Potamogeton a sort - complex regular group which is very hardly described. This group studied much researcher. At old university worked: ZH.Zhiliber who has described 6 kinds; S.B.Jundzil, has described 10 kinds; J. Jundzil, has described 9 kinds the First special research sorts Potamogeton has made J.F.Volfgang 72 figures the Most well-known researcher sorts Potamogeton Are found it is V.Galinis. Herbarium were kept in Vilnius pedagogical university and in Botanical institute. In Vilnius pedagogical university found 511 herbarium sheets. It is found 21 kind. On the data herbarium Vitautas Galinis 10 cards spread of the fields in territory of Lithuania are made.

Yes

Exotic plant species can be a serious threat to native ecosystems and the human economy. They have often been found to grow in greater abundance along roadsides, and seem to use them as corridors of invasion into the surrounding habitats. This study sought to determine whether there were any relationships between the distribution of exotic plant species and adjacency to roads in southern Illinois. To test this question, I conducted two research projects. For the first project, I ran transects from active and abandoned roadsides into adjacent forest interiors to collect data on the presence and abundance of exotic species. Along most roads, exotic species richness declined with increasing distance from the road. In most cases, abandoned roads were more likely than active roads to have a high abundance of Lonicera japonica and Rosa multiflora. For the second project, I collected geographical data for exotic species from field studies, herbaria records, and literature records, and compared them based on distance from the nearest road, family composition, and life form composition by both number of species and number of records. On average, herbaria records were farther from the road than field studies. Composition of families and variety of life forms were not significantly different when comparing by number of species, but were significantly different when comparing by number of records.

The problem consisted of thoroughly exploring Tarrant County, Texas, in an attempt to collect and study critically as many species of Spermatophytes as possible. In addition a thorough examination was made of herbarium specimens assembled from the region by other botanists.

The plant cell wall is a vitally important interface connecting plant cells to their outside environment and neighboring cells. Acting as a hub for defense, signaling, and physiological processes, the plant cell wall was a crucial innovation in plant evolution. Current cell wall models are largely based on what has been observed in plants like Arabidopsis, Pisum sativum, Nicotiana tabacum, and Phaseolus vulgaris. These models are unable to consider the variety of polymers in a given wall, the mechanical and functional properties such polymers impart, and the complexity of interactions among polymeric cell wall constituents. This work deepened the understanding of wall composition of specialized walls that fall outside of the scope of current plant cell wall models. A detailed survey of cell wall polymer distribution in the transfer cell walls in three key bryophyte species the model moss Physcomitrium patens, hornwort Phaeoceros carolinianus, and liverwort Marchantia polymorpha was done utilizing histochemical techniques in the light and florescent microscopes coupled with immunocytochemical localization with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). This work demonstrated that the occurrence, abundance, and types of polymers differ among taxa and between the two generations, are more influenced by developmental and life history needs than the similar function of the cells in individual taxa. A notable difference between generations was seen in M. polymorpha with the LM2 and JIM13 MAbs targeting AGP epitopes. However, findings in P patens appear to lack the differential labeling observed in both M. polymorpha and P. carolinianus. Using these same techniques, the walls and matrices involved in the process of spermatogenesis were examined in the moss P. patens and noted differences in abundance and location of cell wall polymers during sperm cell differentiation. Another notable finding of this work was that high concentrations of arabinose as components of AGP and pectins are important in the walls of P. patens during the process of spermatogenesis. The final study focused on utilizing herbarium specimens to explore the application of immunogold localization on dried collections of the moss Polytrichum up to 100 years old. The studies compiled in this dissertation demonstrate that the major cell wall components, cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, and callose, are constituents of special walls in three bryophytes, but they are differentially expressed within cell types and across these plants. Taken together, these works contribute significant new data on the composition of plant cell walls by focusing on bryophytes and the unique cell walls vital to the life history processes of spermatogenesis and placental function. These findings also show that both field-collected and herbarium samples are successfully labeled with MAbs at the TEM level, unlocking the potential for further studies across time and taxa using plant collections.

An examination of the Desmodium canescens complex (D. canescens; D. tweedyi; D. illinoense) has resulted in the delimitation of a previously unreported alliance between D. canescens and D. tweedyi. The following points support this view: (a) morphological data taken from herbarium and garden specimens indicate that for many characters, the mean values of D. canescens and D. tweedy are not significantly different (b) breeding experiments have shown that artificial interspecific hybridization is possible between D. canescens and D. tweedyi (c) cytological studies have shown that D. canescens and D. tweedyi have a base number of x = 11, while D. illinoense has a base number of x = 10. A new combination is suggested: Desmodium canescens var. tweedyi (Britt.) Williams.

This dissertation grew from an investigation of the farm Doornkloof in Irene, Pretoria. The farm was home to General Jan Smuts and it is here that he wrote his seminal philosophical work “Holism and Evolution” and found his own grass specie Digitaria Smutsii. The theoretical investigation is rooted in the interpretation of Holism, as an architectural theory, which informs the proposed design intervention. This study is informed by an analysis of the area of Irene, its origins and its future growth lead to the development of a holistic framework. This study proposes to inform the future socio-economic and historical importance of the farm as open public space for the citizens of Tshwane and Irene. The research intervention proposes a new architectural programmatic typology that will celebrate the importance of the Bankenveld landscape. The systematic rehabilitation of the grassland landscape will be achieved by introducing small scale interventions. The series of design interventions will rehabilitate the existing historical layers of the site, create new interest in the farm, improve the economic position of the Jan Smuts Foundation (the owners of the farm) and protect the landscape for the future generation users. / Dissertation MArch (Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Architecture / unrestricted

Bakgrund: I museivärlden har man i skyddande syfte fram till 1980-talet behandlat fågel- och djurskinn med arsenikföreningar som har cancerframkallande egenskaper. Torkade museiväxter har behandlats mot ohyra med kvicksilverdiklorid, som succesivt förångas till reproduktionstoxiskt kvicksilver. På ett svenskt museum i Stockholm vill man kartlägga hur stor andel av museisamlingarna behandlades med de äldre bekämpningsmetoderna. Syfte: Målet med examensarbetet är att bedöma om risker förknippade med hantering av kvicksilver- och arsenikinnehållande objekt i museisamlingar varierar beroende på tidsepok eller typ av museiföremål. Ett annat syfte att se över om det behövs särskilda skyddsåtgärder för museipersonalen som arbetar med samlingarna. Metod:54 torkade växter och mossor valdes ut, liksom 40 skinnlagda eller monterade fåglar och däggdjur, samt 16 insektslådor. De valda objekten fick representera 1700- och 2000-talet. Även damm samlades in från respektive samling. Alla prover undersöktes med direktvisande, handhållen och icke-förstörande röntgenfluorescensteknik (XRF) för innehåll av arsenik och kvicksilver. Objekten riskvärderades utifrån ämnenas hälsofarliga egenskaper, exponerings-vägarna och tiden för hantering av objekt. Resultat:Av de 54 analyserade växterna innehöll 91% kvicksilver. I genomsnitt innehöll växterna 700 ppm kvicksilver, vilket innebär 0,07 viktprocent. Pappersarken som växterna är fästa på innehöll en tiondel av kvicksilverhalter i jämförelsen med analyserade växter. Växterna var som mest behandlade på 1800- och 1900-talet. Sju växter innehöll även arsenik. Alla testade fågelobjekt innehöll arsenik i fjäderdräkten, även de från 2000-talet. Fågelobjekt från 1800-talet verkar innehålla mest arsenik. I snitt innehöll fågelobjekten 0,7% arsenik i fjäderdräkten, medan pälsen i gnagare och andra däggdjur innehöll 0,5% arsenik. Damm insamlat i muséets samlingar återspeglade i stort objektens innehåll. I dammet hittades även bly, mest i de zoologiska samlingarna. Diskussion: Den kvicksilverdioxid som växter har varit behandlade med har akuttoxiska effekter, men det är förångning till kvicksilverånga med sina reproduktionstoxiska egenskaper som är bekymmersam. Den teoretiska exponeringen via luft understiger 1% av ämnets nivågränsvärden, och exponeringen anses vara begränsad. En särskilt utsatt grupp anses dock vara gravida och ammande, med omplacering som möjlig åtgärd. Möjliga arsenikföreningar i fågelfjädrar och skinn i däggdjur förknippas med akuttoxiska och cancerframkallande egenskaper, ger anledning till åtgärder för en säker hantering. Riskbedömning för hantering av museiobjekt visade att preventivt arbete bör vidtas i zoologiska muséets samlingar vid hantering av samlingsobjekten. Samlingarnas damminnehåll av bly ger behöver ytterligare utförligare riskbedömning, då bly är reproduktionstoxiskt. Slutsatser: Tekniska skyddande åtgärder mot exponering av arsenik, arsenikarsenit/arseniktrioxid med akuta toxiska effekt i zoologiska objekt behövs. Såväl individen som organisationen en betydande del i att kemikaliernas skador begränsas. / Background: Chemical exposure due to historical treatments with insecticides is of interest to a Swedish museum in Stockholm. In zoological collections skins have been treated with cancerogenic arsenic compounds, while herbs in botanical collections were treated with mercury dichloride (sublimate). The latter may still evaporate reprotoxic mercury. Aim: The aim of this project is to survey the risks of handling object at the museum, and investigate if the risk vary depending on the type of objects as well as the preparation date of the objects. Methods: A handheld XRF instrument was used to test 54 dried herbs and mosses, as well as 40 specimens of vertebrates, for arsenic and mercury. Even 16 insect boxes, and dust from the floors were tested. The objects represented the 18th-21th century. Measures were suggested after considering normal handling of the objects (exposure and duration of the exposure), the risk of suffering and the consequence from being exposed to chemicals. Results: 91% of the 54 tested herbs contained mercury. The herbs contained 700 ppm mercury. On average, the sheets of paper that the herbs are fastened on contained 1/10 of the level in the herbs. The herbs from the 19th-20th century contained most mercury. All tested bird objects contained arsenic in the feathers, even those representing the 21st century, with a peak in treatment in the 19th century. On average, the feathers contained 0.7% of arsenic. The fur of the vertebrates contained 0.5%. The treatment of rodents and other mammals peaked in the 18th century. Tested dust from the collections showed similar results to the content of the objects. Lead was also found, mostly in the zoological collections. Discussion: Herbs treated with mercury dichloride release reprotoxic mercury vapour, but the theoretical concentrations in the air is assumed to be below 1% of the occupational limit values, and the exposure is assumed to be limited. Pregnant and breastfeeding women are considered to be an extra vulnerable group. Arsenic compounds on feathers, furs and skins have acute toxic and cancerogenic properties. By approximation of exposure (probability) and toxic health consequences of the compounds, it was concluded that precautionary measures need to be taken at the museum. The lead with reprotoxic properties that was found in dust needs an extra risk assessment. Conclusion: Precautionary technical measures are needed to protect against exposure to cancerogenic and reprotoxic chemicals. Measures should be taken at organisational, as well as on individual level.

L’étude des plantes à la fin du Moyen Age n’a pas d’autonomie. Elle s’intègre à une approche philosophique, qui consiste à les situer dans l’échelle de la Création, ou à une démarche plus utilitaire, en lien avec la médecine ou l’alimentation. Les encyclopédies du XIIIᵉ siècle ou le De Vegetabilibus d’Albert le Grand révèlent un intérêt multiple pour la flore, les plantes étant considérées à la fois pour l’état végétatif qu’elles incarnent et pour les profits qui peuvent en être tirés. Elles ne sont pas un sujet en soi mais donnent lieu à des réflexions qui amènent à mieux les connaître. Dans les herbiers, l’étude des différentes espèces végétales a pour but d’en maîtriser les propriétés. Or, le besoin d’identifier les plantes décrites par les sources compilées conduit à une meilleure connaissance des spécimens végétaux. De même, les dictionnaires de synonymes, les manuels d’agronomie, les traités d’apothicaires et de diététiques, ou les encyclopédies qui reprennent les Problèmes d’Aristote, témoignent d’une certaine spécialisation du discours sur la plante. Celle-ci est de moins en moins envisagée dans un contexte global. L’intérêt pour le végétatif décline, tandis que chaque espèce végétale, dans ce qu’elle a de spécifique, trouve de plus en plus sa place. C’est le cas également dans l’iconographie, les dessins de plantes gagnant en naturalisme. Ces approches multiples de l’univers végétal, bien qu’elles ne se croisent pas, participent de l’essor de la botanique car la plante est envisagée sous différents angles de vue qui permettent d’en avoir une perception riche et plurielle. / Plant study at the end of the Middle Ages doesn’t operate as an independent unit. It belongs rather to a philosophical approach which consists of placing plants on the scale of the Creation, or confining them to a useful function related to medicine or food. Thirteenth century encyclopaedias or Albert the Great’s De Vegetabilibus reveal the multiple interests in flora whereby plants are considered both for their vegetating state and for the benefits to be gained from them. While not a subject in their own right, plants trigger thoughts which help us to better understand them. In herbaria, the study of different plant species aims at mastering their properties. Thus the need to identify the plants described in such classifications leads to an improvement in our knowledge of plant specimens. Furthermore, dictionaries of synonyms, agronomy manuals, apothecaries’ treatise or encyclopaedia revisiting Aristotle’s Problems, all bear witness to a certain specialisation in the field of plant study. Perceiving plant life in a global context becomes less common. A declining interest in contemplating plants as a vegetating species, shifts to considering each plant with its specific characteristics. The same observation can be made in plant iconography with the images of plants becoming increasingly realistic. While they never cross paths, these multiple approaches to the plant world contribute to the rise in botany with the plant being examined from different angles affording a rich composite perception.

Lily leaf spot disease, caused by the fungal phytopathogen, Pseudocercosporella inconspicua, infects Lilium canadense and L. grayi. The disease is currently ubiquitous in populations throughout the range of L. grayi. To determine the historical prevalence of the disease, lily specimens from eight herbaria were examined visually and microscopically, and a search for records of the pathogen was conducted using mycology databases and relevant literature. Of 516 herbarium specimens, two L. canadense and one L. grayi had the characteristic leaf lesions that contained diagnostic conidia of P. inconspicua. All three diseased specimens were collected prior to 1950. Mycological collections included two North American records of P. inconspicua on L. canadense, two on L. michiganense, one on L. philadelphicum var. andinum, and one on a cultivated Eurasian lily hybrid. Interestingly, the earliest diseased herbarium specimens were from the northeastern US with a later appearance in the southern Appalachians, a pattern also present in mycological collections of P. inconspicua. The rarity of historical specimens with disease, the temporal geographic pattern of occurrence, and the ubiquity of P. inconspicua in current populations of L. grayi suggest the spread of lily leaf spot disease in North America may threaten the viability of native Lilium host species.