abstract: Background: Higher intake of carbohydrates in the evening and later eating times has been associated with higher total energy intake (TEI)1-3 and higher risk of being overweight or obese.1,4 Though existing evidence indicates a link between added sugars intake and increased body mass index (BMI), the effect of daily patterns of added sugars intake on TEI and BMI is unknown. Research on added sugars has relied on self-report dietary assessments with limited days of dietary data, resulting in unreliable estimates. The purpose of this thesis was to describe patterns of added sugars consumption, and to investigate the relationship between dietary sugars, eating patterns, TEI, and BMI using 15-days of dietary data from a feeding study. Methods: 40 participants age 18 to 70 years completed a 15-d highly controlled feeding study which imitated their normal diet, while recording meal times. Meals and snacks were coded based on participant identified, time-of-day, and meal content specific criteria. All consumed foods and beverages were carefully weighed and entered into the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) for analysis. Pearson correlation, independent t-test, one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc tests, and multiple linear regressions were used to investigate the association between patterns of added sugars and energy intake, as well as eating frequency (EF), with TEI and BMI. Results: 15-d median added sugars intake was 9.7% of total calories. The highest contribution to added sugars intake (% of g/d) came from snacks (44%) in women and from afternoon (39%) consumption in men. The highest contribution to TEI came from dinner (30%) and afternoon (34%) consumption in women, and from lunch (31%) or dinner (30%) and afternoon (35%) consumption in men. Total eating occasion (EO) frequency had a negative association with TEI (r = -0.31) and no association with % energy from added sugars. In multivariate regression models, besides sex, % energy from beverages only (Adjusted R2 = 0.41) and % added sugars from dinner (Adjusted R2 = 0.39) were significant predictors of TEI, while none of the variables were associated with BMI. Conclusion: Changing one’s pattern of eating, (EF and % energy from beverages only and % added sugars from dinner), may reduce TEI, potentially reducing BMI. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2019

Bakgrund: Underlättande och försvårande faktorer till fysisk aktivitet (FA) är välstuderat inom flera patientgrupper men hos friska vuxna finns inte lika mycket information. Syftet med denna kvalitativa litteraturöversikt var att sammanfatta litteratur gällande underlättande och försvårande faktorer för FA bland friska vuxna.  Metod: Studien var en litteraturstudie där intervjustudier sammanfattades för att få en bild om vilka återkommande teman som finns angående underlättande och försvårande faktorer för FA hos friska vuxna. Varje studie granskades individuellt med Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) och det sammanvägda resultatets granskades med Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (GRADE- CERQual).  Resultat: Resultatsammanfattningen visar att det finns gemensamma faktorer som lyfts i många studier. Dessa kategoriserades in i fyra olika teman; biologiska, psykologiska, sociala och ekonomiska, samt miljö och samhälle. De främst förekommande underlättande faktorerna var: viktnedgång, njutning, social kontakt och tillgång till platser att träna på. De främsta försvårande faktorerna var: närvaro av sjukdom och rädsla. En majoritet av studierna i litteraturöversikten hade låg risk för snedvridning enligt CASP. Den sammanvägda granskningen med GRADE-CERQual visar inte på några tydliga risker för snedvridning.   Slutsats: Bland dessa kvalitativa intervjustudier fanns en majoritet av psykologiska och sociala faktorer. De ingående intervjustudierna och det sammanvägda resultatet hade låg risk för snedvridning men resultatet bör tolkas utifrån att de granskningsinstrument som används vid kvalitativ litteraturöversikt i sig kan ha stor risk för snedvridning genom att instrumenten lämnar stort tolkningsutrymme. Framtida forskning bör fortsätta undersöka upplevelser av underlättande och försvårande faktorer för FA för att utforska skillnader och gemensamma faktorer mellan populationer.

A short wakeful rest immediately after new learning boosts verbal memory retention over several minutes. This memory boost is observed both in healthy people and in patients with amnesia, including patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and mild Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Wakeful resting is hypothesized to boost memory by protecting the memory consolidation (strengthening) process from interfering sensory stimulation. The effect of a short wakeful rest immediately after new learning has, to this stage, been tested only over standard retention intervals (≤1 hour). The objectives of this PhD project were to: 1.) examine whether a short wakeful rest immediately after learning boosts memory over a longer retention interval (7 days) in healthy older adults (Experiment 1, Experiment 2) and aMCI/mild AD patients (Experiment 3) 2.) investigate whether intentional rehearsal is necessary and sufficient to boost memory during wakeful rest, over both short-term (15-minute) and long-term (7-day) delays (Experiment 4, 5 and 6) 3.) compare the effect of a short post-learning rest on retention as assessed via cued recall, free recall and recognition, both over short delays (15 minutes) and long delays (7 days and 4 weeks) (Experiments 4,5 and 7) 4.) examine whether a short wakeful rest immediately after learning boosts retention of real-life-like stimuli (face/name paired associates) in healthy older adults and aMCI/mild AD patients (Experiment 8, Experiment 9) In order to accomplish these aims, several samples of healthy adults and amnesic patients were tested, utilising a range of experimental designs. In all experiments, the learning of new material was followed immediately (i) by a brief wakeful rest, or (ii) by a cognitively demanding task. A delayed memory test took place after a range of intervals. The results demonstrate a pronounced memory enhancement over 15-30 minutes and 7 days in aMCI/mild AD patients via a short post-learning wakeful rest. A similar, albeit less pronounced 7-day memory benefit via post-learning wakeful rest was found in healthy older adults. Moreover, it was found that post-learning wakeful resting boosted 7-day recognition memory in healthy older adults, even when the learned material could not be rehearsed intentionally. Although intentional rehearsal did provide a 7-day memory improvement in healthy older adults, the present results indicate that it is not necessary in order to enhance long-term recognition memory via wakeful resting. The long-lived memory benefit gained via post-learning wakeful rest was shown to last at least 4 weeks in healthy adults, and free recall tests were more sensitive to the post-learning delay manipulation than cued recall tests. Finally, healthy controls and aMCI/mild AD patients who were able to learn face/name pairs showed enhanced 30-minute retention of these stimuli following wakeful rest conditions. The present findings demonstrate that both clinical and non-clinical populations are able to retain more new information over long periods, if the time interval immediately after new learning is devoid of further sensory stimulation. These results contribute to a growing body of literature stipulating that minimizing sensory stimulation frees early memory consolidation resources, allowing for superior offline consolidation of verbal material over a standard (≤1 hour) interval. The findings of this thesis extend this hypothesis over (i) a longer interval and (ii) to real-life-like stimuli, and these results are examined in light of memory consolidation theory. Implications of the premise of retroactive interference as a mechanism of longer-term forgetting are discussed.

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has developed an evidence analysis library (EAL) for Nutrition and Dietetics professionals. The EAL is updated by members through workgroups consisting of experts in their fields, most often in response to unanswered questions. One such question is: what kinds of activities can be done during the rest period of an indirect calorimetry test in a healthy population? The objective of our study was to determine if listening to self-selected relaxing music or reading on an electronic device or a magazine effects resting energy expenditure (REE) as measured by an indirect calorimetry test in a healthy population. Answering this question would help indirect calorimetry test administrators know if these simple activities can be done during an indirect calorimetry test without significantly affecting REE but helping subjects remain awake. It would also help standardize the current protocol for indirect calorimetry administration. A randomized trial was conducted during an indirect calorimetry test, under three different conditions (resting, reading, listening to music). Six-five subjects (36 females and 29 males) were used in final data analysis. Inclusion criteria included healthy subjects between the ages of 18-50 years with a stable weight. Exclusion criteria included pregnant or lactating women or individuals who were taking medications known to affect metabolism. Reading, either a magazine or electronic device, resulted in a significant increase of 102.7 kcal/day when compared to resting (p<0.0001). There was no difference in REE when subjects read a magazine or on an electronic device. Listening to self-selected relaxing music increased REE by 27.6 kcal/day compared to rest (p=0.0072). Based on our results, we recommend subjects refrain from reading a magazine or electronic device during a test. Whether or not the smaller difference found while listening to music is practically significant would be a decision for the indirect calorimetry test administrators. Further research could be done to determine the effects other activities have on REE during an indirect calorimetry test. Such activities could include; watching television, texting, or playing passive game.

No description available.

L’augmentation de la dépense énergétique (DE) par une augmentation de l'activité physique (AP) participe au maintien et à l’amélioration de la santé. La mesure à grande échelle de la DE totale (DET) en général et AP en particulier se heurte à des difficultés pratiques de recueil de données, de validité et aux coûts. Bien que dans la littérature de nombreux accéléromètres permettent d’estimer la DET, il y a encore des limites quant à la mesure de l’intensité de l’AP, élément qui influence l’état de la balance énergétique et le bénéfice pour la santé de l’AP. De plus, peu de comparaisons entre les différents accéléromètres sont disponibles. La présente étude avait pour but d’évaluer la capacité de deux accéléromètres (Actical et Sensewear Armband) pour estimer la DET en comparaison avec la technique de l’eau doublement marquée (EDM) ; d’évaluer la concordance entre les accéléromètres dans la mesure de la DE au repos (DER) en comparaison avec la technique de la calorimétrie indirecte (CI) et d’évaluer la DE liée à l’AP en comparaison avec la technique de la CI. Les résultats montrent qu’il y a une très bonne corrélation entre la CI et les accéléromètres dans la mesure de la DER(r > 0.80, p<0.001) et une bonne corrélation entre les accéléromètres et l’EDM dans la mesure de la DET(r>0.75, p<0.001). Pour la mesure de l’intensité de l’AP, l’ACT est plus précis (r=0.80, p<0.001)) que le SWA à la marche, le SWA est meilleur(r=0.80, p<0.001) au vélo. Cette étude permet d’affirmer que le SWA et l’ACT sont des alternatives valables pour mesurer la DE. / The increase in energy expenditure by the increase of physical activity contributes to maintaining and improving health. The large-scale measurement of total energy expenditure in general and physical activity in particular, is faced with difficulties of data collection, validity and cost. Although literature suggests that many accelerometers are used to estimate total energy expenditure, there are still limits as to the measurement of the intensity of physical activity, which is one of the factors that influences the energy balance and health benefits of physical activity. In addition, few comparisons between the different accelerometers are available. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of two accelerometers (Actical and SensWear Armband) to estimate total energy expenditure compared with the technique of doubly labelled water; to assess the correlation between the two accelerometers in the measurement of resting energy expenditure, compared with the technique of indirect calorimetry and finally to assess energy expenditure linked to physical (walking and cycling) at different intensities, in comparison with the indirect calorimetry technique. The results show a very good correlation between indirect calorimetry and the two accelerometers(r > 0.80, p<0.001) in the measurement of resting energy expenditure and a good correlation between accelerometers and the gold standard technique (doubly labeled water) in the measurement of total energy expenditure(r>0.75, p<0.001). To measure the intensity of physical activity, Actical is more accurate than SensWear Armband(r=0.80, p<0.001) at low intensity while the SensWear Armband is better at higher intensity (r=0.80, p<0.001). This study provides evidence that these two accelerometers are suitable alternatives for measuring energy expenditure.

No description available.

No description available.