abstract: Clock generation and distribution are essential to CMOS microchips, providing synchronization to external devices and between internal sequential logic. Clocks in microprocessors are highly vulnerable to single event effects and designing reliable energy efficient clock networks for mission critical applications is a major challenge. This dissertation studies the basics of radiation hardening, essentials of clock design and impact of particle strikes on clocks in detail and presents design techniques for hardening complete clock systems in digital ICs. Since the sequential elements play a key role in deciding the robustness of any clocking strategy, hardened-by-design implementations of triple-mode redundant (TMR) pulse clocked latches and physical design methodologies for using TMR master-slave flip-flops in application specific ICs (ASICs) are proposed. A novel temporal pulse clocked latch design for low power radiation hardened applications is also proposed. Techniques for designing custom RHBD clock distribution networks (clock spines) and ASIC clock trees for a radiation hardened microprocessor using standard CAD tools are presented. A framework for analyzing the vulnerabilities of clock trees in general, and study the parameters that contribute the most to the tree’s failure, including impact on controlled latches is provided. This is then used to design an integrated temporally redundant clock tree and pulse clocked flip-flop based clocking scheme that is robust to single event transients (SETs) and single event upsets (SEUs). Subsequently, designing robust clock delay lines for use in double data rate (DDRx) memory applications is studied in detail. Several modules of the proposed radiation hardened all-digital delay locked loop are designed and studied. Many of the circuits proposed in this entire body of work have been implemented and tested on a standard low-power 90-nm process. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2015

abstract: ABSTRACT The D flip flop acts as a sequencing element while designing any pipelined system. Radiation Hardening by Design (RHBD) allows hardened circuits to be fabricated on commercially available CMOS manufacturing process. Recently, single event transients (SET's) have become as important as single event upset (SEU) in radiation hardened high speed digital designs. A novel temporal pulse based RHBD flip-flop design is presented. Temporally delayed pulses produced by a radiation hardened pulse generator design samples the data in three redundant pulse latches. The proposed RHBD flip-flop has been statistically designed and fabricated on 90 nm TSMC LP process. Detailed simulations of the flip-flop operation in both normal and radiation environments are presented. Spatial separation of critical nodes for the physical design of the flip-flop is carried out for mitigating multi-node charge collection upsets. The proposed flip-flop is also used in commercial CAD flows for high performance chip designs. The proposed flip-flop is used in the design and auto-place-route (APR) of an advanced encryption system and the metrics analyzed. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2014

As operações de usinagem compreendem uma parcela significativa do universo da manufatura sendo que atualmente algumas tendências bem definidas, como a usinagem de peças já endurecidas, vêm ganhando espaço no campo da fabricação de moldes e matrizes, em especial, mas também na indústria automotiva e de construção de máquinas. O torneamento e o fresamento de materiais, nesta difícil condição de usinagem, já estão estabelecidos na indústria. Assim, a conversão do processo de produção atual de materiais em estado mole para endurecido só será possível com todas as operações de usinagem incluídas. Devido a isso, a demanda por furação e roscamento de peças endurecidas está em constante crescimento. Essas operações apresentam dificuldades muito maiores do que as de torneamento e fresamento, daí a importância de ferramentas especificamente projetadas para elas. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o processo de desgaste sofrido pelas ferramentas durante a furação e roscamento de aços AISI D2 e AISI H13 com a utilização de diferentes velocidades de corte. As forças de corte e o torque também serão medidos durante o processo para avaliar seus comportamentos com o aumento da velocidade. Com os resultados obtidos verificou-se que na furação e roscamento de aços endurecidos de baixa usinabilidade, como no caso do aço AISI D2, o desgaste da ferramenta é muito acentuado, podendo tornar o processo inviável economicamente caso não sejam empregadas velocidades de corte extremamente reduzidas. De uma forma geral, a furação e o roscamento do AISI H13 pode ser viável, pois o número de furos/roscas obtidos dentro dos critérios especificados mostrou-se muito superior ao esperado. Os principais mecanismos de desgastes que atuaram nos machos de corte durante o processo de roscamento de ambos os aços (AISI D2 e AISI H13) foram abrasão nas superfícies de folga e adesão nas superfícies de saída de forma acentuada nos três primeiros filetes. / The cutting processes compose a huge part of the manufacturing universe and, nowadays, some well-defined trends, like cutting hardened materials, are increasing not only in die molding production but also in automotive and machine industries. The turning and milling processes of materials, in this difficult condition of cutting, are already applied in the mechanical industries. Therefore, the total conversion of the present production process of regular materials into hardened ones can only be reached when all the cutting processes are included. Because of that, the demands of drilling and tapping hardened materials have increased constantly. These operations require tools specifically designed for them, because they have proven themselves to be much more difficult than the turning and milling processes. In that way, this work aimed to study the wear process of drills and taps used to machining the AISI D2 and AISI H13 hardened steels with different cutting speeds. The cutting forces and the torque generated were also acquired during the cutting process to evaluate its behavior with the speed increase. After analyzing the results, a very aggressive tool wear was confirmed in the drilling and tapping process of hardened steels with bad machinability, like the AISI D2 steel, and this can make the process economically unfeasible if an extremely reduced cutting speed is not used. Generally, the drilling and tapping process of the AISI H13 can become economically viable, because the number of holes/threads achieved in accordance with the specified criteria was superior to the expected ones. In the cutting process of both materials (AISI D2 and H13), the main wear mechanism observed on the taps were abrasion, on the clearance surface, and adhesion, on the rake surface. This was severe for the first three threads of the tap.

In response to more stringent global CO2 emissions, automotive manufacturers have increased the use of advanced high strength steels (AHSS). Ultra-high strength steels are often used within the body-in-white (BIW) for safety critical parts and structural reinforcements, such as roof rails and side impact beams. Currently, the most commonly used press hardened steel (PHS) grade for these applications is 22MnB5, with a typical composition of 0.22C 1.2Mn 0.25Si 0.005B (wt%). Automotive OEMs have expressed a desire to use Zn-based coatings as they are compatible with the current painting system and have the potential to provide robust cathodic protection. The steel blanks generally undergo direct hot press forming (DHPF) to achieve the necessary martensitic microstructure and target mechanical properties, but this presents challenges for Zn-coated 22MnB5. The adoption of Zn-based coatings within the automotive industry has been inhibited by the prospect of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) resulting from DHPF, as well as the desire to provide robust cathodic protection. Previous literature has reported that a zinc ferrite (α-Fe(Zn)) coating with a global Zn content of at least 30 wt% will provide cathodic protection to the underlying substrate. The main goal of this work was to determine the microstructural evolution and electrochemical properties of galvanized (GI70 – 70 g/m2/side) 22MnB5 substrates as a function of the annealing time at a typical austenization temperature of 900°C. It was found that the Zn-based coatings annealed at 700°C consisted to a mixture of small volume fraction of α-Fe(Zn) and Г-Fe3Zn10. After heating to 900°C, the coating comprised varying volume fractions of α-Fe(Zn) and Zn(Fe) liquid, which transformed to Г-Fe3Zn10 after solidification. The relative fraction of Г Fe3Zn10 was found to decrease with increasing annealing time until the coating completely transformed to α-Fe(Zn) after annealing at 900°C for 240 s. GDOES results found that, when the sample was annealed at 900°C for 240 s, the global Zn content of the coating was less than 30 wt%. Coatings comprising varying fractions of Г-Fe3Zn10 were subjected to uniaxial tensile tests to determine how the coating microstructure affected the mechanical properties in comparison to the uncoated substrate material. It was found that the uncoated substrate material met the mechanical property requirements of σ(UTS)min ≥ 1500 MPa regardless of annealing time. However, σ(UTS) was found to decrease with increasing annealing times for the GI70 coated samples until the target mechanical properties were not met when the sample was annealed at 900°C for 180 s. This was attributed to increased coating thicknesses leading to a decrease in the martensitic cross-sectional area to support the load. Furthermore, the coatings were subjected to a variety of electrochemical characterization techniques, including potentiodynamic and galvanostatic polarization scans, potentiostatic scans, and electrochemical noise tests. Potentiodynamic polarization scans indicated a higher driving force for cathodic protection when the coating contained some fraction of Г-Fe3Zn10. Furthermore, a limiting current density for these samples was observed, demonstrating that Г-Fe3Zn10 corrodes at a slower rate in comparison to α Fe(Zn). Galvanostatic polarization measurements indicated that, when the fraction of Г Fe3Zn10 within the coating was below 15 vol%, the protective properties of the phase were not exhibited. XRD and TEM analysis revealed the formation of three corrosion products on the surface: simonkolleite, hydrozincite, and akaganeite. It was found that, when samples contained greater than 15 vol% Г-Fe3Zn10 in the coating, the predominant corrosion products were a combination of simonkolleite and hydrozincite. When the Г Fe3Zn10 content was below this value, the dominant corrosion product was found to be akaganeite. Furthermore, substrate attack was observed on a sample annealed at 900°C for 420 s when the coating layer was intact, indicating that the α-Fe(Zn) only containing coating obtained at this time does not provide cathodic protection. Based upon the current results, it was determined that a minimum volume fraction of 15 vol% Г-Fe3Zn10 must be present within the coating layer to obtain robust cathodic protection. Furthermore, it was determined that the processing window to develop cathodically protective Zn based coatings while mitigating LME is extremely narrow. This is a result of the fact that it is necessary for at least 15 vol% Г-Fe3Zn10 to be present within the coating microstructure at room temperature, which is liquid at the forming temperatures of 900°C. From the current findings, it was found that it is unlikely that a cathodically protective Zn-based coating can be obtained for DHPF steel parts using 22MnB5 as a substrate material. This is due to the high forming temperature resulting in liquefication of the coating and the rapid cooling rates necessary to achieve the target mechanical properties of σ(UTS)min ≥ 1500 MPa. Thus, it is recommended that the current substrate material be altered such that the part may be formed below the peritectic temperature of 782°C. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

A adição de látex polimérico em argamassas usadas para reparos, argamassas colantes, argamassas técnica decorativas, argamassas de impermeabilização e chapiscos de alto desempenho é prática comum no setor de construção civil, visto que auxiliam seu desempenho no estado endurecido. As modificações do cimento Portland branco com diversos teores (de 5% a 20%) e tipos de látex (etileno vinil acetato, poliacetato de vinil versatato, estireno acrílico e estireno butadieno) resultaram em alterações no estado fresco (cinética de hidratação, cinética de consolidação, teor de ar incorporado) e no estado endurecido (resistência mecânica, elasticidade, absorção de água por capilaridade, permeabilidade ao ar e ao vapor), em muitos casos, proporcionais ao aumento de seus teores. Ao se atingir 20% de adição, em ralação à massa do cimento, houve ganhos expressivos no estado endurecido das pastas, como o aumento da resistência à tração na compressão diametral, e da resistência de aderência, diminuição do módulo elástico e da absorção de água por capilaridade sem comprometer a facilidade à permeabilidade do vapor. Todavia, no estado fresco não apresentaram condições de aplicação devido à excessiva fluidez e diminuição acentuada no processo de consolidação. / Modified Portland cement mortars have been used for repair, stickers, highperformance and finishing of facades is common practice in the construction industry, due his performance in hardened state. Additions of several latex levels (5% to 20%) and types (ethylene vinyl acetate, vinyl poliacetate versatate, styrene acrylic and styrene butadiene) resulted in changes in the fresh state (hydration kinetics, kinetic consolidation, air content) and hardened state (mechanical strength, elasticity, water absorption by capillarity, and steam permeability) and mostly the effects increase with the increase of its levels. When the Latex levels reached 20% in relation of cement were expressive gains in state hardened state, as increased tensile strength in diametral compression, and grip strength, decreased elastic modulus and water absorption by capillarity without compromising ease of vapor permeability. However, in the fresh state did not show application conditions due to the excessive fluidity and strong decrease in the consolidation process.

O fresamento de topo de aços ferramenta, no estado endurecido, pode ser uma alternativa para a fabricação de moldes e matrizes, com alta taxa de remoção. Este trabalho estuda os tipos e mecanismos de desgaste presentes nesta operação de usinagem, bem como o comportamento da emissão acústica. São realizados experimentos com ferramentas de PCBN e Metal Duro usinando os aços H13 (49-51 HRc), VMO (54-57 HRc) e VC131 (57-59 HRc). O desgaste das ferramentas de PCBN é significativamente menor que o desgaste das ferramentas de Metal Duro. O tipo de desgaste predominante é o desgaste de flanco, com indícios de desgastes de cratera. É observada uma combinação entre os mecanismos de desgaste abrasivo e adesivo. Não se observa a formação de trincas abaixo da superfície usinada. Verifica-se que a emissão acústica aumenta com a velocidade de corte e mostra-se também dependente do material da peça e da ferramenta. / The endmilling operation applied to the machining of hardened tool steels, can be seen as an alternative to the conventional sequence of operations used in dies and injection moulds. Normally, eletrodischarge machining, which has a low removal rate, is applied for the finishing operation, just before polishing. The present research work study the types and mechanisms of wear that appear in this machining operation, as well as, the behaviour of Acoustic Emission (EA). Experiments are carried out using PCBN and Carbide tools, machining AISI H13 (49-51 HRc), AISI 6F3 (54-57 HRc) e AISI D6 (57-59 HRc). The wear observed on the PCBN tools was smaller than that on the carbide ones. The type of wear dominating was flank wear, with some presence of crater wear in a few machining conditions. It was also observed a combination between the abrasive and the adhesive mechanisms. It was not noted any cracks on the surface just below the machined surface. The acoustic emission showed to be directly proportional to the cutting speed and also dependent upon the workpiece material and to the tool material.

O fresamento de topo de aços ferramenta, no estado endurecido, pode ser uma alternativa para a fabricação de moldes e matrizes, com alta taxa de remoção. Este trabalho estuda os tipos e mecanismos de desgaste presentes nesta operação de usinagem, bem como o comportamento da emissão acústica. São realizados experimentos com ferramentas de PCBN e Metal Duro usinando os aços H13 (49-51 HRc), VMO (54-57 HRc) e VC131 (57-59 HRc). O desgaste das ferramentas de PCBN é significativamente menor que o desgaste das ferramentas de Metal Duro. O tipo de desgaste predominante é o desgaste de flanco, com indícios de desgastes de cratera. É observada uma combinação entre os mecanismos de desgaste abrasivo e adesivo. Não se observa a formação de trincas abaixo da superfície usinada. Verifica-se que a emissão acústica aumenta com a velocidade de corte e mostra-se também dependente do material da peça e da ferramenta. / The endmilling operation applied to the machining of hardened tool steels, can be seen as an alternative to the conventional sequence of operations used in dies and injection moulds. Normally, eletrodischarge machining, which has a low removal rate, is applied for the finishing operation, just before polishing. The present research work study the types and mechanisms of wear that appear in this machining operation, as well as, the behaviour of Acoustic Emission (EA). Experiments are carried out using PCBN and Carbide tools, machining AISI H13 (49-51 HRc), AISI 6F3 (54-57 HRc) e AISI D6 (57-59 HRc). The wear observed on the PCBN tools was smaller than that on the carbide ones. The type of wear dominating was flank wear, with some presence of crater wear in a few machining conditions. It was also observed a combination between the abrasive and the adhesive mechanisms. It was not noted any cracks on the surface just below the machined surface. The acoustic emission showed to be directly proportional to the cutting speed and also dependent upon the workpiece material and to the tool material.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-03-19T13:01:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juliana Vila Verde Ribeiro - 2017.pdf: 1977423 bytes, checksum: dfe4356d4cc652b62373f0d9cbd5642a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-20T10:15:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juliana Vila Verde Ribeiro - 2017.pdf: 1977423 bytes, checksum: dfe4356d4cc652b62373f0d9cbd5642a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-20T10:15:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Juliana Vila Verde Ribeiro - 2017.pdf: 1977423 bytes, checksum: dfe4356d4cc652b62373f0d9cbd5642a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is considered a nutraceutical food, because it has bioactive compounds, such as peptides. These peptides have several biological activities, such as chelating, antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive and other activities. Thus, this study aimed to assess the bioactivity of protein fractions of common bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris) cultivar Pérola. In this work the flour obtained from the peeled beans freshly harvested beans, hardened and hardened autoclaved were evaluated as a source of bioactive peptides. Four solutions were used for the production of extracts: acetonitrile/water/formic acid, sodium acetate, Ammonium bicarbonate and alkaline pH 8.0 solubilization. In the extracts and the protein fractions were measured the protein content, antioxidant activity tests with DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazil), chelating activity of iron and copper. 1 extract was chosen to give the segment next steps for presenting greater bioactivity, thus he was submitted to fractionation by ultrafiltration in 10 kDa membrane, where verified your bioactivity, resistance to thermal treatment and the stability of the Chelation complex formed from iron and peptide gastric conditions. And was rated the content of antinutritional factors in the extracts submitted to heat treatment. These tests found that the bean plant presented greater biological activities tested than other beans. In tests with the protein fractions found that the peptides present bioactivity and are and resistant to heat treatment, and to form complex is resistant gastric conditions chelators. Observed that the thermal treatment reduces the amount of antinutritional factors. In vivo studies showed that despite being the iron complex-peptide to be stable gastric conditions, the system was not able to pass through the membrane of enterocytes, being totally eliminated by the feces. This work contributed to expand the study of bioactive compounds present in wastes from agro-industry, in order to guide the proper use and the best way to explore the nutraceutical potential of this legume. / O feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris) é considerado um alimento nutracêutico, por apresentar compostos bioativos, como por exemplo, os peptídeos. Estes peptídeos apresentam diversas atividades biológicas, tais como atividade quelante, antioxidante, anticancerígena, anti-hipertensiva e outras. Deste modo, este estudo objetivou avaliar a bioatividade de frações proteicas de feijão comum (Phaseolus Vulgaris) cultivar Pérola. Neste trabalho as farinhas obtidas dos grãos descascados de feijões recém-colhidos, endurecidos e endurecidos autoclavados foram avaliadas como fonte de peptídeos bioativos. Foram utilizadas quatro soluções para produção dos extratos: acetonitrila/ água/ ácido fórmico, acetato de sódio, bicarbonato de amônio e solubilização alcalina pH 8,0. Nos extratos e nas frações proteicas foram dosados o teor de proteínas, testes de atividade antioxidante com DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil), atividade quelante de ferro e de cobre. O extrato 1 foi escolhido para dar segmento às próximas etapas por apresentar maior bioatividade, deste modo ele foi submetido a fracionamento por ultrafiltração em membrana de 10 kDa, onde verificou sua bioatividade, resistência ao tratamento térmico e a estabilidade do complexo quelante formado a partir de ferro e peptídeo às condições gástricas. E foi avaliado o teor de fatores antinutricionais nos extratos submetidos ao tratamento térmico. Nestes testes o feijão autoclavado apresentou maiores atividades biológicas testadas do que os demais feijões. Nos testes com as frações proteicas observou-se que os peptídeos apresentaram bioatividade e foram resistentes ao tratamento térmico, e ao formar complexos quelantes são resistentes às condições gástricas. Observou-se que o tratamento térmico reduziu a quantidade de fatores antinutricionais. Os estudos in vivo evidenciaram que apesar do complexo ferro-peptídeo ser altamente estável às condições gástricas, o sistema não foi capaz de passar pela membrana dos enterócitos, sendo totalmente eliminado pelas fezes. Este trabalhou contribuiu para ampliar o estudo dos compostos bioativos presentes em resíduos da agroindústria, com intuito de nortear o uso adequado e o melhor caminho para se explorar o potencial nutracêutico desta leguminosa.

The chip formation process in machining is accompanied by heat generation. The heat generated influences both the workpiece physical properties as well as the cutting tool. High temperatures accelerate tool wear and thermal softening which are not desirable because they alter the accuracy of the machined surface and tool life. Many studies have been done to lower the heat generated in cutting. A first approach is to use a cutting fluid but its effectiveness is limited by its ability to penetrate between the tool and the chip. A second approach is to remove the heat generated through a cooling cycle as in interrupted cutting. The idea is either to translate a wide tool to the side as it moves forward relative to the workpiece, which allows the dissipation throughout the body of the tool or to use a cutting edge in the form of a disk that rotates about its principal axis. The latter, known as a rotary tool, provides a rest period for the cutting edge, thus enabling the edge to be cooled and a continuously fresh portion of the edge to be engaged with the workpiece. The rotary tool can be either driven by an external power source or self-propelled. This thesis focuses on the self-propelled rotary tool (SPRT) process for machining of difficult-to-machine material such as bearing steels, where tool life is of particular concern. Since the cutting temperatures are known to influence tool life significantly, the first task in this investigation involved developing a model to analyze heat transfer and temperature distribution in the cutting tool during SPRT turning of the hardened 52100 steel (58 HRC). Both rotary and equivalent fixed tool processes are compared in terms of cutting tool temperatures generated. The model is based on the moving heat source theory of conduction and employs the Finite Element Method (FEM) for its solution. The model is experimentally verified through measurement of the cutting temperature distribution using an Infra-Red imaging camera under different cutting conditions. Predicted and measured temperatures show good overall agreement when they are measured along the cutting edge and measured temperatures are up to 50??ower in rotary tool cutting than in fixed tool cutting under the same conditions.

Ballistic testing is a vital part of the armor design. However, it is impossible to test every condition and it is necessary to limit the number of tests to cut huge costs. With the intro- duction of hydrocodes and high performance computers / there is an increasing interest on simulation studies to cutoff these aforementioned costs. This study deals with the numerical modeling of ballistic impact phenomena, regarding the ballistic penetration of hardened steel plates by 7.62 mm AP (Armor Piercing) projectile. Penetration processes of AP projectiles are reviewed. Then, a survey on analytical models is given. After the introduction of fun- damentals of numerical analysis, an intensive numerical study is conducted in 2D and 3D. Johnson Cook strength models for the four different heat treatments of AISI 4340 steel were constructed based on the dynamic material data taken from the literature. It was found that 2D numerical simulations gave plausible results in terms of residual projectile velocities, con- sidering the literature review. Then, 3D numerical simulations were performed based on the material properties that were selected in 2D studies. Good agreement was obtained between the numerical and test results in terms of residual projectile velocities and ballistic limit thick- nesses. It was seen that the ballistic protection efficiency of the armor plates increases with the increasing hardness, in the examined range. This study is a part of T&uml / ubitak project 106M211 of MAG.