The ventilation system is in itself a huge necessity in our everyday life as it provides sufficient amount of fresh air to our indoor climate, while it simultaneously circulates the residing air pollutants out of the building. Although, for this to be made possible, large amounts of energy is required to be consumed, which in turn leads to an increased energy cost. The knowledge to minimize the use of energy occurs in many different scopes of practices throughout our society. Many people however, avoid such measures due to the high initial costs which are presented, but also because they haven't enough awareness of how they should rectify the problem. The Study is mainly based on researching previously performed measures of system upgrades in the ventilation industry regarding ventilation systems with heat recovery, while understanding the different elements that influences the choice to either upgrade or renovate the already existing system. The implementation of thesis happened through information gathering, a literature study and a qualitative research, which in this case were interviews. The literature study consisted of scientific reports, evaluations and a couple of digital sources which were relevant to the subject we were focusing on. The interviews on the other hand were conducted with experienced officials and employees in the ventilation industry, with the purpose of having a better understanding behind the reason of a system being upgraded. The final results of the study indicated that the most common reason why a costumer/property owner sought an upgrade or renovation of the ventilation system was mainly because of contamination in the heat exchanger, which in return increased the energy consumption while at the same time impaired the indoor climate. / Ventilationssystemet är en nödvändighet i vår vardag, då det ska tillföra god inomhusluft samtidigt som den cirkulerar bort luftföroreningarna som finns inuti byggnaden. Men för att detta ska möjliggöras förbrukas stora mängder energi, som i sin tur leder till en ökad energikostnad. Kunskapen för att minimera energianvändningen förekommer i många varierande verksamhetsområden. Däremot är det många som undviker sådana åtgärder på grund av de höga initialkostnaderna men även eftersom de inte har kännedom kring hur dom ska åtgärda problemet. Studien är främst baserad på att ta reda på tidigare utförda åtgärder av systemuppgradering i ventilationsbranschen med inriktning inom ventilationssystem med värmeåtervinning, och genom det begripa vilka faktorer som påverkar valet till att man vill uppgradera eller renovera sitt befintliga system. Genomförandet av arbetet grundades på faktainsamling, litteraturstudie och en kvalitativ forskning i form av intervjuer. Den inhämtade litteraturen bestod av vetenskapliga rapporter, teknikupphandlingar, utvärderingar och digitala källor som var relevanta kring ämnesområdet. Intervjuerna utfördes med erfarna tjänstemän inom branschen, i syfte med att innehava en djupare förståelse kring systemuppgradering av ventilationssystem och anledningen till detta. Slutresultat av undersökningen tydde på att den mest förekommande anledningen till att en kund/fastighetsägare sökte en uppgradering eller renovering av sitt ventilationssystem med värmeåtervinning var på grund av nedsmutsning i värmeväxlaren, vilket försämrade inomhusklimatet och ökade energiförbrukningen.

No / This paper aims to investigate experimentally the effects of circulating coolant flow rate, groundwater table fluctuations, infiltration of rainwater, on the amount of thermal energy that can be recovered from the near surface soil layers. A comprehensive experimental investigation was carried out on a fully equipped tank filled with sand. A heat collector panel was embedded horizontally at the mid-height of the tank. Measurements of the temperature at various points on the heat collector panel, adjacent soil, inlet and outlet were continuously monitored and recorded. After reaching a steady state, it was observed that increasing water saturation in the adjacent soil leads to a substantial increase on the amount of heat recovered. A model was proposed for the estimation of temperature along the heat collector panel based on steady state conditions. It accounted for thermal resistance between pipes and the variability of water saturation in the adjacent soils. This model showed good agreement with the data. Whilst increasing the flow rate of the circulating fluid within the panel did not cause noticeable improvement on the amount of heat energy that can be harnessed within the laminar flow regime commonly found in ground source heat panels. Infiltration of rainwater would cause a temporary enhancement on the amount of extracted heat. Measurement of the sand thermal conductivity during a cycle of drying and wetting indicates that the thermal conductivity is primarily dependent upon the degree of water saturation and secondary on the flow path.

yes / A computational network heat transfer model was utilised to model the potential of heat energy recovery at multiple locations from a city scale combined sewer network. The uniqueness of this network model lies in its whole system validation and implementation for seasonal scenarios in a large sewer network. The network model was developed, on the basis of a previous single pipe heat transfer model, to make it suitable for application in large sewer networks and its performance was validated in this study by predicting the wastewater temperature variation in a sewer network. Since heat energy recovery in sewers may impact negatively on wastewater treatment processes, the viability of large scale heat recovery across a network was assessed by examining the distribution of the wastewater temperatures throughout the network and the wastewater temperature at the wastewater treatment plant inlet. The network heat transfer model was applied to a sewer network with around 3000 pipes and a population equivalent of 79500. Three scenarios; winter, spring and summer were modelled to reflect seasonal variations. The model was run on an hourly basis during dry weather. The modelling results indicated that potential heat energy recovery of around 116, 160 & 207 MWh/day may be obtained in January, March and May respectively, without causing wastewater temperature either in the network or at the inlet of the wastewater treatment plant to reach a level that was unacceptable to the water utility.

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Modelling wastewater temperature variations in a network of 3048 sewer pipes was achieved in this project. Recovering heat from sewers presents attractive options for producing clean energy. However, heat recovery from sewerage may result in wastewater temperature drops which may reduce the influent temperature at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This drop in the WWTP influent temperature may result in the degradation of the biological treatment stage. Therefore, it is vital to predict the impact of recovering heat from sewers on the wastewater temperature. Sewer temperatures along with hydraulic data were measured for up to a year in four different Belgian sites. The measured data was utilised to calibrate a deterministic sewer pipe model that estimates the wastewater temperature variation along the sewer pipe profiles. The latter model was calibrated using data from two sites and then validated using independent data from the other two sites. The sewer pipe model was then further developed to model wastewater temperature variations in a large (3048 pipe) network. The large network model was tested by implementing three different heat recovery scenarios. It was observed that 9 MW may be recovered from the 3048 pipe network, serving a catchment with a population equivalent of 79500 inhabitants, without impacting negatively on the biological processes. / INNERS project funded by EU Interreg IVB

The study looks at heat recovery of a refrigeration system in a supermarket where the heat was supplied to apartments in the same building. Such a system requires cooperation between the supermarket owner and the property owner, with both having different motives. By gaining understanding of each other's needs and obligations, cooperation can become easier to achieve, with a result that is more optimal for both actors. Heat recovery for use within the supermarkets has existed for a long time, though supplying the heat to other actors is not as common. Using CO2 as refrigerant is becoming more popular in supermarket refrigeration systems, which allows for achieving higher temperatures in recovered heat, enabling use in radiator systems or for preheating domestic hot water. In lack of other cooling solutions, the supermarket studied in the project had previously used municipal water for cooling of the condenser in the refrigeration system, which is a costly solution that does not utilize the heat. The amount of heat that can be recovered was estimated and compared to the varied amount of heat demand in the supermarket and the rest of the property over a year. Findings show that heat recovery from the refrigeration system create considerable cost savings for both the supermarket owner and the property owner, despite still requiring cooling with municipal water during summer. Financial compensation for delivered heat is difficult to argue for at moment, though it may become relevant if new solutions for cooling of the refrigeration system are proved to be feasible. / Se filen

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Several CO2 transcritical booster systems in supermarkets use the potential of integrating geothermal storage, enabling subcooling during warm climate conditions as well as being a heat source during cold climate conditions. First of all, field measurements of one of these systems located in Sweden were analysed with particular focus on the heat-recovery performance. The best theoretical operational strategy was compared to the one really implemented and the differences in the annual energy usage were assessed through modelling. The results show that an alternative to the best theoretical operational strategy exists; heat can be extracted from the ground while low-temperature heat is rejected by the gas cooler. Such an alternative strategy has important technical advantages with a negligible increment of the energy usage. In the second part of this work, the benefits of geothermal subcooling were evaluated. Applying the BIN hours method, it was demonstrated that this system is expected to save on average roughly 5% of the total power consumption, in Stockholm’s climate. The models utilized for the winter and summer season were combined to find the relationship between geothermal storage size and annual energy savings. In this way, it was possible to calculate the present value of the operational savings for the study case. Furthermore, a general methodology for assessing the economic feasibility of this system solution is presented. Finally, several scenarios were investigated to produce parametric curves and to perform a sensitivity analysis. Comparing the results with the typical Swedish prices for boreholes, the cases where this system solution is economically justified were identified. These are supermarkets with a Heat Recovery Ratio (HRR) higher than the average. For examples, supermarkets supplying heat to the neighbouring buildings (considering the Stockholm’s climate, systems with an annual average HRR of at least 70%). Relying only on savings from subcooling was found to be not enough to justify a geothermal storage, a not-negligible amount of heat must be extracted in winter. Finally, some interesting concepts and alternatives to a geothermal integration are presented to point out relevant future work.