The seismic reflection method has been used extensively in mineral exploration and for imaging crustal structures within hardrock environments. In this research the seismic reflection method has been used and studied to address problems associated with hardrock settings. Papers I and II, address delineating and imaging a sulfide ore body and its surrounding rocks and structures in Garpenberg, central Sweden, at an active mine. 3D ray-tracing and finite-difference modeling were performed and the results suggest that although the detection of the ore body by the seismic reflection method is possible in the area, the presence of backfilled stopes in the mine makes seismic imaging of it difficult. In paper III the deeper structures of the Pärvie fault system in northern Sweden were revealed down to about 8 km through 2D seismic reflection profiling. The resulting images were interpreted using microearthquake data as a constraint. Based on the interpretation, some locations were suggested for future scientific deep drilling into the fault system. In paper IV, the seismic signature of complex geological structures of the Cue-Weld Range area in Western Australia was studied using a portion of a deep 2D seismic reflection profile. The pronounced reflections on the seismic images were correlated to their corresponding rock units on an available surface geological map of the study area. 3D constant velocity ray-tracing was performed to constrain the interpretation. Furthermore, the proposed structural model was tested using a 2D acoustic finite-difference seismic modeling method. Based on this study, a new 3D structural model was proposed for the subsurface of the area. These studies have investigated the capability of the seismic reflection method for imaging crustal structures within challenging hardrock and complex geological settings and show some its potential, but also its limitations.

With the advancements in acquisition and processing of seismic reflection data recorded over crystalline rocks, building three-dimensional geologic models becomes increasingly favorable. Because of little available petrophysical data, interpretations of seismic reflection data in hardrock terrains are often speculative. Potential field data modeling are sometimes performed in order to reduce the ambiguity of seismic reflection interpretations. The Kristineberg mining area in the western part of the Paleoproterozoic Skellefte Ore District was chosen to construct a pilot three-dimensional geologic model in an attempt to understand the crustal architecture in the region and how the major mineral systems operated in this architecture. To contribute to this aim, two parallel seismic reflection profiles were acquired in 2003 and processed to 20 sec with special attention to the top 4 sec of data. Several reflections were imaged and interpreted by the aid of reflector modeling, borehole data, 2.5D and 3D potential field modeling, and geological observations. Interpretations are informative at the crustal scale and help to construct a three-dimensional geologic model of the Kristineberg mining area. The three-dimensional geologic model covers an area of 30×30 km2 down to a depth of 12 km. The integrations help to interpret a structural basement to the Skellefte volcanic rocks, possibly with Bothnian Basin metasedimentary affinity. The contact is a shear-zone that separates the two units, generating large fold structures, which can be observed in the region. The interpretations help to divide the Revsund granitic rocks into two major groups based on their present shape and thickness. A large gravity low in the south is best represented by the intrusion of thick dome of Revsund granite. In the north, the low-gravity corresponds to the intrusion of sheet-like Revsund granites. In general, the structure associated with the Skellefte volcanics and the overlying metasedimentary rocks are two thrusts exposing the Skellefte volcanic rocks in the cores of hanging wall anticlinal structures. Lack of coherent reflectivity in the seismic reflection data may be due to complex faulting and folding systems observed in the Skellefte volcanics. Ultramafic sills within the metasedimentary rocks are interpreted to extend down to depths of about 5-6 km. The interpretations are helpful for targeting new VHMS deposits and areas with gold potential. For VHMS deposits, these are situated in the southern limb of a local synformal structure south of the Kristineberg mine, on the contact between the Revsund granite and the Skellefte volcanic rocks. A combination of metasedimentary and mafic-ultramafic rocks are highly gold prospective in the west, similar to observations elsewhere in the region. There are still questions that remain unanswered and need more work. New data in the study area will help to answer questions related to e.g., an enigmatic diffraction seismic signal in Profile 5 and the structural relationship between the Skellefte volcanic rocks and the Malå volcanics. Although the derived 3D geologic model is preliminary and constructed at the crustal scale, it provides useful information to better understand the tectonic evolution of the Kristineberg mining area.

<p>With the advancements in acquisition and processing of seismic reflection data recorded over crystalline rocks, building three-dimensional geologic models becomes increasingly favorable. Because of little available petrophysical data, interpretations of seismic reflection data in hardrock terrains are often speculative. Potential field data modeling are sometimes performed in order to reduce the ambiguity of seismic reflection interpretations. The Kristineberg mining area in the western part of the Paleoproterozoic Skellefte Ore District was chosen to construct a pilot three-dimensional geologic model in an attempt to understand the crustal architecture in the region and how the major mineral systems operated in this architecture. To contribute to this aim, two parallel seismic reflection profiles were acquired in 2003 and processed to 20 sec with special attention to the top 4 sec of data. Several reflections were imaged and interpreted by the aid of reflector modeling, borehole data, 2.5D and 3D potential field modeling, and geological observations. Interpretations are informative at the crustal scale and help to construct a three-dimensional geologic model of the Kristineberg mining area. The three-dimensional geologic model covers an area of 30×30 km² down to a depth of 12 km. The integrations help to interpret a structural basement to the Skellefte volcanic rocks, possibly with Bothnian Basin metasedimentary affinity. The contact is a shear-zone that separates the two units, generating large fold structures, which can be observed in the region. The interpretations help to divide the Revsund granitic rocks into two major groups based on their present shape and thickness. A large gravity low in the south is best represented by the intrusion of thick dome of Revsund granite. In the north, the low-gravity corresponds to the intrusion of sheet-like Revsund granites. In general, the structure associated with the Skellefte volcanics and the overlying metasedimentary rocks are two thrusts exposing the Skellefte volcanic rocks in the cores of hanging wall anticlinal structures. Lack of coherent reflectivity in the seismic reflection data may be due to complex faulting and folding systems observed in the Skellefte volcanics. Ultramafic sills within the metasedimentary rocks are interpreted to extend down to depths of about 5-6 km. The interpretations are helpful for targeting new VHMS deposits and areas with gold potential. For VHMS deposits, these are situated in the southern limb of a local synformal structure south of the Kristineberg mine, on the contact between the Revsund granite and the Skellefte volcanic rocks. A combination of metasedimentary and mafic-ultramafic rocks are highly gold prospective in the west, similar to observations elsewhere in the region. There are still questions that remain unanswered and need more work. New data in the study area will help to answer questions related to e.g., an enigmatic diffraction seismic signal in Profile 5 and the structural relationship between the Skellefte volcanic rocks and the Malå volcanics. Although the derived 3D geologic model is preliminary and constructed at the crustal scale, it provides useful information to better understand the tectonic evolution of the Kristineberg mining area. </p>

Die maschinelle Gewinnung ist in der Lage, den verantwortungsvollen Umgang mit Lagerstätten und die Sicherheit in Bergwerken zu erhöhen. Dennoch hat sie sich bisher nicht in gekurvten Strecken und in untertägigen Abbauen des Festgesteinsbergbaus etablieren können. Es wird daher überprüft, welche Aktivierungsparameter nötig sind, um den Anwendungsbereich der schrämenden Werkzeuge auf hochfeste Gesteine zu erweitern. Anhand von sechs Gesteinen werden einerseits die Leistungsfähigkeit des schrämenden Lösens und die Herausforderungen mit zunehmender Festigkeit der Gesteine, andererseits das schlagende Lösen und sein potenzieller Beitrag zur Leistungssteigerung untersucht. Dazu erfolgt die systematische Bestimmung der Gewinnungsparameter und die der gegenseitigen Abhängigkeiten. Am Einzelmeißel werden Orientierung, Schlagenergie, Abstand und Abfolge von Einzelschlägen untersucht, um eine Prognose für günstige Aktivierungsparameter geben zu können. Die Ergebnisse fließen in das Rechenmodell eines rotierenden Gewinnungsorgans, das die Spanleistung und wichtige Parameter der Gewinnung wahlweise mit oder ohne Aktivierung bestimmt. Der darauffolgende Vergleich der beiden Konzepte ermittelt anhand von zwei Gesteinen die jeweilige Vorzugsvariante.

Seismic methods have been used in sedimentary environment for almost 80 years. During that time, exploration geophysicists have developed a number of techniques to handle specific aspects of working in sedimentary areas. This is not the case for studies in the hardrock environment, where significantly less time and money have been invested on seismic investigations. Therefore, there is still a need to develop the right techniques appropriate for working in hardrock environments. The research presented here, covers aspects of acquisition, processing and interpretation in hardrock environments. A cost-effective alternative for two-dimensional data acquisition is presented. Acquisition parameters are also discussed and recommendations for future work are given. The main effort of this thesis, however, was to find appropriate processing methods to address some of the different problems present in datasets acquired in the hardrock environment. Comparison of two computer programs for first arrival seismic tomography was performed in order to find the most suitable one for processing crooked line geometries. Three-dimensional pre-stack depth migration was also tested to find a detailed near-surface image. A processing method geared to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio was applied to the dataset with the lowest signal amplitudes to improve the quality of the stack. Finally, cross-dip analysis and corrections were performed on two of the three datasets included in this thesis. Cross-dip analysis was also applied as an interpretation tool to provide the information needed for estimation of the true dip of some of the reflectors related to geological structures. The results presented in this thesis indicate that cross-dip analysis and corrections are one of the most powerful tools for processing and interpretation in the presence of complex geology. Therefore, it is recommended to include this method as a standard step in the processing and interpretation sequence of data acquired in hardrock environments.

<p>Seismic methods have been used in sedimentary environment for almost 80 years. During that time, exploration geophysicists have developed a number of techniques to handle specific aspects of working in sedimentary areas. This is not the case for studies in the hardrock environment, where significantly less time and money have been invested on seismic investigations. Therefore, there is still a need to develop the right techniques appropriate for working in hardrock environments. The research presented here, covers aspects of acquisition, processing and interpretation in hardrock environments. A cost-effective alternative for two-dimensional data acquisition is presented. Acquisition parameters are also discussed and recommendations for future work are given. The main effort of this thesis, however, was to find appropriate processing methods to address some of the different problems present in datasets acquired in the hardrock environment. Comparison of two computer programs for first arrival seismic tomography was performed in order to find the most suitable one for processing crooked line geometries. Three-dimensional pre-stack depth migration was also tested to find a detailed near-surface image. A processing method geared to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio was applied to the dataset with the lowest signal amplitudes to improve the quality of the stack. Finally, cross-dip analysis and corrections were performed on two of the three datasets included in this thesis. Cross-dip analysis was also applied as an interpretation tool to provide the information needed for estimation of the true dip of some of the reflectors related to geological structures. The results presented in this thesis indicate that cross-dip analysis and corrections are one of the most powerful tools for processing and interpretation in the presence of complex geology. Therefore, it is recommended to include this method as a standard step in the processing and interpretation sequence of data acquired in hardrock environments. </p>

Mineralischen Rohstoffe werden in vielen Industriezweigen verarbeitet. Hierbei ist der notwendige Energieeinsatz zur Zerkleinerung von Gestein von großer Bedeutung. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Mechanismen der spanenden Gesteinszerstörung sowie grundlegende Ansätze der schlagenden Zerstörung von Hartgestein untersucht. Dazu wurde ein Kleinkaliberbohrversuchsstand entwickelt und genutzt, um unterschiedliche Schneidstoffe im Kontakt mit Festgestein zu beproben. Die Beanspruchung der zum Einsatz kommenden Schneidmaterialien orientiert sich an realen spanenden Gesteinsbohrvorgängen und liefert eine hochaufgelöste Datenbasis für grobspanende Bohrverfahren. Weiterhin fanden Tests an einem Fallwerk statt, die zur Untersuchung dynamischer Belastungen auf Bohrmeißelinserts genutzt wurden. Die Experimente wurden durch Aufnahmen mit einer Hochgeschwindigkeitskamera begleitet und veranschaulichen die Zerstörungsvorgänge in unterschiedlichen Gesteinen. Die Zerspanbarkeiten der Gesteine wurden hinsichtlich der spezifischen Energie, der Flächenpressungen auf die Schneiden und des Verschleißes der Schneidmaterialien bewertet. Vergleichende Bohrversuche mit einem neuen Schneidstoff wurden durchgeführt. Aus der Arbeit konnten Entwicklungstendenzen für den Einsatz neuer Materialien bei der Hartgesteinszerstörung herausgearbeitet werden. Die Untersuchung der Mechanismen bei der spanenden Zerstörung von Festgestein unter atmosphärischen Bedingungen stellt in Zusammenhang mit den Beurteilungskriterien für die Effizienz des Bohrvorganges eine Basis für die praktische Übertragbarkeit auf Anwendung in der Tiefbohrtechnik dar.

This study is focused on characterization of the hardrock environment in surroundings of Sazava river. It is based on the archival data of groundwater table in boreholes, results of pumping tests from Geofond database and topographic data (DMR , watercourse, etc.). ArcMap 10.1 and Excel were used for data processing. The relations between the groundwater table depth, water table gradient, specific yield, transmissivity and variety of topographic parameters (distance from a watercourse, elevation, relative elevation above the nearest watercourse, the terrain gradient, etc.) were studied. Close linear relationship exists between the gradient of the terrain and groundwater table (rxy 0.96) in the study area. Groundwater table gradient is on average 88 % of terrain gradient. Mean groundwater table gradient is 10 % (6). The average transmissivity in the area is 1.27 x 10-4 m2 /s, specific yield is usually between 0.01 and 0.1 l/s m. This corresponds to the low and very low transmissivity class. Variability of transmisivity values is high. The difference between transmisivity in discharge and recharge zone, assumed by previous authors, was not confirmed in the study area. Specific base flow calculated from mean transmissivity, terrain/ water table gradient and river network density based on Krásný and...

Mineralischen Rohstoffe werden in vielen Industriezweigen verarbeitet. Hierbei ist der notwendige Energieeinsatz zur Zerkleinerung von Gestein von großer Bedeutung. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Mechanismen der spanenden Gesteinszerstörung sowie grundlegende Ansätze der schlagenden Zerstörung von Hartgestein untersucht. Dazu wurde ein Kleinkaliberbohrversuchsstand entwickelt und genutzt, um unterschiedliche Schneidstoffe im Kontakt mit Festgestein zu beproben. Die Beanspruchung der zum Einsatz kommenden Schneidmaterialien orientiert sich an realen spanenden Gesteinsbohrvorgängen und liefert eine hochaufgelöste Datenbasis für grobspanende Bohrverfahren. Weiterhin fanden Tests an einem Fallwerk statt, die zur Untersuchung dynamischer Belastungen auf Bohrmeißelinserts genutzt wurden. Die Experimente wurden durch Aufnahmen mit einer Hochgeschwindigkeitskamera begleitet und veranschaulichen die Zerstörungsvorgänge in unterschiedlichen Gesteinen. Die Zerspanbarkeiten der Gesteine wurden hinsichtlich der spezifischen Energie, der Flächenpressungen auf die Schneiden und des Verschleißes der Schneidmaterialien bewertet. Vergleichende Bohrversuche mit einem neuen Schneidstoff wurden durchgeführt. Aus der Arbeit konnten Entwicklungstendenzen für den Einsatz neuer Materialien bei der Hartgesteinszerstörung herausgearbeitet werden. Die Untersuchung der Mechanismen bei der spanenden Zerstörung von Festgestein unter atmosphärischen Bedingungen stellt in Zusammenhang mit den Beurteilungskriterien für die Effizienz des Bohrvorganges eine Basis für die praktische Übertragbarkeit auf Anwendung in der Tiefbohrtechnik dar.

In 1887, following the completion of the CPR to the Pacific, William Stewart Drewry took part in the Topographical Survey of Canada's first experiment with photographic surveying, which he applied to the Rocky Mountain Railway Belt. He then surveyed the rich mining districts of BC during the Kootenay hardrock mining boom (1893-1909). In 1909, he became BC's first and only Chief Water Commissioner and, in 1911, he returned to surveying as BC's Inspector of Surveys. From 1913 until his retirement in 1929, he surveyed for government and in private practice. Throughout his career, Drewry operated between two land systems: first, a system based on customary rights and local obligations; and, second, a system based on private property and market exchange. Drewry implemented the latter capitalist system, attempting to empower the settlement society, which had the effect of ensuring corporate dominance and, to Drewry's dismay, monopolization of the BC landscape.