No description available.

No description available.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are stress-inducible and evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperones that are involved in protein binding and translocation. As molecular chaperones, HSPs bind to denatured proteins, inhibit their aggregation, maintain their solubility, and assist in refolding. This process inhibits the formation of protein aggregates which can be lethal to the cell. In eukaryotic cells, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is responsible for the degradation of most non-native proteins. Furthermore, proteasome inhibition has been shown to induce hsp gene expression. Celastrol, a quinone methide triterpene, was shown to have an inhibitory effect on proteasome function in mammalian cells. The present study determined that celastrol induced the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and reduced proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity in Xenopus laevis A6 kidney epithelial cells. In addition, incubation of A6 cells with celastrol induced the accumulation of HSP30 and HSP70 in a dose- and time-dependent manner with maximal levels of HSP accumulation occurring after 18 h of exposure. In A6 cells recovering from celastrol, the relative levels of HSP30 and HSP70 accumulation remained elevated for 18-24 h after removal of celastrol. The activation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) DNA-binding may be involved in celastrol-induced hsp gene expression in A6 cells, since the HSF1 inhibitor, KNK437, repressed the accumulation of HSP30 and HSP70. Exposure of A6 cells to simultaneous celastrol and mild heat shock treatment enhanced the accumulation of HSP30 and HSP70 to a greater extent than the sum of both stressors individually. Additionally, concurrent treatment of A6 cells with low concentrations of both celastrol and MG132 produced different patterns of HSP30 and HSP70 accumulation. While combined treatment with celastrol and MG132 acted synergistically on HSP30 accumulation, relative levels of HSP70 were similar to those observed with MG132 alone. Immunocytochemical analysis of celastrol- or MG132-treated A6 cells revealed HSP30 accumulation in a punctate pattern primarily in the cytoplasm with some staining in the nucleus. Also, in some cells treated with celastrol or MG132 large HSP30 staining structures were observed in the cytoplasm. Lastly, exposure of A6 cells to celastrol induced rounder cell morphology, reduced adherence and disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. In conclusion, this study has shown that celastrol inhibited proteasome activity in amphibian cultured cells and induced HSF1-mediated expression of hsp genes.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are stress-inducible and evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperones that are involved in protein binding and translocation. As molecular chaperones, HSPs bind to denatured proteins, inhibit their aggregation, maintain their solubility, and assist in refolding. This process inhibits the formation of protein aggregates which can be lethal to the cell. In eukaryotic cells, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is responsible for the degradation of most non-native proteins. Furthermore, proteasome inhibition has been shown to induce hsp gene expression. Celastrol, a quinone methide triterpene, was shown to have an inhibitory effect on proteasome function in mammalian cells. The present study determined that celastrol induced the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and reduced proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity in Xenopus laevis A6 kidney epithelial cells. In addition, incubation of A6 cells with celastrol induced the accumulation of HSP30 and HSP70 in a dose- and time-dependent manner with maximal levels of HSP accumulation occurring after 18 h of exposure. In A6 cells recovering from celastrol, the relative levels of HSP30 and HSP70 accumulation remained elevated for 18-24 h after removal of celastrol. The activation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) DNA-binding may be involved in celastrol-induced hsp gene expression in A6 cells, since the HSF1 inhibitor, KNK437, repressed the accumulation of HSP30 and HSP70. Exposure of A6 cells to simultaneous celastrol and mild heat shock treatment enhanced the accumulation of HSP30 and HSP70 to a greater extent than the sum of both stressors individually. Additionally, concurrent treatment of A6 cells with low concentrations of both celastrol and MG132 produced different patterns of HSP30 and HSP70 accumulation. While combined treatment with celastrol and MG132 acted synergistically on HSP30 accumulation, relative levels of HSP70 were similar to those observed with MG132 alone. Immunocytochemical analysis of celastrol- or MG132-treated A6 cells revealed HSP30 accumulation in a punctate pattern primarily in the cytoplasm with some staining in the nucleus. Also, in some cells treated with celastrol or MG132 large HSP30 staining structures were observed in the cytoplasm. Lastly, exposure of A6 cells to celastrol induced rounder cell morphology, reduced adherence and disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. In conclusion, this study has shown that celastrol inhibited proteasome activity in amphibian cultured cells and induced HSF1-mediated expression of hsp genes.

Many proteins can easily attain a non-native fold and be of no use or even a detriment to the host. The host cell has a myriad of molecules dedicated to assisting nascent and existing proteins in folding properly and maintaining the native fold. Of these molecular chaperones, the small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSP’s) are an important group and worthy of study. The sHSP’s are a diverse group of proteins that have in common an a-crystallin domain and generally display a chaperone activity. A sHSP (HSP20) isolated from the cattle parasite Babesia bovis has similar activities, and limited sequence homology to other a-crystallins. The gene encoding HSP20 was cloned into an expression system where the gene product was induced and purified for study. It was shown that HSP20 inhibits thermally induced aggregation of alcohol dehydrogenase at equimolar ratios. HSP20 was also used to significantly reduce amyloid formation of the b-Amyloid (1-40) Peptide in vitro at the sub-stoichiometric ratio of 1:10. A study of the oligomeric forms of HSP20 using size exclusion chromatography and gel electrophoresis revealed a broad range of multimers present in solution. The distribution of oligomers was affected by altering the solution conditions and concentration of the protein. The domains responsible for multimerization of HSP20 were mapped via sequence homology with known a-crystallins. These regions correspond to 12 carboxy-terminal amino acids and 50 amino-terminal amino acids. Truncated versions of HSP20 lacking these proposed oligomerization domains were created using PCR of the original gene and cloning into an expression vector as before. Using size exclusion chromatography, gel electrophoresis and analytical centrifugation, we show that the deleted domains alter the multimeric population of the protein in solution. The carboxy-terminal domain has a slight effect on multimerization while the amino-terminal deletion results in a drastic reduction in any multimers above a dimer under the conditions tested. Despite this drastic change in the multimerization of HSP20, there were no changes in the activities observed when compared to the full-length form. From this we conclude that the regions responsible for multimerization play little role in the observed activities of HSP20.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The ubiquitin-proteasome system is responsible for the targeted degradation of proteins within the cell. The 26S proteasome, which is the protease of this system, is a high molecular weight complex consisting of 33 subunits that arrange to form two smaller complexes the 19S regulatory particle (RP) and the 20S core particle (CP). The 19S RP can bind one or both ends of the 20S CP and is responsible for recognizing the ubiquitinated substrates. After recognition, the 19S RP will subsequently deubiquitinate, unfold, and translocate the substrates into the proteolytic 20S CP. The 20S CP consists of seven unique alpha and seven unique beta subunits that arrange into four stacked rings, with two alpha rings capping two beta rings. Assembly of the alpha(1-7)beta(1-7)beta(1-7)alpha(1-7) structure begins with the formation of an alpha ring and proceeds through specific assembly intermediates. This process is assisted by assembly chaperone proteins that promote on pathway interactions to efficiently construct the 20S CP. In this dissertation, three new findings are described which further characterize the proteasome assembly pathway. First, novel non-canonical complexes comprised of proteasome subunit alpha4 were identified in vivo, revealing proteasome subunits can assemble into complexes outside of the proteasome. Second, Hsp70 proteins, Ssa1/2, were shown to assist in the assembly of 20S CPs, adding to the growing list of proteins guiding proteasome assembly. Third, a novel complex was identified which is believed to represent a new proteasome assembly intermediate.

Exposure of cells to environmental or chemical stressors will initiate the heat shock response, which is mediated by heat shock proteins. Heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones which are classified by size into six main families: HSP100, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP40 and the small heat shock proteins (sHsps). The sHsp family members bind to denatured proteins and maintain them in a folding competent state such that they may be refolded by other molecular chaperones. <br /><br /> The present study examined the expression and function of two amphibian sHsps, namely, <em>Rana catesbeiana</em> HSP30 and <em>Xenopus laevis</em> HSP27. Initially, an antisense riboprobe was produced to study the mRNA accumulation of <em>Rana hsp30</em> in cultured tongue fibroblast (FT) cells. Results showed that <em>Rana hsp30</em> mRNA was optimally induced when maintained at 35&deg;C for 2 h. An antibody to the recombinant <em>Rana</em> HSP30 protein was also produced in order to study HSP30 protein accumulation in <em>Rana</em> FT cells. Analysis showed that <em>Rana</em> HSP30 was heat-inducible and accumulated maximally at 4 h when maintained at 35&deg;C and then allowed to recover at 22&deg;C for 2 h. Immunocytochemical analysis indicated that <em>Rana</em> HSP30 protein was present primarily in the nucleus, with diffuse localization in the cytoplasm. Additional immunocytochemical analysis showed that <em>Rana</em> HSP30 remained in the nucleus following heat stress and extended periods of recovery. <br /><br /> The molecular chaperone function of <em>Rana</em> HSP30 was also studied. Recombinant <em>Rana</em> HSP30 was found to inhibit the heat induced aggregation of various target proteins including citrate synthase, luciferase and malate dehydrogenase. Also, no major difference was detected between <em>Rana</em> HSP30 and <em>Xenopus</em> HSP30C in the inhibition of heat-induced aggregation of target proteins. <br /><br /> This study also examined the expression and function of <em>Xenopus laevis</em> HSP27. Analysis of the putative amino acid sequence of the <em>Xenopus hsp27</em> cDNA revealed that it had an identity of 71% with chicken, 65% with zebrafish, 63% with human and 53% with topminnow. Most of the identity was located within the &alpha;-crystallin domain of the protein. Interestingly, <em>Xenopus</em> HSP27 shared only a 19% identity with 2 other <em>Xenopus</em> sHsps, HSP30C and HSP30D. <br /><br /> Western blot analysis using an anti-<em>Xenopus</em> HSP27 antibody revealed that HSP27 was not detectable in cultured kidney epithelial cells. However, examination of early <em>Xenopus</em> embryos revealed that HSP27 was first detected in tadpole embryos (stage 44). Heat-inducible HSP27 was also first detected at this stage. The accumulation pattern of <em>Xenopus</em> HSP27 protein was distinct from <em>Xenopus</em> HSP30, which was heat-inducible at midtailbud stage 26, approximately two and a half days earlier in development. <br /><br /> Analysis of recombinant HSP27 by native pore exclusion limit electrophoresis showed that it formed high molecular weight, multimeric complexes. The molecular chaperone function of HSP27 was assessed by means of thermal aggregation assays employing citrate synthase, luciferase and malate dehydrogenase. <em>Xenopus</em> HSP27 inhibited the heat-induced aggregation of all of these target proteins. This study has revealed that <em>Xenopus</em> HSP27 is a member of the HSP27 subfamily of small heat shock proteins in <em>Xenopus</em> and distinct from the HSP30 family. The accumulation of HSP27 under constitutive and stress-inducible conditions is developmentally regulated. Finally, this sHsp appears to function as a molecular chaperone.

A asma alérgica é uma doença pulmonar de inflamação crônica caracterizada por uma resposta imune do tipo Th2 e uma das principais abordagens terapêuticas para o seu tratamento no futuro, poderia ser a imunoterapia baseada na modulação da resposta imune Th2 para um perfil Th1 e anti-inflamatório. Nosso grupo já demonstrou a eficácia de uma imunoterapia, baseada em um plasmídeo de DNA contendo o gene hsp65 de M. Leprae (DNAHsp65) em modelo murino de asma alérgica. No entanto, apesar dos excelentes resultados, o grupo está procurando outras alternativas imunoterapêuticas, usando a Hsp65 micobacteriana, para futura utilização clinica na área de saúde humana e veterinária. Efeitos benéficos na prevenção e tratamento de doenças alérgicas vêm sendo obtidos com o uso de probióticos. Nossa hipótese é de que uma nova formulação terapêutica, como o probiótico Lactococcus lactis expressando Hsp65 micobacteriana (LLHsp65), apresentaria vantagens significativas no desenvolvimento de pesquisas translacionais. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se o probiótico LLHsp65 apresenta atividades imunoterapêuticas no modelo de asma experimental induzida por ovalbumina (OVA). Em diferentes grupos experimentais, 5x109 CFU de LLHsp65 ou de L. lactis selvagem (LLSELV), foram administrados por via oral durante 10 dias consecutivos aos camundongos BALB/c previamente sensibilizados e desafiados com OVA. Em seguida, investigamos os efeitos do tratamento na inflamação alérgica, modulação do padrão de citocinas, produção de anticorpos específicos, hiper-responsividade das vias aéreas e inflamação pulmonar. Nossos resultados demonstraram que o tratamento oral com LLhsp65 modula a resposta imune alérgica de padrão Th2 para o perfil Th1 com aumento dos níveis de IFN-?, IL-12, TNF-?, IL-10, IL-6 e IL- 17, e com a redução das citocinas IL-4, IL-5 e IL-13. Os níveis de IgE e IgG1 anti-OVA no soro também foram significativamente diminuídos. Como consequência desses resultados, também observamos diminuição significativa do infiltrado de eosinófilos no lavado broncoalveolar, na hiper-responsividade nas vias aéreas e a atenuação da inflamação e produção de muco no tecido pulmonar, quando comparados com o grupo controle (OVA/SAL). Por conseguinte, nossos resultados demonstraram que a administração oral de LLHsp65 proporciona uma melhora significativa do processo inflamatório alérgico induzido por OVA, sendo portanto, uma estratégia terapêutica promissora para o desenvolvimento de pesquisa translacional no tratamento de asma alérgica. / Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by a Th2-type immune response and one of the main therapeutic approaches to its treatment in the future could be immunotherapy based on the modulation of the Th2 immune response to a Th1 and anti-inflammatory profile. Our group has already demonstrated the efficacy of an immunotherapy based on a DNA plasmid carrying the mycobacterial hsp65 gene (DNAHsp65) in murine model of allergic asthma. However, despite the excellent results, our group is looking for other immunotherapeutic alternatives, using mycobacterial Hsp65, for future clinical use in the area of human and veterinary health. Beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases have been obtained with the use of probiotics. Our hypothesis is that a new therapeutic formulation, such as the probiotic Lactococcus lactis expressing mycobacterial Hsp65 (LLHsp65), would present significant advantages in the development of translational research. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the probiotic LLHsp65 has immunotherapeutic activities in the ovalbumin-induced asthma model. In different experimental groups, 5x109 CFU of LLHsp65 or control L. lactis (ctLL) were administered orally for 10 consecutive days to BALB/c mice previously sensitized and challenged with OVA. We then investigated the effects of treatment on allergic inflammation, modulation of the cytokine pattern, production allergen-specific antibodies, airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary inflammation. Our results demonstrated that oral treatment with LLhsp65 modulates the allergic Th2 immune response to Th1 profile with increased levels of IFN-?, IL-12, TNF-?, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-17 and with the reduction of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines. Serum anti-OVA IgE and IgG1 levels were also significantly decreased. Correspondingly with these results, we also observed a significant decrease in eosinophil infiltrate in bronchoalveolar lavage, airway hyper responsiveness and attenuation of inflammation and mucus production in lung tissue when compared to the control group (OVA/SAL). Therefore, our results demonstrated that oral administration of LLHsp65 provides a significant improvement of the OVA-induced allergic inflammatory process and is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy for the development of translational research in the treatment of allergic asthma.

<p>New efficient vaccines against infectious diseases are in demand. Some important factors impeding the vaccine development are the poor immunogenicity and the MHC restriction of the immune responses to a number of antigens. The use of novel vaccine adjuvants or carrier proteins, which are known to enhance the immunogenicity of the subunit antigens and provide T-cell help, can circumvent these problems. The potential of heat shock proteins (HSPs) to function as adjuvants when fused to or co-delivered with protein antigens, make them attractive vaccine candidates. In this thesis we have evaluated the potency of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) as a possible vaccine adjuvant and studied the mechanisms behind the adjuvanticity.</p><p>The first article aims to evaluate the carrier effect of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) on a malarial antigen EB200 that induces a MHC restricted response in mice. Immunization of CBA and C57BL/6 mice, high and low responders to EB200, respectively, with the GST-EB200 fusion protein elicited EB200 specific antibody responses in both strains of mice, which indicated that MHC restriction was broken in C57BL/6 mice. However, the antibody affinity and the magnitude of the response were lower in the C57BL/6 mice compared with that in CBA. To improve the response, the efficacy of various adjuvants like alum, HSP70 from <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>, and the adjuvant combination (HSP70 and cholera toxin) was evaluated. The results indicated that cholera toxin and HSP70 act synergistically and improve the immunogenicity of EB200 antigen by increasing the affinity and magnitude of the response.</p><p>HSP belongs to a family of conserved molecules and the maximum homology lies on the N-terminal region of the protein, therefore there is a risk that use of a complete molecule would give rise to autoimmunity. Thus, in our second study we first evaluated the adjuvant effect of the less conserved portion of HSP70 derived from <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (Pf70C). We found that the Pf70C exhibited similar adjuvant properties as the whole molecule. We further analyzed the adjuvant potential of Pf70C against EB200 formulated as a chimeric DNA vaccine construct. These constructs alone failed to generate substantial levels of EB200 specific antibodies in mice. However, the DNA immunization efficiently primed the immune system. This was evident as the subsequent boosting with the corresponding recombinant fusion proteins Pf70C-EB200 elicited strong EB200 specific Th-1 antibody responses. In contrast, no such priming effect was observed for <i>ex vivo</i> IFN-γ production, however stimulation with the Pf70C-EB200 fusion protein induced an enhanced secretion of IFN-γ <i>in vitro</i>.</p><p>During the infection process, the synthesis of bacterial HSP is up-regulated, which is known to sensitize T cells in the infected host. Since a high degree of homology exists within the phylogenetic families of HSPs, we postulated that exposure of mice to microorganisms could prime the immune system for evolutionary diverse HSPs and for any antigen coupled to them. We tested this hypothesis by priming mice with different microorganisms such as BCG, <i>Mycobacterium vaccae</i> or <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> and boosted with a recombinant fusion protein Pf70C-EB200 or with a panel of HSPs. We found that BCG and <i>M. vaccae</i> but not <i>C. pneumoniae</i> could provide priming of the immune system to induce secondary IgG responses to Pf70C as well as to other HSPs tested. The priming effect was also observed when the EB200 antigen was coupled to Pf70C. Analysis of the IgG1 and IgG2a profiles and IFN-g production induced against the HSPs revealed a mixture of Th1/Th2 type of responses. We also observed that HSP70 specific sera cross-reacted some extent with certain autoreactive antigens. However, no deposits were observed in the kidneys of HSP treated animals.</p><p>Finally, we investigated the role of TLR2 and TLR4 on HSP70-mediated adjuvanticity. We found that HSPs displayed different degrees of adjuvanticity regarding both the strength and the profile of the induced immune response. Also, they possessed different requirements for signaling through TLRs. While HSP70 from <i>T. cruzi</i> induced antigen-specific humoral responses in wild type as well as in both the TLR2 and TLR4 knockout mice, the response was diminished in the TLR4 knockout mice when both the whole and C-terminal fragment of HSP70 from <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> was used. However, the C-terminal fragment of <i>P. falciparum</i> HSP70 elicited responses only in wild type mice but not in TLR2 or TLR4 knockout mice indicating that the adjuvant function differ for phylogenetically related HSPs. Taken together our data suggest that HSPs can be promising candidates in future vaccines.</p>