No description available.

No description available.

Alumina-to-alumina brazed joints were formed using 96.0 and 99.7 wt.% Al2O3 ceramics in as-ground and in ground and heat treated conditions using TICUSIL® (68.8Ag-26.7Cu-4.7Ti wt.%) braze preforms of thicknesses ranging from 50 to 250 μm. Brazing was conducted in a vacuum of 1 x 10-5 mbar at 850 °C for 10 minutes. Joint strengths were evaluated using four-point bend testing and were compared to the flexural strengths of standard test bars according to ASTM C1161-13. Post-grinding heat treatment, performed at 1550 °C for 1 hour, did not affect the average surface roughness or grain size of either grade of alumina but affected their average flexural strengths, with a small increase for 96.0 wt.% Al2O3 and a small decrease for 99.7 wt.% Al2O3. Post-grinding heat treatment led to secondary phase migration, creating a fissured 96.0 wt.% Al2O3 surface. This affected the reliability of 96.0 wt.% Al2O3 brazed joints, in which braze infiltration was observed. As the TICUSIL® braze preform thickness was increased from 50 to 150 μm, the average strengths of both 96.0 and 99.7 wt.% Al2O3 brazed joints improved. This occurred due to a microstructural evolution, in both sets of joints, which was studied using SEM, TEM and nanoindentation techniques. An increase in the TICUSIL® braze preform thickness increased the amount of Ti which was available to diffuse to the joint interfaces. This led to increases in both, reaction layer and braze interlayer thicknesses. Excess Ti in joints that were made using TICUSIL® braze preforms thicker than 50 μm, led to relatively hard Cu-Ti phases in an Ag-Cu braze interlayer. Cu-Ti phase formation, which may have reinforced joint strength whilst also reducing CTE mismatch at the joint interface, also led to Ag-rich braze outflow at the joint edges. Brazed joints made using as-ground 96.0 wt.% Al2O3 consistently outperformed brazed joints made using as-ground 99.7 wt.% Al2O3, due to the formation of Ti5Si3 phases at locations where the Ti-rich reaction layer intersected with the triple pocket grain boundary regions of the as-ground 96.0 wt.% Al2O3 surface.

La plupart des échangeurs thermiques automobiles sont fabriqués à partir de tôles d’aluminium brasées dont l’épaisseur a été constamment réduite au cours des dernières années à cause de contraintes économiques et environnementales. Dans le même temps, les contraintes subies par les échangeurs thermiques ont également augmenté ce qui a accrue le risque de défaillance par fatigue mécanique, en particulier au niveau des tubes. Dans cette étude, une caractérisation détaillée des mécanismes d’endommagement cyclique à l’œuvre dans les radiateurs de refroidissements automobiles a été effectuée dans le but d’améliorer leur fiabilité. La matière standard utilisée pour la fabrication des échangeurs, utilisée comme référence dans ce travail, consiste en une plaque très fine (plus petit que 0,27mm d’épaisseur) composée de trois alliages d’aluminium co-laminés (4045/3916/4045). Afin d’évaluer l’effet de la structure de ce « sandwich » sur les mécanismes d’endommagement, des matières composées d’une unique couche (3916) ainsi que de 4 couches (4045/3003/3916/4045) ont également été produites. Toutes ces matières, ont été brasées dans le but d’obtenir un état de surface et des propriétés mécaniques représentatives d’un échangeur thermique de série. Des essais de fatigue à amplitude de contrainte constante ont été réalisés à température ambiante, -30°C et 120°C pour i) caractériser l’effet de la structure du sandwich sur la résistance cyclique des différentes matières étudiées et ii) l’effet de la température sur les mécanismes d’endommagement en fatigue. Les phases d’amorçage et de propagation des fissures ont pu être étudiées par la mise en place de techniques de suivi 2D et 3D. Ces techniques, couplées à une caractérisation précise de la microstructure des matières, ont permis de clarifier les mécanismes d’endommagement conduisant à la rupture par fatigue de ces fines plaques et, notamment, de pointer le rôle clé du placage résiduel (issu de la fusion du 4045) sur les mécanismes d’endommagement. / Nowadays, most of the automotive heat exchangers are made of brazed aluminium sheets. Due to economic and environmental issues, the thickness of heat exchanger components have been reduced. Concomitantly, the stress undergone by the heat exchanger increased which raised the risk of fatigue failure, and particularly on tube for radiators. In this work, a detailed characterization of the cyclic damage mechanisms in car heat exchangers has been carried out. The standard material used to make radiator is a very thin (plu petit que 0.27mm) aluminium sheet composed by 3 layers (4045 /3916/ 4045). To assess the effect of the structure of this “sandwich” on the damage mechanisms, materials composed of a single layer (3916) and composed of 4 layers (4045/3003/3916/4045) have also been studied. All materials have been brazed in similar industrial conditions in order to obtain representative metallurgical and surface conditions. Fatigue tests at constant stress amplitude have been performed at room temperature, -30°C and 120°C to i) characterize the sandwich structure effect on the cyclic resistance of the studied materials and ii) to study the effect of temperature on the fatigue damage mechanism.Crack initiation and propagation have been observed by 2D and 3D monitoring techniques. These techniques, in addition to a detailed microstructure characterization of the materials, allowed to clarify the damage mechanisms leading to fracture in fatigue of these thin sheets and, in particular, to point out the key role of the residual clad (left by the 4XXX melting) on the damage mechanisms.

Brazing, as a type of joining process, is widely used in manufacturing industries to join individual components of a structure. Structural reliability of a brazed assembly is strongly dependent on the joint mechanical properties. In the present work, mechanical reliability of low carbon steel brazed joints with copper filler metal is investigated and a methodology for failure analysis of brazed joints using the cohesive zone model (CZM) is presented. Mechanical reliability of the brazed joints is characterized by strength and toughness. Uniaxial and biaxial strengths of the joints are evaluated experimentally and estimated by finite element method using the ABAQUS software. Microstructural analysis of the joint fracture surfaces reveals different failure mechanisms of dimple rupture and dendritic failure. Resistance of the brazed joints against crack propagation, evaluated by the single-parameter fracture toughness criterion, shows dependency on the specimen geometry and loading configuration. Fracture of the brazed joints and the subsequent ductile tearing process are investigated using a two-parameter CZM. The characterizing model parameters of the cohesive strength and cohesive energy are identified by a four-point bend fracture test accompanied with corresponding FE simulation. Using the characterized CZM, the joint fracture behavior under tensile loading is well estimated. Predictability of the developed cohesive zone FE model for fracture analysis of brazed joints independent of geometry and loading configuration is validated. The developed cohesive zone FE model is extended to fatigue crack growth analysis in brazed joints. A cyclic damage evolution law is implemented into the cohesive zone constitutive model to irreversibly account for the joint stiffness degradation over the number of cycles. Fatigue failure behavior of the brazed joints is characterized by performing fully reversed strain controlled cyclic tests. The damage law parameters are calibrated based on the analytical solutions and the experimental fatigue crack growth data. The characterized irreversible CZM shows applicability to fatigue crack growth life prediction of brazed joints.

Brazing, as a type of joining process, is widely used in manufacturing industries to join individual components of a structure. Structural reliability of a brazed assembly is strongly dependent on the joint mechanical properties. In the present work, mechanical reliability of low carbon steel brazed joints with copper filler metal is investigated and a methodology for failure analysis of brazed joints using the cohesive zone model (CZM) is presented. Mechanical reliability of the brazed joints is characterized by strength and toughness. Uniaxial and biaxial strengths of the joints are evaluated experimentally and estimated by finite element method using the ABAQUS software. Microstructural analysis of the joint fracture surfaces reveals different failure mechanisms of dimple rupture and dendritic failure. Resistance of the brazed joints against crack propagation, evaluated by the single-parameter fracture toughness criterion, shows dependency on the specimen geometry and loading configuration. Fracture of the brazed joints and the subsequent ductile tearing process are investigated using a two-parameter CZM. The characterizing model parameters of the cohesive strength and cohesive energy are identified by a four-point bend fracture test accompanied with corresponding FE simulation. Using the characterized CZM, the joint fracture behavior under tensile loading is well estimated. Predictability of the developed cohesive zone FE model for fracture analysis of brazed joints independent of geometry and loading configuration is validated. The developed cohesive zone FE model is extended to fatigue crack growth analysis in brazed joints. A cyclic damage evolution law is implemented into the cohesive zone constitutive model to irreversibly account for the joint stiffness degradation over the number of cycles. Fatigue failure behavior of the brazed joints is characterized by performing fully reversed strain controlled cyclic tests. The damage law parameters are calibrated based on the analytical solutions and the experimental fatigue crack growth data. The characterized irreversible CZM shows applicability to fatigue crack growth life prediction of brazed joints.

Titanium and aluminium alloys are among the most used construct materials due to their physical and mechanical properties except steels. The joining of these alloys can improve properties of whole construction but it is still difficult task. Especially welding of titanium and aluminium alloys is difficult cause formation of undesirable intermetalic phases in the weld. This thesis focuses on influences of electron beam welding parameters especially focusing and deflection of beam and preheating of base material to quality of heterogeneous join of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V and aluminium alloy EN AW-6061 – T651. There is described preparation of welded joins and brazed joins in the thesis, which are evaluated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and EDS analysis of chemical composition. There was evaluated presence and chemical composition of formated intermetalic phases in the welded joins and quality and defects in the brazed joins.

No description available.

No description available.