal-rich) clusters. The photometry is used to create a completeness-corrected metallicity histogram for each galaxy in my sample, and to fit a double Gaussian curve to each histogram in order to model the two subpopulations. Finally, the properties of the GC metallicity distribution are correlated against each BCG environment. I found that almost no GCS properties and host galaxy environmental properties are correlated, with the exception of weak but consistent correlations between number of GCs and nth-nearest neighbour surface density and between blue fraction and nth-nearest neighbour surface density. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

Cette étude concerne le distribution spatiale du système des satellites de M31. Une nouvelle technique bayésienne pour la détermination des distances d'objets basé sur le point-final des magnitudes des géants Rouges a été développé et utilisé pour obtenir des distributions de probabilité à distance pour les M31 et 27 de ses galaxies satellites. Ces distances sont ensuite utilisés pour calculer les positions des satellites en trois dimensions. Une analyse ultérieure de la distribution spatiale qui en résulte révèle hétérogénéité frappante, avec près de la moitié des satellites confinés à un disque curieusement orienté mince. La distribution est aussi fortement asymétrique, avec la majorité des satellites se trouvant sur le côté de la Voie Lactée M31. / This study focuses on the spatial distribution of the M31 satellite system. A new Bayesian technique for determining object distances from the Tip of their Red Giant Branch is developed and used to obtain distance probability distributions for M31and 27 of its satellite galaxies. These distances are then used to calculate the satellite positions in three dimensions. Subsequent analysis of the resulting spatial distribution reveals striking inhomogeneity, with roughly half of the satellites confined to a curiously oriented thin disk. The distribution is also markedly asymmetric, with the majority of satellites lying on the Milky Way side of M31.

Using Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph observations of 89 QSO sightlines through the Sloan Digital Sky Survey footprint, we study the relationships between C IV absorption systems and the properties of nearby galaxies, as well as the large-scale environment. To maintain sensitivity to very faint galaxies, we restrict our sample to 0.0015 < z < 0.015, which defines a complete galaxy survey to L (SIC) 0.01 L-* or stellar mass M-* (SIC) 10(8) M-circle dot. We report two principal findings. First, for galaxies with impact parameter rho < 1 r(vir), C IV detection strongly depends on the luminosity/stellar mass of the nearby galaxy. C IV is preferentially associated with galaxies with M-* > 10(9.5) M-circle dot; lower-mass galaxies rarely exhibit significant C IV absorption (covering fraction f(C) = 9(-6)(+12)% for 11 galaxies with M-* < 10(9.5) M-circle dot.). Second, C IV detection within the M-* > 10(9.5) M-circle dot. population depends on environment. Using a fixed-aperture environmental density metric for galaxies with rho < 160 kpc at z < 0.055, we find that 57(-13)(+12)% (8/14) of galaxies in low-density regions (regions with fewer than seven L > 0.15 L* galaxies within 1.5 Mpc) have affiliated C IV absorption; however, none (0/7) of the galaxies in denser regions show C IV. Similarly, the C IV detection rate is lower for galaxies residing in groups with dark matter halo masses of M-halo > 10(12.5) M-circle dot. In contrast to C IV, H. I is pervasive in the circumgalactic medium without regard to mass or environment. These results indicate that C IV absorbers with log N(C IV). (SIC) 13.5 cm(-2) trace the halos of M-* > 10(9.5) M-circle dot galaxies but also reflect larger-scale environmental conditions.

We present measurements of the clustering of galaxies as a function of their stellar mass in the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey. We compare the clustering of samples using 12 different methods for estimating stellar mass, isolating the method that has the smallest scatter at fixed halo mass. In this test, the stellar mass estimate with the smallest errors yields the highest amplitude of clustering at fixed number density. We find that the PCA stellar masses of Chen et al. clearly have the tightest correlation with halo mass. The PCA masses use the full galaxy spectrum, differentiating them from other estimates that only use optical photometric information. Using the PCA masses, we measure the large-scale bias as a function of M-* for galaxies with logM(*) >= 11.4, correcting for incompleteness at the low-mass end of our measurements. Using the abundance matching ansatz to connect dark matter halo mass to stellar mass, we construct theoretical models of b(M-*) that match the same stellar mass function but have different amounts of scatter in stellar mass at fixed halo mass, sigma(logM*). Using this approach, we find sigma(logM*) = 0.18(+0.01) (-0.02). This value includes both intrinsic scatter as well as random errors in the stellar masses. To partially remove the latter, we use repeated spectra to estimate statistical errors on the stellar masses, yielding an upper limit to the intrinsic scatter of 0.16 dex.

Using a sample of nearly half a million galaxies, intersected by over 7 million lines of sight from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12, we trace H alpha + [N II] emission from a galactocentric projected radius, r(p), of 5 kpc to more than 100 kpc. The emission flux surface brightness is alpha r(p) 1.9 +/- 0.4. We obtain consistent results using only the Ha or [N II] flux. We measure a stronger signal for the bluer half of the target sample than for the redder half on small scales, r(p) < 20 kpc. We obtain a 3 sigma detection of H alpha + [N II] emission in the 50-100 kpc r(p) bin. The mean emission flux within this bin is (1.10 +/- 0.35) x 10(-20) erg cm(-2) s(-1) angstrom(-1), which corresponds to 1.87 x 10(-20) erg cm(-2) s(-1) arcsec(-2) or 0.0033 Rayleigh. This detection is 34 times fainter than a previous strict limit obtained using deep narrow-band imaging. The faintness of the signal demonstrates why it has been so difficult to trace recombination radiation out to large radii around galaxies. This signal, combined with published estimates of n(H), leads us to estimate the temperature of the gas to be 12,000 K, consistent with independent empirical estimates based on metal ion absorption lines and expectations from numerical simulations.