Cette thèse est organisée en trois chapitres. Chaque chapitre inclut un article sur le thème de l'identification relationnelle. Le premier document propose un modèle conceptuel . Dans ce modèle, les antécédents (motifs d'identification ) et les modérateurs (caractéristiques interpersonnelles et cibles) prédisent conjointement les deux formes d'identification relationnelle : particularisée et généralisée. Les deux formes prévoient deux types de conséquences interpersonnelles. Le deuxième chapitre examine l'existence et les facteurs prédictifs des deux formes d'identification relationnelle. Il utilise une approche multi- méthode et des échantillons de professionnels et de gestionnaires. Le troisième chapitre examine les prédicateurs et les conséquences de l'identification relationnelle avec un autre membre de l'équipe dans un cadre des équipes d'étudiants. En résumé, le premier chapitre présente un modèle complet des deux formes d'identification relationnelle et ses antécédents et les conséquences. Le deuxième chapitre 2 se concentre principalement sur les deux formes et leurs antécédents et les modérateurs tandis que le chapitre 3 teste le modèle complet y compris les antécédents et les conséquences, mais seulement pour le but d'identification relationnelle particularisé. / This dissertation is organized in three chapters. Each chapter contains a paper around the topic of relational identification. The first paper suggests and discusses a conceptual model in which identification motives -as antecedents- and interpersonal and target characteristics -as moderators- jointly predict the two forms of relational identification: particularized and generalized. The two forms then result in different types of interpersonal outcomes. The second paper consists of two studies that examine the existence and predictors of the two forms of relational identification through a multi-method approach. Study 1 is a qualitative study based on interview data collected from a sample of international professionals and study 2 is quantitative based on survey data collected mainly from French professionals and managers. The third paper explores the predictors and outcomes of relational identification with one’s team member in the context of students’ teams through collecting survey data at three different points of time. In sum, paper 1, presents a comprehensive model of the two forms of relational identification and its antecedents and outcomes. Paper 2 mainly focuses on the front end of the model exploring the two forms and their antecedents and moderators whereas paper 3 tests the whole model including the antecedents and outcomes but only for particularized relational identification.

Ilar A. Students´ experience of responsibility for friends´ alcohol habits- a qualitative study at Campus Helsingborg. Bachelor thesis. Program in Public Health. Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, University of Gävle; 2011.   The aim of this study was to explore students’ experience of responsibility for friends´ alcohol habits, using a qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 16 students at Campus Helsingborg and the transcriptions were analyzed using content analysis. The findings suggested that the majority (62,5 %) of the participants felt a responsibility for their friends´ alcohol habits in contexts where alcohol was consumed. Responsibility was most often built on reciprocity in the friendship and the fact that they cared about each other not to end up in harmful situations. Perceiving a responsibility did not seem to be associated with taking responsibility to help, thus helping was rather linked to how well they knew each other, if they themselves were under the influence of alcohol and the severity of the situation. Further research is needed to understand students´ experiences of responsibility for friends´ alcohol habits in other contexts. These studies would provide more information to health policy makers and Student Health Service workers as they attempt to reduce alcohol-related health problems in Swedish Universities and colleges.

Although prosocial behavior has been moving in directions that highlight complexity over the past few years, little research has assessed the cost of this behavior. This study created a scale assessing the tendency to perceive costs of prosocial behavior. This was validated via focus groups, content and discriminant validity. In six focus groups, 29 13- to 25-year olds described specific prosocial acts and the costs that they experienced from the act. A questionnaire was then given to 391 emerging adults. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Results suggest a four-factor solution with adequate model fit, suggesting cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and social costs. Convergent and discriminant validity add support to the scale. Discussion focuses on the implications of this measure for the prosocial behavior literature and important future directions.

Les odeurs affectent nos jugements, nos perceptions voire nos comportements, et plus particulièrement les comportements d’aide spontanés (Baron, 1997), même si ce champ de recherches reste peu exploré en psychologie sociale. Dans une première série de recherches, nous avons tout d’abord répliqué l’effet de l’odeur (vanille versus camphre, toutes deux pré-testées comme des odeurs agréables) d’un demandeur sur les comportements d’aide subséquents. Puis dans une seconde série de recherches, nous avons exploré expérimentalement l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’humeur médiatise la relation odeur-comportement, dans le paradigme de soumission sans pression du pied-dans-la-porte (Freedman & Fraser, 1966) avec demande implicite (Uranowitz, 1975). Rappelons que le pied-dans-la-porte (cf. méta-analyse) est une procédure éprouvée consistant à faire précéder une requête-cible généralement coûteuse d’une requête dite préparatoire qui l’est moins. Les effets de pied-dans-la-porte sont classiquement interprétés en termes d’engagement (Kiesler, 1971) ou en termes d’auto-perception (Bem, 1966, 1972). Les résultats obtenus dans ce paradigme attestent que l’efficacité du pied-dans-la-porte est affectée par l’odeur portée par le demandeur : lorsque celui-ci porte une odeur de camphre, les effets de pied-dans-la-porte ne sont plus observés, sans pour autant valider que l’odeur a un impact sur l’humeur des sujets. Difficilement interprétables en termes d’engagement ou d’auto-perception, nous avons exploré dans une troisième série de recherches une interprétation alternative de nos résultats : l’odeur d’autrui véhicule per se des informations sociales et ce sont ces informations qui orientent les comportements d’aide, et qui peuvent sous certaines conditions contrecarrer les effets pourtant robustes du pied-dans-la-porte. Pris globalement, les résultats recueillis auprès de mil-quatre-cents sujets pour la plupart en milieu écologique, articulés à une méta-analyse actualisant celle plus ancienne (Burger, 1999) nous ont amené à proposer un modèle intégratif permettant de rendre compte de l’impact des caractéristiques des demandeurs sur l’efficacité du pied-dans-la-porte. / Although this field of research remains poorly investigated in social psychology, some data indicates that odors modify our judgments, our perceptions, our behaviors, and more particularly our spontaneous helping behaviors (Baron, 1997). In a first series of experiments, we replicated a study aimed at evaluating the effect of a perfumed experimenter (vanilla versus camphor, both pre-tested as pleasant odors) on helping behaviors. In a second series of studies, we experimentally investigated the hypothesis according to which mood is a mediator variable of odors influence on helping behavior, in the foot-in-the-door paradigm without pressure compliance (Freedman & Fraser, 1966) with implicit demand (Uranowitz, 1975). Foot-in-the-door paradigm (cf. meta-analysis) is a well-tested procedure consisting in asking for a small request, and then asking for a larger one. Foot-in-the-door effects are classically interpreted in terms of commitment (Kiesler, 1971) or self-perception (Bem, 1966, 1972). Results obtained in this paradigm give evidence that the foot-in-the-door efficiency is affected by the experimenter’s odor: when the experimenter is perfumed with camphor, classical foot-in-the-door effects are not observed any more. However, the results do not confirm the hypothesis according to which odor influence subject’s mood. Neither the self-perception theory nor the commitment theory can account for these results. Thus, in a third series of experiments, we investigated an alternative interpretation: other people’s odors serve as social informations, which influence helping behaviors, which can cancel, under some requirements, the strong foot-in-the-door effects. An update of a meta-analysis (Burger, 1999), conducted on the data collected over four hundred thousand subjects in a naturalistic setting, lead us to propose an integrative model that would explain the influences of the experimenter’s characteristics on the foot-in-the-door efficiency.