Virtualization of products means the representation of some of their properties by models. In a stronger digitalized world, these models will gain a much broader use than models had in engineering so far. Even for one modelling aspect different models of the same product will be used, depending on the specific need of the model user. That need may change in the course of product life, between first product concepts till over the different phases of development, to product use, maintenance, or even recycling. Since a digitalized world use of these diverse models will not be limited to experts model consistency will play a much stronger role. Model hierarchies will play a stronger role and can serve also as means for teaching product users a deeper understanding of product properties. A consistent model hierarchy leading from a simple to a more advanced property representation can support this learning process. In this paper perturbation methods are analyzed as a means for setting up model hierarchies in a consistent manner. This is studied by models for the behavior of a electrohydraulic drive, which consists of a variable speed motor, a pump, a double stroke cylinder and a counterbalance valve. Model hierarchy is achieved by model reduction in the sense of perturbation theory. The use of these different models for different questions in a system design context and their interrelations are exemplified.

Right and good : Argumentation and Discourse of Czech Activists for Women's Suffrage Jitka Gelnarová Abstract The dissertation deals with the concept of suffrage within the discourse of Czech women's suffrage activists between 1897 and 1914. The aim is to define how the concept of suffrage was constructed by Czech suffragists within the context they lived in, how their notion of the suffrage was influenced by the fact that different women were positioned differently within the system of hierarchies based on gender, class and nation. The dissertation focuses on the hierarchies present in the discourse; the relation of "public" and private" in the discourse; the notion of "political representation" in the discourse; positions the suffragists spoke from and their representation of the enemy ("us/them"); the functions the concept of "Czechness" fulfilled in relation to the demand of female suffrage in the discourse; and the relation of "universality" and "particularity" to the demand of female suffrage in the discourse.

Dolování sekvenčních vzorů je důležitá oblast získávání znalostí z databází. Stále více průmyslových a obchodních aplikací uchovává data mající povahu sekvencí, kdy je dáno pořadí jednotlivých transakcí. Toho může být využito například při analýze po sobě jdoucích nákupů zákazníků. Tato práce se zabývá využitím hierarchického uspořádání položek při dolování sekvenčních vzorů. V rámci práce jsou řešeny dvě základní oblasti - dolování víceúrovňových sekvenčních vzorů s křížením a bez křížení úrovní hierarchií. Dolovací úlohy pro obě oblasti jsou v práci formalizovány a následně navrženy algoritmy hGSP a MLSP pro jejich řešení. Experimentálně bylo ověřeno, že především algoritmus MLSP dosahuje výborných výkonnostních vlastností a stability. Význam nově získaných vzorů je ukázán na dolování reálných produkčních dat.

A wall might appear as basic, a clean surface without an identity of its own, nothing but a clean slate upon which to leave any impression. Though the walls surrounding us are all but anonymous. They are built with a structure making them stand tall and strong. They are filled with insulation to keep us warm and sheltered. They are hard and they are soft. They can allow us to isolate ourselves from each other or they are fragile enough to let us know someone is on the other side. They cover the basic necessities of our houses, and we in return cover them to make our spaces less anonymous. There is softness hidden in your walls mainly aims to highlight the textile components of architecture which we usually never see. While we tend to view textiles mostly as decoration, they constantly perform in a lot of various ways all around us. In this project I have worked with prefabricated building materials that according to me have textile qualities, but they aren’t viewed as textile. Or I have tried to adapt textile techniques to non-textile materials to test them in new ways. The wall as the leading actor has first and foremost been used as a conversation partner for the material exploration and contextualization. The main material used is wool sheep insulation though many other materials have been put to the test throughout the process.

This thesis addresses route planning of Battery Electric Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicles to enhance the reliability of electric vehicle transport. Collaborating with Scania, a Swedish truck manufacturing company, the goal is to develop a pipeline that uses open source data from OpenStreetMap and performs a modified Contraction Hierarchy in order to create a graph that can be used as input to a modified Vehicle Routing Problem formulation using Mixed Integer Programming. The input graph is preprocessed to support a Battery Electric Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicle model in order to more accurately predict energy consumption. The challenges lie in balancing computational efficiency and electric vehicle characteristics. The implemented pipeline demonstrates success but initial tests show that a naive version of the pipeline, not implementing Contraction Hierarchies, can perform better. Several speedups can be made in order to improve the efficiency of the pipeline, the main being in programming in a more efficient programming language than Python. Further testing is needed for larger input graphs to assess performance accurately.

No description available.

[pt] O Modelo Padrão de física de partículas é uma das teorias mais bem estabelecidas no campo da física, sendo capaz de fazer previsões verificadas experimentalmente até doze algoritmos significativos. No entanto, o Modelo deixa algumas perguntas sem resposta, o que vem perturbando os físicos por muitos anos. Uma dessas questões é a estrutura hierárquica presente no setor dos férmions, onde matrizes Yukawas possuem autovalores que diferem um do outro por várias ordens de magnitude. Outro aspecto cabível de investigação é relacionado com a matriz CKM, responsável pela mistura entre férmions de sabores distintos. Por que tal matriz é aproximadamente diagonal e por que os ângulos de mistura são tão pequenos? Por que o elétron é muito mais leve que seus primos de outras gerações? A mesma pergunta pode ser feita para os quarks e o Modelo Padrão não seria capaz de responder nenhuma delas. Nesse trabalho, uma explicação proposta vem da utilização de um novo modelo, chamado de Mecanismo Clockwork, que pressupõe a existência de novos férmions pesados, nomeados Clockwork Gears, que são capazes de naturalmente gerar acoplamentos exponencialmente suprimidos a partir de Yukawas de ordem um, após a ocorrência de quebra espontânea de simetria. Além disso, simulações foram feitas com o objetivo de otimizar os parâmetros livres do modelo, assim como confirmar sua eficiência em acomodar os dados experimentais. Por fim, foi feita uma análise de alguns processos, envolvendo correntes neutras que trocam sabor, no regime de teoria efetiva de campo, para poder-se estipular um limite para a escala típica de massa para essas novas partículas. / [en] The Standard Model of particle physics is one of the most well established theories in the field of physics and is able to make predictions correctly measured and verified up to twelve significant figures. However, the theory leaves some unanswered questions that have been bothering physicist for many years. One of those questions is the hierarchical structure of the fermion sector, where Yukawa matrices have eigenvalues that differ from each other by several orders of magnitude. Another aspect concerns the CKM matrix, which dictates the mixing between fermions of distinct flavours: why is this matrix almost diagonal, and why are the mixing angles so small? Why is the electron so much lighter than its cousins from different generations? The same question could be made for the quarks and the Standard Model would not be able to answer neither of these. In this work, an explanation is proposed by employing a novel model, called Clockwork Mechanism, which assumes the existence of new heavy fermion particles, named Clockwork Gears, which are able to naturally generate exponentially suppressed couplings out of order-one Yukawas, after spontaneously symmetry breaking occurs. In addition, simulations were run in order to optimize the free parameters of the model, as well as to confirm its efficiency at fitting with experimental data. Lastly, a few processes involving Flavour Changing Neutral Currents were considered in the effective field theory regime as a means to stipulate a typical mass scale for these new particles.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The first fully enclosed, airconditioned shopping mall in a black township in South Africa opened in 1979 in Umlazi, outside Durban. The provincial development corporation (lthala) spearheaded emerging market shopping centre development in KwaZulu-Natal to the extent that, with the involvement of the private sector, substantial knowledge and experience have been gained in shopping centre development in emerging markets over the past two decades. The study focuses on black shopping patterns and household income and expenditure in townships and rural areas in KwaZulu-Natal. The assessments include: • empirical trade areas; • geodemographics and geographic infonnation systems (GIS); • buying power modelling; • market share estimates; • retail hierarchies; • viability and feasibility studies; • centre design (including taxi rank developments); • informal trading; and • tenant mix; location; financing and research strategies. The study fonnulates a universal buying power model for KwaZulu-Natal that transcends ethnic and geographic classifications, to enhance, with the aid of computer technology and census information, the accuracy and cost effectiveness of viability and feasibility studies in shopping centre development. An IntegJ.-ated Commercial Assessment Model (JCAM) is formulated whereby demographic data of a trade area and financial feasibility parameters are integrated to assess the viability of a shopping centre. The study concludes that although there are many unique features associated with shopping centres in emerging market locations, the :fundamental principles that apply all over the world in shopping centre development, also apply to emerg1ng markets in KwaZulu-Natal. Relatively low disposable incomes limit the sustainable size of the emerging market shopping centre. Shopping centre locations are linked to the interdependence on public transportation by emerging market patrons. Factors conducive fo-r shopping centre development, such as high private vehicle ownership, high disposable income, willing retailers, effective town planning and state assistance, have not yet reached levels that would benefit the widespread development of shopping centres in townships. Emerging market shopping centre developments in the central business districts of rural towns, however, have been generally very successful and are setting the benchmarks in South Africa. / Die opening van die eerste ingeslote winkelsentrum met sentrale lugreeling in 'n swart woonbuurt in Suid-Afrika, het in 1979 in Umlazi (buite Durban) plaasgevind. Die provinsiale ontwikkelingskorporasie (Ithala) het aan die spits van winkelsentrum ontwikkeling in opkomende markte in KwaZulu-Natal gestaan. Die toetrede van die privaatsektor tot die mark het verder ook substansieel bygedra tot kennnis en ondervinding in winkelsentrumontwikkeling oor twee dekades in opkomende markte. Hierdie studie fokus op swart kooppatrone en huisgesin inkomste and uitgawes in swart woonbuurtes en landelike gebiede in KwaZulu-Natal. Die ondersoeke sluit die volgende in: • empiriese handelsgebiede; • geodemografie en geografiese inligtingstelsels (GIS); • koopkrag modellering; • markaandeel skatting; • kleinhandel hierargie; • lewensvatbaarheid en uitvoerbaarheid studies; • sentrum ontwerp (ingesluit taxi staanplek ontwikkelings); • informele handel; en huurdersamestelling, ligging. finansiering en navorsingsstrategie. Die studie formuleer 'n universele koopkrag model vir KwaZulu-Natal wat etniese en geografiese klassifikasies oorskry en met die hulp van 'n rekenaar en sensus inligling, die akkuraatheid en koste effektiwiteit van lewensvatbaarheid en uitvoerbaarheid studies in winkelsentrum ontwikkeling, moontlik maak. 'n Geintegreerde kommersiele evalueringsmodel (GKEM) is geformuleer waarmee demografiese data van 'n handelsgebied en finansiele data geintegreer word om die lewensvatbaarbeid van 'n winkelsentmm te evalueer. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, ongeag die baie unieke eienskappe van winkelsentrums in opkomende markte, die fundamentele reels wat reg oor die wereld met winkelsentrumontwikkeling toegepas word, ook vir die opkomende markte van KwaZulu-Natal geld. Relatief lae besteebare inkomstes beperk die drakrag grootte van winkelsentmms in opkomende markte. Winkelsentrumliggings word verbind met die interafhanklikheid van publieke vervoer van die marksegment. Faktore gunstig vir winkelsentrumontwikkeling soos hoe privaatmotorbesit, hoe besteebare inkomste, gewi1lige kleinhandelaars, effektiewe stadsbeplanning en staatsondersteuning het nog nie vlakke bereik wat die grootskaalse ontwikkeling van winkelsentrums in swart woonbuurtes bevoordeel nie. Winkelsentrumontwikkeling in die sentrale sakegebiede van landelike dorpe is wel, in die algemeen, suksesvol en stel tans die standaard vir winkelsentrumontwikkeling vir opkomende markte in Suid Africa. / Geography / D. Litt. et Phil. (Geography)

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Key terms in English and Afrikaans / Titles in English and Afrikaans / The first fully enclosed, airconditioned shopping mall in a black township in South Africa opened in 1979 in Umlazi, outside Durban. The provincial development corporation (Ithala) spearheaded emerging market shopping centre development in KwaZulu-Natal to the extent that, with the involvement of the private sector, substantial knowledge and experience have been gained in shopping centre development in emerging markets over the past two decades. The study focuses on black shopping patterns and household income and expenditure in townships and rural areas in KwaZulu-Natal. The assessments include: • empirical trade areas; • geodemographics and geographic information systems (GIS); • buying power modelling; • market share estimates; • retail hierarchies; • viability and feasibility studies; • centre design (including taxi rank developments); • informal trading; and • tenant mix; location; financing and research strategies. The study formulates a universal buying power model for KwaZulu-Natal that transcends ethnic and geographic classifications, to enhance, with the aid of computer technology and census information, the accuracy and cost effectiveness of viability and feasibility studies in shopping centre development. An Integrated Commercial Assessment Model (ICAM) is formulated whereby demographic data of a trade area and financial feasibility parameters are integrated to assess the viability of a shopping centre. The study concludes that although there are many unique features associated with shopping centres in emerging market locations, the fundamental principles that apply all over the world in shopping centre development, also apply to emerging markets in KwaZulu-Natal. Relatively low disposable incomes limit the sustainable size of the emerging market shopping centre. Shopping centre locations are linked to the interdependence on public transportation by emerging market patrons. Factors conducive for shopping centre development, such as high private vehicle ownership, high disposable income, willing retailers, effective town planning and state assistance, have not yet reached levels that would benefit the widespread development of shopping centres in townships. Emerging market shopping centre developments in the central business districts of rural towns, however, have been generally very successful and are setting the benchmarks in South / Die opening van die eerste ingeslote winkelsentrum met sentrale lugreeling in 'n swart woonbuurt in Suid-Afrika, het in 1979 in Umlazi (buite Durban) plaasgevind. Die provinsiale ontwikkelingskorporasie (Ithala) het aan die spits van winkelsentrum ontwikkeling in opkomende markte in KwaZulu-Natal gestaan. Die toetrede van die privaatsektor tot die mark het verder ook substansieel bygedra tot kennis en ondervinding in winkelsentrumontwikkeling oor twee dekades in opkomende markte. Hierdie studie fokus op swart kooppatrone en huisgesin inkomste and uitgawes in swart woonbuurtes en landelike gebiede in KwaZulu-Natal. Die ondersoeke sluit die volgende in: • empiriese handelsgebiede; • geodemografie en geografiese inligtingstelsels (GIS); • koopkrag modellering; • markaandeel skatting; • kleinhandel hierargie; • lewensvatbaarheid en uitvoerbaarheid studies; • sentrum ontwerp (ingesluit taxi staanplek ontwikkelings); • informele handel; en • huurdersamestelling, ligging, finansiering en navorsingsstrategie. Die studie formuleer 'n universele koopkrag model vir KwaZulu-Natal wat etniese en geografiese klassifikasies oorskry en met die hulp van 'n rekenaar en sensus inligting, die akkuraatheid en koste effektiwiteit van lewensvatbaarheid en uitvoerbaarheid studies in winkelsentrum ontwikkeling, moontlik maak. 'n Geintegreerde kommersiele evalueringsmodel (GKEM) is geformuleer waarmee demografiese data van 'n handelsgebied en finansiele data geintegreer word on die lewensvatbaarheid van 'n winkelsentrum te evalueer. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, ongeag die baie unieke eienskappe van winkelsentrums in opkomende markte, die fundamentele reels wat reg oor die wereld met winkelsentrumontwikkeling toegepas word, ook vir die opkomende markte van KwaZulu-Natal geld. Relatief lae besteebare inkomstes beperk die drakrag grootte van winkelsentrums in opkomende markte. Winkelsentrumliggings word verbind met die interafhanklikheid van publieke vervoer van die marksegment. F aktore gunstig vir winkelsentrumontwikkeling soos hoe privaat motorbesit, hoe besteebare inkomste, gewillige kleinhandelaars, effektiewe stadsbeplanning en staatsondersteuning het nog nie vlakke bereik wat die grootskaalse ontwikkeling van winkelsentrums in swart woonbuurtes bevoordeel nie. Winkelsentrumontwikkeling in die sentrale sakegebiede van landelike dorpe is wel, in die algemeen, suksesvol en stel tans die standaard vir winkelsentrumontwikkeling vir opkomende markte in Suid Africa / Geography and Environmental Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Geography)

Using dirt and cleaning as a point of departure, I have examined how categorization and intentionality affects our perception of value. The work is partly performative in its nature where this performativity sets the limelight on the transition between categories: From dirt to craft, from irrational behaviour to art. In the artistic process, I have used coffee rings on table cloths, shoeprints on wallpapers and  the act of mopping as a means of questioning. Through this, I also reveal and question hierarchies in society. The essay discusses and theoretically relates to the artistic work. / Med utgångspunkt i smuts har jag underökt hur kategorisering och intentionalitet påverkar vår uppfattning av värde. Arbetet är delvis performativt till sin natur, där denna performativitet sätter fokus på övergången från en kategori till en annan: Från smuts till konsthantverk, från irrationellt beteende till konst. I den konstnärliga processen har jag använt mig av kafferingar på dukar, skoavtryck på tapeter och moppande av golv som medel för ifrågasättande. PÅ detta vis blottlägger och ifrågasätter jag hierarkier i samhället. I uppsatsen diskuterar jag och relaterar teoretiskt till det konstnärliga arbetet.