The main objective of this thesis was to design an incinerator which was fuelled by cow dung. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the designed incinerator can provide the heat needs of a medium size farm in the north of Iran. This project was conducted to study local energy sources accessible in a farm to cut the costs of fossil fuels in one hand and reduction of environmental impacts caused by use of those fuels in the other hand. The whole system was composed of heating elements inside the farm building and an incineration system to heat generation by combusting dry cow dung outside the farm building. The wet manure contained 40% moisture that should be dried by passing through two dryers in series before entering the incinerator. An appropriate water-tube boiler has been designed to boil water which condensed in a condenser so that the latent heat of steam has used for heating the building. A shell and tube heat exchanger has been designed for condensing the steam in the shell side and warming up water flow circulated through heating elements in the tube side. Therefore there are two water cycles one within the heat generation system and the other cycle through heating elements which are designed to exchange heat inside a condenser. About the dryers it is attempted to use recoverable heat of flue gas so that the heat required for the drying section is supplied by the stack of incinerator. As the result of the project, proposed system is evaluated in terms of heat balance and thermal efficiency. Calculation shows that the system is quite sufficient to supply heat needs of the farm and the theoretical thermal efficiency of the system is about 78%.

Organisms are constantly balancing energy demand with an adequate supply of oxygen and substrates to sustain metabolic activity. Thermogenesis is an important metabolic process by which endotherms predominately burn lipids to regulate and maintain their body temperatures by balancing heat loss with heat production. Due to their high rates of heat loss, small winter-active mammals, like the North American deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), are constantly challenged with thermogenesis. Deer mice are also native to high-altitude environments, conditions that further complicate the process of thermogenesis due to the inherent reduced oxygen availability. How metabolic substrates are used for fuelling and sustaining thermogenesis at high altitude remains unclear. The goal of my thesis was to examine how lipid metabolism has evolved to sustain heat production in animals living in high-altitude environments. This was achieved by using deer mice native to high- and low-altitudes acclimated to either standard lab conditions or simulated high altitude (cold hypoxia). I demonstrate that during thermogenic capacity (cold-induced V̇O2max), high-altitude deer mice have higher thermogenic lipid oxidation rates compared to their lowland counterparts, which is further increased after cold hypoxia acclimation. Interestingly, these high rates of lipid oxidation were associated with higher circulatory delivery rates of fatty acids and triglycerides to thermo-effector tissues. Specifically, I show that after a bout of cold-induced V̇O2max, fatty acid uptake occurs primarily in the skeletal muscle in control acclimated high-altitude deer mice, and then shifts to brown adipose tissue following acclimation to high altitude conditions. These findings clearly show that in high-altitude deer mice, maximal thermogenesis is reliant on elevated delivery of circulatory lipids to muscle and brown adipose tissue. This research further sheds light on the mechanistic underpinnings responsible for enhanced thermogenic capacity of high-altitude deer mice and capacity for the highest lipid oxidation rates observed in any mammal. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Thermogenesis, the metabolic production of heat, allows endotherms to maintain stable body temperatures in cold environments. However, it was not yet understood how small mammals fuel and sustain heat production in the cold and low oxygen environment of high altitude. My thesis has uncovered how deer mice native to high altitudes have adapted to burning fats at high rates in hypoxia to sustain thermogenesis. My findings show that high delivery rates of fats to heat-generating tissues are responsible for the elevated rates of heat production in high altitude deer mice. My work contributes to our understanding of the inner workings of the fat pathways and how it has evolved to ensure survival in extreme environmental conditions.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-09-28T12:44:18Z (GMT) / Submitted by ANA REBECA CASTRO LIMA null (anarebecalima@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-30T14:34:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_rebeca_com_certificado.pdf: 1529070 bytes, checksum: c56d5fa5c704e63a65dc06b2c95fb45d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-02T16:59:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_arc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1529070 bytes, checksum: c56d5fa5c704e63a65dc06b2c95fb45d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-02T16:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_arc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1529070 bytes, checksum: c56d5fa5c704e63a65dc06b2c95fb45d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Objetivou-se com o presente estudo determinar a influência da temperatura ambiente sobre o metabolismo basal e a partição de energia em cabras Saanen e Anglo-Nubiana. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos utilizando-se seis cabras da raça Saanen e seis cabras da raça Anglo-Nubiana, em mantença, a partir da técnica da calorimetria indireta de circuito aberto, com máscaras faciais. No experimento 1, após um período de alimentação de 3 dias, os animais foram submetidos a jejum e a medição das trocas gasosas foi realizada durante 30 min a 0, 12, 20, 36, 44, 60 e 68 horas após jejum. A produção de metano foi igual a zero após 31 horas de jejum para cabras Saanen e 40 horas para as Anglo-Nubiana. Os resultados sugerem que o período ideal para medir a produção de calor em jejum (PCJ) deve ser entre 40 horas e 60 horas de jejum para cabras em mantença. No experimento 2, as cabras foram submetidas a três diferentes temperaturas: 10 ºC ± 0,23; 20 ºC ±0,41 e 35 ºC ±1,05. Após um período de alimentação de 4 dias, os animais foram submetidos a jejum por 60 horas e a medição da troca gasosa foi realizada a partir da metodologia da calorimetria indireta utilizando as máscaras faciais durante 30 min em cada animal aleatoriamente. Para ambas as raças, houve uma diminuição linear na ingestão de matéria seca (MS) e matéria orgânica (MO; P<0,10) a medida que a temperatura aumentou de 10 para 35ºC. A digestibilidade aparente da MS, da MO, da proteína bruta e da fibra em detergente neutro apresentaram comportamento quadrático (P < 0,10), com menores valores na temperatura de 20ºC. Aos 35ºC, a digestibilidade da proteína bruta das cabras Anglo-Nubiana foi maior que a das cabras Saanen. A frequência respiratória (FR) e volume respiratório aumentaram em taxas crescentes com o aumento da temperatura ambiente. Aos 35ºC, tanto a FR quanto o volume respiratório das cabras Saanen foram maiores que o das cabras Anglo-Nubiana. A metabolizabilidade e a energia metabolizável da dieta das cabras Saanen, aos 35ºC, foram menores que as das cabras Anglo-Nubiana. Em ambas as raças, para cada 1ºC de variação abaixo de 20ºC houve um aumento na produção de calor (PC) na ordem de 6,7 kJ/ kg0,75 PV, enquanto que para cada 1ºC de variação acima de 20ºC houve um aumento na PC na ordem de 7,9 kJ/ kg0,75 PV. Por outro lado, para PCJ indicou que para cada 1ºC de variação abaixo de 20ºC houve um decréscimo na PCJ na ordem de 5,4 kJ/ kg0,75 PV, enquanto que para cada 1ºC de variação acima de 20ºC houve um decréscimo na ordem de 8,7 kJ/ kg075 PV, em temperatura ambiente entre 10 e 35ºC. As cabras da raça Saanen e Anglo-Nubiana são capazes de manter a homeostasia em ambientes entre 10 e 35ºC. Por outro lado, o aumento da temperatura ambiental induz a um menor consumo, tendendo a balanços energéticos negativos. Acima de 20ºC, as cabras tendem a diminuir a produção de calor em jejum, como uma tentativa de conservação de energia em ambientes quentes. / The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the ambient temperature on the basal metabolism and the energy partition in Saanen and Anglo-Nubian goats. Two experiments were carried out using six Saanen goats and six Anglo-Nubian goats, in maintenance, using the indirect calorimetry technique with open-circuit facemask respirometry. In experiment 1, after a three-day feed period, the animals were fasted and gas exchange measurements were performed for 30 min at 0, 12, 20, 36, 44, 60 and 68 hours after fasting. Methane production approached zero after 31 hours of fasting for Saanen goats and 40 hours for Anglo-Nubian goats. The results suggest that the period for measuring fasting heat production (FHP) should be between 40 hours and 60 hours of fasting for maintenance goats. In experiment 2, goats were submitted to three different temperatures: 10 ºC ± 0.23, 20 ºC ± 0.41 and at 35 ºC ± 1.05. After a feeding period of four days, goats were fasted for 60 hours and gas exchange measurement was performed for 30 min in each animal randomly. For both breeds, dry matter (DM) and organic matter intake (MO; P <0.10) decrease linearly as the temperature increased from 10 to 35ºC. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber presented quadratic behavior (P <0.10), with the lowest values at 20ºC. At 35ºC, the crude protein digestibility of Anglo-Nubian goats was higher than that of Saanen goats. Respiratory rate (RR) and respiratory volume increased with increasing ambient temperature. At 35ºC, both RR and respiratory volume of Saanen goats were higher than that of Anglo-Nubian goats. The diet metabolizability and metabolizable energy of Saanen goats, at 35ºC, were lower than those of the Anglo-Nubian goats. In both breeds, for each 1ºC of variation below 20ºC there was an increase in HP of 6.7 kJ/kg0.75 BW, whereas for each 1ºC of variation above 20ºC there was an increase in HP of 7.9 kJ/kg0.75 BW. On the other hand, FHP indicated that for each 1ºC of variation below 20ºC there was a decrease in FHP of 5.4 kJ/kg0.75 BW, while for each 1ºC of variation above 20ºC there was a decrease of 8.7 kJ/kg0.75 BW, between 10 and 35 °C. Saanen and Anglo-Nubian goats are able to maintain homeostasis in environments between 10 and 35ºC. On the other hand, the increase in ambient temperature leads to lower consumption, tending to negative energy balances. Above 20°C, goats tend to decrease fasting heat production, as an attempt to conserve energy in hot environments. / CNPq: 157525/2014-7

There is currently an ongoing urban transformation in a small Swedish town named Kiruna, it is located in the very north of Sweden well above the Arctic Circle in a sub-arctic climate. Large part of the town will be relocated due to the ground deformation that is caused by the progressing iron ore mining activity and it is affecting all infrastructures of the town. This thesis aims to accomplish a holistic analysis on the district heating (DH) system for the town of Kiruna and its future challenges. Energy companies with a DH system recognize the importance in having a good understanding about the network characteristics, for obtaining an efficient and stabile heat delivery to the end-users. In this thesis, a method for modeling and simulation of meshed DH networks is described, that makes it possible to study and analyze the flow pattern in order to locate non-obvious paths, bottlenecks and overloaded pipes. For carrying out the DH simulations a fundamental input is to set the thermal losses for each pipe segment in the model, a fictitious series with all pipe diameters is created which corresponds to the annual losses in the real network. In comparison with the pipes series manufactured today the created one is best described by the series with least insulation and highest thermal losses. The studied network has its origin in the 60th and is the sum of the different piping technics that has been valid over time, this mixture is positioning the thermal performance as a close to a worst-case scenario. To the meshed DH network a number of heat production sites are connected for delivering the thermal requested by the end-users, each site consisting of several boilers and using different resources. A hybrid evolutionary-Mixed Integer Linear Programing (MILP) optimization approach is developed and applied for finding the cost-optimal heat production for three scenarios in combination of two heating demand levels. It is stated that no matter the geographically location of the site the cheapest resource should always be favorable as fuel, in the case when the same resource is viable at different sites a differentiated heat production is obtained. The supply temperature from each site is found to be the one lowest possible in order to serve all site-concerned end-users with a temperature level high enough for hot water production. The findings recommend a network temperatures reduction with the consequence in higher cost related to pumping work, but is lower than the savings due to the reduction in thermal losses. In order to provide the relocated part of the town with DH the hybrid evolutionary-MILP optimization routine is reshaped for finding different alternatives for network expansion layouts. The result is presented as a multi objective analysis between the operation cost and installation cost, showing the complete spectra of all optimal possible solutions and how the different cost correlate to each other. In this way, the outcome can be used for support in decision making, helping network owners is their planning and pipe sizing for new areas. For constructing the buildings that will populate the new city-area the Swedish government has stated a number of recommendations for achieving livable thermal indoor climate. An investigation is carried out analyzing the impact from the usage of three different heating system; air/air heat pump, air heating and floor heating in a low energy family house, where the first two system are aimed to use heat from the DH network. The analysis show that only the floor heating system satisfies the recommendations stated, but with carefully planning an air heating system could also fulfill the recommendations. Further, a techno-economical evaluation declares that the cheapest heating cost over 30 years is by using an air/air heat pump. In order to make DH competitive as heating source the needed price reduction is found for the hydronic floor and air heating system. Finally, three different building energy performance scenarios are studied in conjunction with the urban transformation in combination with the suggested energy measures from the Energy Performance certificates (EPC). In order to reach the national target entailing a reduction of 50% until 2050 all re-built buildings have to be built with passive standard and all advised measures in the EPC has to be carried out. Wort noticing is that the scenarios is analyzed as part of a 3-D City Model, which is found to be a worthwhile working tool for staff dealing with energy related issues.

Non-compensable cold exposure represents a potentially deadly threat to humans, as we lack highly specialized organs and mechanisms necessary to maintain our optimal core temperature of ~37°C. Repeated exposures to cold have been shown to induce protective physiological changes in cold responses through a process known as cold acclimatization (natural) or acclimation (in laboratory). The purpose of this thesis was to determine what physiological changes occur following an intense 7 day, 14°C cold water immersion acclimation protocol, during both non-compensable (Chapter 2) and compensable cold exposures (Chapter 3). This includes identifying changes in the contributions of the shivering (ST) and non-shivering (NST) thermogenic pathways to overall heat production. ST and NST changes were quantified via electromyography and indirect calorimetry, respectively. This 7 day cold water acclimation protocol resulted in a decrease in cooling rate, a significant increase in mean esophageal core temperature, a decrease in peak heart rate following immersion, and increased thermal comfort from day 1 to day 7 of the 1h 14°C cold water immersions. Further to these findings, changes in ST and NST were measured pre- and post-acclimation with a standardized compensable cold protocol using a liquid conditioned suit (LCS) which lowered Tskin to 26°C for 2.5h. The cold acclimation protocol resulted in a ~38% decrease in mean shivering over the 2.5h without any change in thermogenic rate from pre- to post-cold acclimation. In addition, no significant difference in fuel selection was observed. These results indicate that the short, intense cold acclimation protocol did result in a substantial change in the contribution of ST and NST to total heat production which could increase cold tolerance by reducing involuntary muscle contractions during ST.

This study compared head vs. torso warming using a similar source of heat donation. Six subjects were cooled in 8˚C water to either a core temperature of 35˚C or for 60 min. They were then rewarmed by either shivering only, or charcoal heater applied to the head, or torso. There were no significant differences in rewarming rate between the three conditions. Head warming did not inhibit average shivering heat production resulting in greater net heat gain during 35-60 min of rewarming compared to shivering. Head warming is as effective as torso warming for hypothermic victims. Head warming could be a preferred method in some cases: extreme conditions in which removal of the insulation and exposure of the torso to the cold is contraindicated; excessive movement is contraindicated (e.g., severe hypothermia which has a risk of ventricular fibrillation, or potential spinal injury); or if emergency personnel are working on the torso.

Pyrolys innebär att exempelvis biobränsle hettas upp i syrefattig miljö för att bilda pyrolysgas och kol. Pyrolysgasen kan brännas för att producera värme med låga utsläpp och kolet har en mängd användningsområden; jordförbättringsmedel, fodertillskott, filtermaterial, kolfastläggning, energibärare, ståltillverkning m.m. Om krav på bränsle och användningsområde för kolet uppfylls kan kolet certifieras som biokol. Syftet med den här rapporten är att utreda om pyrolystekniken är ett hållbart, tekniskt och ekonomiskt alternativ till pellets- och flisförbränning för värmeproduktion. Målet är att förmedla pyrolysens tekniska och ekonomiska förutsättningar, såväl positiva som negativa. Rapporten är baserad på en kombination av litteraturstudier, djupintervjuer, besök vid anläggningar och referensgruppsamtal.   Pyrolys har använts i tusentals år för att producera kol. I Amazonas upptäcktes landområden med en sammalagd yta större än Storbritannien i vilka jorden var kolsvart. Denna svarta jord, terra preta, är berikad med kol och har därmed blivit mycket bördigare än omgivande, ursprunglig jord. I Sverige framställdes kol för att tillgodose metallindustrin med bland annat produktionsmaterial och bränsle. Till skillnad från pellets- och flisförbränning kan pyrolystekniken använda en stor mängd olika bränslen så länge de uppfyller krav på energidensitet och fukthalt. Marknaden för biokol växer i bl.a. Tyskland men är ännu liten i Sverige. De leverantörer av pyrolysanläggningar som besökts i denna rapport, Pyreg och Carbon Terra, gör anläggningar med syfte att producera biokol. Pyreg har utvecklat en process med skruvreaktor och integrerad pyrolysgasbrännare för att t.o.m. kunna använda avloppsslam som bränsle. Carbon Terras process är enkel och robust med fokus att producera mycket kol.   Pyrolysteknikens styrkor är flexibiliteten att välja olika typer av bränslen, låga utsläpp, liten negativ miljöpåverkan och kolets olika användningsområden. Ser man till svagheterna är de marknadsrelaterade; outvecklad svensk marknad och okunskap om kolets användningsområden. Dessutom gör pyrolysanläggningarnas statiska effektuttag att de är mindre flexibla än pellets- och flispannor. I en tid då klimatförändringarna letar akuta lösningar medför kolfastläggning och biokol som jordförbättringsmedel stora möjligheter tillsammans med omvandling av pyrolysgas till fordonsbränsle. Dock är den befintliga pellets- och flisförbränningen väletablerad som uppvärmningsteknik, vilket kan utgöra ett hot mot pyrolysteknikens intåg på marknaden. Avsaknaden av regelverk pga. kompetensbrist kan också försvåra för etablering av pyrolysanläggningar.   Slutsatsen i denna rapport är att pyrolystekniken är ett bra alternativ till konventionell pellets- och flisförbränning om man kan hantera att värmeproduktinen är statisk och att man beaktar kolets värde. Värmeproduktion från pyrolysgas ger lägre utsläpp av bland annat CO, NOx och stoftpartiklar än pellets- och flisförbränning och om kolet används för kolfastläggning är möjligheten till globala klimateffekter betydande. Det som starkast påverkar den ekonomiska kalkylen är kostnaden för bränslet och intäkten på kolet. För att gardera sig mot den outvecklade biokolmarkanden i Sverige har kalkylerna i denna rapport baserats på försäljning av biokol som jordförbättringsmedel, vilket ger låga intäkter jämfört med andra användningsområden. Styrkan i att valet av bränsle är flexibelt gör det möjligt att ha en bränslekostnad på noll om materialet annars ses som avfall. Marknaden för kol i Sverige är outvecklad vilket kräver ett aktivt arbete från de som ger sig in branschen, men om utvecklingen följer den i Tyskland ser de ekonomiska förutsättningarna starka ut. / Pyrolysis is the process where biomass is heated in an environment with low oxygen level forming pyrolysis gas and char. Pyrolysis gas can be combusted to produce heat with low emissions and the char has a multitude of uses: soil improvement, animal feed supplements, filter material, carbon storage, energy source, steel production etc. If certain requirements for the fuel and how the char is used the char certified as biochar. The purpose of this report is to determine if the pyrolysis technology is a sustainable, technical and economical alternative to pellet and wood chip combustion for heat production. The goal is to convey pyrolysis technical and economic conditions, both positive and negative. The report is based on a combination of literature reviews, interviews, plant visits and reference group discussions.   Pyrolysis has been used for thousands of years to produce char. Areas, of a total area larger than the Great Britain, with pitch black soils were discovered in the Amazon. This black soil, terra preta, is enriched with carbon, and has thus become much more fertile than the surrounding native soil. In Sweden char was produced to meet the metal industries’ demand for char as material and fuel. Unlike pellet and wood chip combustion, pyrolysis can use a variety of fuels, as long as they meet the requirements of calorific value and moisture content. The market for biochar is growing particularly in Germany but is still small in Sweden. The suppliers of pyrolysis plants visited in this report, Pyreg and Carbon Terra, develop their plants in order to produce biochar. Pyreg has developed a process with a screw reactor and an integrated pyrolysis gas combustor to be able to use sewage sludge as fuel. Carbon Terra’s process is simple and robust, with a focus to produce large quantities of carbon.   The strengths of the pyrolysis technique are the flexibility to use different types of fuels, low emission, low environmental impact and the different uses of the char. Looking at weaknesses, they are market-related; undeveloped Swedish market and lack of knowledge of how to use biochar. In addition, the pyrolysis facilities have static power output that they are less flexible than pellets and wood chip combustors. At a time when finding solutions on climate change are urgent, carbon storage, using biochar as a soil improver and conversion of pyrolysis gas as a vehicle fuel are great opportunities. However, the existing pellet and wood chip combustion is well established as a heating technology, which could pose a threat to the pyrolysis technology entering the market. The lack of regulation due to shortages of knowledge of pyrolysis may also prevent the establishment of pyrolysis plants. The conclusion of this report is that pyrolysis is a good alternative to conventional pellet and wood chip combustion if you can manage the static power output and that you realize the value of the char. Heat production from pyrolysis produce lower emissions including CO, NOx and smog particles than pellets and wood chip combustion and biochar used for carbon storage has the possibility of significant global climate impact. The strongest influences on the economic calculation are the cost of fuel and the revenue of the char. The strength of being able to choose different types of fuel makes it possible to have a fuel at zero cost if the material is otherwise regarded as waste. The market for biochar in Sweden is undeveloped which increases the uncertainty of the calculations, but if the trend follows that of Germany, the economic prospects are strong.

This study compared head vs. torso warming using a similar source of heat donation. Six subjects were cooled in 8˚C water to either a core temperature of 35˚C or for 60 min. They were then rewarmed by either shivering only, or charcoal heater applied to the head, or torso. There were no significant differences in rewarming rate between the three conditions. Head warming did not inhibit average shivering heat production resulting in greater net heat gain during 35-60 min of rewarming compared to shivering. Head warming is as effective as torso warming for hypothermic victims. Head warming could be a preferred method in some cases: extreme conditions in which removal of the insulation and exposure of the torso to the cold is contraindicated; excessive movement is contraindicated (e.g., severe hypothermia which has a risk of ventricular fibrillation, or potential spinal injury); or if emergency personnel are working on the torso.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A cidade de São Paulo passou por cinco grandes reurbanizações desde 1825 até os dias atuais que intensificaram o uso do solo em detrimento do clima urbano. A partir de 1960 a região central entra em um processo de decadência e, em 2002, é lançado o Programa de Reabilitação da Área Central de São Paulo (Procentro) para reverter esta situação por meio de intervenções distribuídas pelos distritos da Sé e da República que, levando em consideração as questões ambientais, reduzirão a intensidade da ilha de calor paulistana. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP