The U.S. National Park Service has recognized visitor health and safety as an important component of protected area management. Despite this recognition, research investigating visitor health and safety issues in national parks is lacking. In order to improve the understanding of the factors contributing to visitor injuries, the purpose of this study was to: 1) identify the distribution of injuries in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 2) examine the relationship between visitor factors and the severity of visitor injuries in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 3) examine the relationship between environmental factors and the severity of visitor injuries in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and 4) determine the effectiveness of sign placement and indirect supervision on controlling visitor injuries in the park. Data for this study consisted of 5,947 incident reports recorded in Hawaii Volcanoes between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2002. The results found that even though 26% of the injuries in the park occur in frontcountry regions, 53% of all visitor injuries took place at the Eruption Site. As well, 130 of the 268 (49%) fatalities occurred on roadway environments and 1,179 of the 1,698 (69%) severe injuries occurred at the Eruption Site. Logistic regression analysis used to examine the relationship between visitor factors and injury severity in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park found that female visitors, visitors wearing minimal footwear and clothing, and visitors carrying no flashlight and minimal drinking water are factors significantly associated with fatal injuries. Visitors wearing minimal footwear and clothing, visitors carrying no flashlight and minimal drinking water, visitors entering restricted areas, visitors with pre-existing health conditions, and visitors aged 50-59 years of age are factors significantly associated with severe injuries. Logistic regression analysis found no built environment factor to be significantly associated with visitor fatalities or severe injuries. However, darkness and rugged terrain were significantly associated with visitor fatalities. Chi-square tests of independence found the combined treatment of sign placement and indirect supervision to have no effect on reducing the frequency and severity of visitor injuries at the Eruption Site.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 313-321).

This essay will examine the social organization in the archipelago of Tonga. To accomplish this purpose, archaic societies and structures such as ancient Egypt and Hawaii will be examined to obtain a closer understanding of the building blocks which constitute a chiefdom or kingdom. Since Patrick V. Kirch (2010) recently redefined the Hawaiian archipelago as a kingdom this essay will examine if the same can be done with the chiefdom of Tonga since it have similarities to the Hawaiian social organization.To do this the essay will examine and describe both the geographical organization of the states and the social organization. Social organization in this essay will be defined as an archaic state organization that requires several levels of administration to rule the society. / Kandidatuppsats

The distribution, biology and host preferences of Cryptorhynchus melastomae Champion (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were studied in Costa Rica from May to July 2005 and January to May 2006 to determine its suitability as a biocontrol agent for Miconia calvescens DC (Melastomataceae) in Hawaii. Specimen records compiled from various collections indicate a distribution from Mexico to Ecuador. In its native Costa Rica all life stages of C. melastomae are associated with M. calvescens and adults and larvae can severely damage or kill small seedlings. Adults are nocturnal and apparently prefer to feed and oviposit on M. calvescens seedlings. Comparisons between its environmental conditions in Costa Rica and Miconia-infested areas in Hawaii suggest the insect should thrive if released. Initial host range tests indicate that C. melastomae is host-specific to the Melastomataceae. This does not rule it out as a biocontrol agent because all Melastomataceae in Hawaii are invasive weeds; there are no native species on the islands.

This research examines the lowland lama (Diospyros)/kauila ( Colubrina ) dry forest community subtype that exists from Ka'upulehu to Pu'uwa'awa'a. Known threats to this forest community include ranching, invasive grasses, and fire. However, impacts from Hawaiians living in the area from 1600-1800 have never been identified. This research also attempts to quantify the importance of the trees and shrubs of this dry forest ecosystem to Hawaiian cultural traditions, and to add a new description of Hawaiian ethnobotany. Trees used in the construction of houses and double hull canoes were compared to observations of houses and double hull canoes during the time of Kamehameha I from 1775-1796. The number of trees used during this period may indicate large-scale habitat modifications and extraction by Hawaiians in the North Kona region of Hawai`i Island. This region of North Kona was important to events that took place during the time of King Kamehameha (Pai`ea) from 1775-1796. The area was a location for coastal fishing, and farming of sweet potatoes. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted of the types of woods needed to construct chiefly kauhale (housing compounds) and double hull canoes that were integral to the success of Kamehameha's reign. The species and the sizes of branches and trunks were estimated to determine the amount of native hardwoods necessary to complete the known number of kauhale and war canoes that Kamehameha possessed. The population structure of the lama/kauila lowland dry forest was estimated from a fenced exclosure at Ka'upulehu that has been ungulate free for the past 39 years. The species in this exclosure were compared with botanical inventories of Pu'uwa'awa'a to the north and at the same elevational gradient. The extent of the Lowland Dry Forest in North Kona was estimated through this comparison with particular emphasis to the Lama (Diospyros )/Kauila (Colubrina) Dry Forest type.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1981. / Bibliography: leaves 136-146. / Photocopy. / Microfiche. / ix, 146 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1987. / Bibliography: leaves 132-137. / Photocopy. / xi, 137 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 444-454) / Microfiche. / xxi, 454 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references. / Microfiche. / xxi, 302 leaves, bound ill 29 cm

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1985. / Bibliography: leaves [478]-479. / Microfiche. / viii, 479 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm