L'interaction entre un rayonnement laser et un système atomique, peut conduire à différents processus physiques comme la photoionisation, l'ionisation multiphotonique, l'ionisation tunnel, génération d'harmoniques d'ordres élevés... L'importance de chacun de ces processus est en fait dépend de l'intensité et de la fréquence du champ laser considéré. Ce travail de thèse a porté sur la description de l'interaction d'un champ laser (Infrarouge et/ou Haute fréquence) avec un atome d'hydrogène (archétype d'un système à un électron actif). Nous avons tout d'abord développé les méthodes numériques pour la résolution de l'équation de Schrödinger dépendante du temps décrivant le système laser-atome d'hydrogène. Ces méthodes nous ont permis d'écrire un code numérique pour la simulation des solutions de cette équation. Nous les avons ensuite utilisées, après la vérification de la convergence de notre programme numérique pour présenter les résultats sur la photoionisation à un seul photon, sur l'ionisation multiphotonique et aussi sur un autre phénomène résultant du processus d'ionisation, il s'agit de l'absorption de photons au dessus du seuil d'ionisation, nommé processus ATI (Above Threshold Ionization). Ensuite, nous appliquerons ce code numérique à la photoionisation de l'atome d'hydrogène combinant deux photons, infrarouge (basse fréquence) et l'une de ses harmoniques (haute fréquence). Finalement, un calcul de la distribution angulaire des électrons émis a été effectué numériquement. / The interaction between laser radiation and atomic system, can lead to various physical processes such as photoionization, multiphoton ionization, tunneling ionization, High Order Harmonic Generation ... The importance of each of these processes is in fact dependent on the intensity and frequency of the laser field. In this thesis, we describe the interaction of a laser field (Infrared and / or high frequencie) with hydrogen (arche-type of a system with one active electron). We first developed numerical methods for solving the time-dependant Schrödinger equation of time describing the hydrogen atom laser system. These methods allowed us to write a numerical code for the simulation of solutions of this equation. We then used, after the verification of the numerical convergence of our program to present the results on the single-photon photoionization on multiphoton ionization. We also concentrate on another phenomenon resulting from the ionization process, it is absorption of photons above the ionization threshold, named process ATI (above threshold ionization). Then, we will apply this numerical code to the photoionization hydrogen combining two photons, infrared (low frequency) and one of its harmonics (high frequency). Finally, a calculation of the angular distribution of the emitted electron was carried out numerically.

The thesis discusses the design and experimental verification of a new method for detecting partial discharges in oil-cooled high-power transformers, emphasizing the origin of the measured signal from the outer and inner regions of the transformer tank. The detection and spatial localization of partial discharges utilizes UHF (Ultra High Frequency) electromagnetic signal measurement. The UHF partial discharge detection method, also referred as UHF PD, is one of the most advanced techniques for the accurate spatial localization of the signal source position. The focus of the thesis lies in the development of technical and software solutions for the separation of partial discharge signals originating from the internal space of the transformer and the spurious signals from the connection lines. The proposed technical and program solutions constitute a signal discriminatory method. The precise and repeatable diagnostics of the transformer state are guaranteed by observing the measurement methodology and special setting of the diagnostic system. The functionality of the signal discriminatory method was verified during real measurement of the oil-cooled power transformers at the Dukovany nuclear power plant in operation. The output of the designed methodology is to set up a calibration procedure and follow-up steps to ensure objective, repeatable, and comparable measurements for the purposes of regular predictive maintenance in transformers.

The relationship between hearing sensitivity in the extended high-frequency region (8-16 kHz) and (1) the presence of synchronized spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SSOAEs) and (2) the strength of click-evoked and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (CEOAEs and DPOAEs) was investigated in 104 ears of 57 young adults. The age range was confined to 16 to 19 years. All subjects had normal hearing in the conventional audiometric frequency range (0.5-8 kHz). Ears with detected SSOAEs had better hearing sensitivity in the extended high-frequency region and also higher levels of CEOAEs and DPOAEs than ears with undetected SSOAEs. The results support the hypothesis that the presence of SSOAEs is indicative of an ear with highly normal cochlear function over a broad frequency range.

Este trabalho baseia-se no estudo e aplicação da Análise Estatística de Energia (SEA). Tal técnica é amplamente empregada nos estudos de vibrações em altas freqüências, dominadas por altas densidades modais e oferecendo toda a solução para o modelo em termos de parâmetros estatísticos. Aplica-se SEA tanto a modelos teóricos e numéricos quanto a modelos experimentais. Qualquer uma das duas abordagens descrita anteriormente tem como objetivo a obtenção dos parâmetros SEA, conhecidos por fator de perda por dissipação interna, fator de perda por acoplamento e densidade modal. Para o estudo e aplicação experimental da técnica SEA utiliza-se o Método de Injeção de Potência, sendo este aplicado a estruturas acopladas do tipo viga, numa configuração em T e estruturas acopladas do tipo placa que formam uma caixa. O estudo numérico e analítico também faz parte deste trabalho, tendo como base o desenvolvimento de uma formulação para vigas relativamente espessas, mostrando a influência geométrica na transmissão da vibração entre subsistemas. Comparações também são feitas entre os resultados obtidos experimentalmente na caixa e na viga T com os obtidos analiticamente e computacionalmente e em ambos os casos estes apresentaram uma boa correlação. Por fim, uma estrutura composta por uma cavidade acústica é estudada e um aparato o para injeção de potência é construído com base no estudo em altas freqüências. / This work is based in the study and application of the Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA), which is applied to high frequencies vibrations characterized by high modal densities and the solution, is given in statistical terms. This analysis is used in numerical, analytical and experimental models and the principal objective is the estimative of the SEA parameters, known by damping loss factors, coupling loss factors and modal densities. The experimental model is based on the Power Injection Method (PIM), and this was applied in coupled structures, like beam type, that was coupled in a T-beam configuration and the other type of coupling was studied in a box type structure. An analytical model was developed in this thesis, it was based on the Timoshenko beam formulation and the possible geometrical effects were studied. The results obtained as experimentally as numerically or analytically were compared and showed a good agreement. Finally, an acoustic cavity was studied and a new display was constructed to inject power in the cavity and a high frequency study was performed.

L’identification des efforts vibratoires agissant sur les structures et la détection des défauts à partir des mesures opérationnelles sont des sujets importants dans des projets académiques et industriels. Le choix de l’outil ou de la méthode utilisée dépend de la bande de fréquences d'étude puisqu’il existe des approches appropriées pour chaque domaine fréquentiel. Une méthode énergétique appelée la méthode énergétique simplifiée (MES) est utilisée pour prédire la répartition de la densité d'énergie vibroacoustique en moyennes et hautes fréquences. L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'étendre cette méthode pour résoudre les problèmes vibro-acoustiques inverses pour identifier d'une part les sources de vibration et d'autre part pour détecter les défauts. La formulation MES inverse (IMES) est numériquement validée pour des systèmes continus basés sur le couplage tel que le cas d’un système comportant plusieurs plaques couplées et celui d’un système composé d’une cavité acoustique couplée avec une plaque. En plus, une nouvelle méthodologie numérique est proposée, pour étendre cet outil d'identification IMES pour la détection des défauts. Une analyse paramétrique est effectuée pour le cas d’un modèle présentant des défauts afin de tester la robustesse et l’efficacité de cette approche. Finalement, une étude expérimentale est effectuée pour valider la technique IMES à fin d'identifier et localiser les charges exercées pour plusieurs cas, et détecter les défauts. / The identification of inputs forces acting on structures and the detection of defects from operating measurement have been important topics in both academic and industrial projects. The choice of the used tool or method depends on the frequency band of study since there are appropriate approaches for each frequency domain. An energetic method so called the simplified energy method (MES) is used to predict the distribution of the vibro-acoustic energy density in the medium and high frequency band. The objective of this thesis is to extend this energy method to solve inverse vibro-acoustic problems and to identify the sources of vibrations on one hand and to detect the defects on the other hand. The inverse MES formulation (IMES) is numerically validated for continuous coupling-based systems such as the case of a system composed with several coupled plates and the case of a system composed of an acoustic cavity coupled with a plate. In addition, a new numerical methodology is proposed to extend this IMES identification tool for the detection of defects. A parametric analysis is performed in the case of plate with defects in order to test the robustness and the efficiency of this approach. Finally, an experimental study is carried out to validate the IMES technique to identify and locate the input loads for several scenarios, and detecting the defects.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, un important effort a été fait dans le domaine des conducteurs électroniques de basse dimensionnalité afin de réaliser une électronique à électrons uniques. Une idée particulièrement attractive étant de pouvoir contrôler complétement la phase d’un électron unique volant pour transporter et manipuler de l’information quantique dans le but de construire un qubit volant. L’injection contrôlée d’électrons uniques dans un système électronique bidimensionnel balistique peut être fait grâce à une source d’électrons uniques basée sur des pulses de tensions lorentziens sub-nanosecondes. Une telle source peut aussi être utilisée pour mettre en évidence de nouveaux phénomènes d’interférences électroniques. Lorsqu’un pulse de tension court est injecté dans un interféromètre électronique, de nouveaux effets d’interférences sont attendus du fait de l’interaction du pulse avec les électrons de la mer de Fermi. Pour la réalisation de cette expérience, il est important de connaître avec précision la vitesse de propagation du paquet d’onde électronique créé par le pulse.Dans cette thèse, nous présentons des mesures résolues en temps d’un pulse de tension court (<100 ps) injecté dans un fil quantique 1D formé dans gaz d’électron bidimensionnel qui nous ont permis de déterminer sa vitesse de propagation. Nous montrons que le pulse se propage bien plus vite que la vitesse de Fermi d’un système sans interaction. La vitesse de propagation est augmentée par les interactions électron-électron. Pour un fil quantique contenant un grand nombre de modes, la vitesse mesurée est en excellent accord avec la vitesse d’un plasmon dans un système 2D en présence de grilles métalliques. En modifiant le potentiel de confinement électrostatique et donc l’intensité des interactions, nous montrons qu’il est possible de contrôler la vitesse de propagation. Nous avons ensuite étudié un interféromètre électronique à deux chemins basé sur deux fils couplés par une barrière tunnel. Nos mesures préliminaires font ressortir une signature qui peut être attribuée à des oscillations tunnel cohérentes des électrons injectés dans ce système. Dans un future proche, cet interféromètre pourrait être utilisé pour mettre en évidence ces nouveaux effets spectaculaires dus à l’interaction du pulse avec les électrons de la mer de Fermi. / Over the past decade, an important effort has been made in the field of low dimensional electronic conductors towards single electron electronics with the goal to gain full control of the phase of a single electron in a solid-state system. A particular appealing idea is to use a single flying electron itself to carry and manipulate the quantum information, the so-called solid state flying qubit. On demand single electron injection into such a ballistic two-dimensional electron system can be realized by employing the recently developed single electron source based on sub-nanosecond lorentzian voltage pulses. Such a source could also be used to reveal interesting new physics. When a short voltage pulse is injected in an electronic interferometer, novel interference effects are expected due to the interference of the pulse with the surrounding Fermi sea. For the realization of such experiments it is important to know with high accuracy the propagation velocity of the electron wave packet created by the pulse.In this thesis, we present time resolved measurements of a short voltage pulse (<100 ps) injected into a 1D quantum wire formed in a two-dimensional electron gas and determine its propagation speed. We show that the voltage pulse propagates much faster than the Fermi velocity of a non-interacting system. The propagation speed is enhanced due to electron interactions within the quantum wire. For a quantum wire containing a large number of modes, the measured propagation velocity agrees very well with the 2D plasmon velocity for a gated two-dimensional electron gas. Increasing the confinement potential allows to control the strength of the electron interactions and hence the propagation speed. We then have studied an electronic two-path interferometer based on two tunnel-coupled wires. Our preliminary measurements show a signature that can be attributed to the coherent tunneling of the electrons injected into this system. In the near future, this system could be used to reveal these new striking effects due to the interaction of the voltage pulse with the Fermi sea.

Este trabalho baseia-se no estudo e aplicação da Análise Estatística de Energia (SEA). Tal técnica é amplamente empregada nos estudos de vibrações em altas freqüências, dominadas por altas densidades modais e oferecendo toda a solução para o modelo em termos de parâmetros estatísticos. Aplica-se SEA tanto a modelos teóricos e numéricos quanto a modelos experimentais. Qualquer uma das duas abordagens descrita anteriormente tem como objetivo a obtenção dos parâmetros SEA, conhecidos por fator de perda por dissipação interna, fator de perda por acoplamento e densidade modal. Para o estudo e aplicação experimental da técnica SEA utiliza-se o Método de Injeção de Potência, sendo este aplicado a estruturas acopladas do tipo viga, numa configuração em T e estruturas acopladas do tipo placa que formam uma caixa. O estudo numérico e analítico também faz parte deste trabalho, tendo como base o desenvolvimento de uma formulação para vigas relativamente espessas, mostrando a influência geométrica na transmissão da vibração entre subsistemas. Comparações também são feitas entre os resultados obtidos experimentalmente na caixa e na viga T com os obtidos analiticamente e computacionalmente e em ambos os casos estes apresentaram uma boa correlação. Por fim, uma estrutura composta por uma cavidade acústica é estudada e um aparato o para injeção de potência é construído com base no estudo em altas freqüências. / This work is based in the study and application of the Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA), which is applied to high frequencies vibrations characterized by high modal densities and the solution, is given in statistical terms. This analysis is used in numerical, analytical and experimental models and the principal objective is the estimative of the SEA parameters, known by damping loss factors, coupling loss factors and modal densities. The experimental model is based on the Power Injection Method (PIM), and this was applied in coupled structures, like beam type, that was coupled in a T-beam configuration and the other type of coupling was studied in a box type structure. An analytical model was developed in this thesis, it was based on the Timoshenko beam formulation and the possible geometrical effects were studied. The results obtained as experimentally as numerically or analytically were compared and showed a good agreement. Finally, an acoustic cavity was studied and a new display was constructed to inject power in the cavity and a high frequency study was performed.

Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit sont axés sur le développement et la caractérisation de modules technologiques sur semiconducteurs à large bande interdite à base de nitrure de gallium (GaN), pour la réalisation de transistors et de cathodes froides. Ils ont été réalisés au sein du laboratoire III-V lab, commun aux entités : Alcatel - Thales - CEA Leti. Notre projet de recherche a bénéficié d'un soutien financier assuré par Thales Electron Devices (TED) et l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche ( ANR ). Concernant les transistors HEMT III-N, nos investigations se sont focalisées sur le développement des parties actives des transistors, incluant principalement la structuration des électrodes de grilles, l'étude de la passivation des grilles métalliques, ainsi que l'étude de diélectriques de grille pour la réalisation de structures MIS-HEMT.Les transistors MOS-HEMT « Normally-off » réalisés présentent des performances comparables à l'état de l'art, avec une densité de courant de drain maximum comprise entre 270 mA et 400 mA / mm, un ratio ION / IOFF > 1100, et des tensions de claquage > 200V. Les tensions de seuil sont comprises entre + 1,8 V et + 4 V. Nos contributions au développement des cathodes froides ont permis de démontrer une première émission dans le vide à partir de cathodes GaN, avec une densité de courant maximale de 300 µA / cm2 pour une tension de polarisation de 40 V / The results presented in this manuscript relate to technological developments and device processing on wide bandgap III-N semiconductor materials. They have been focused on III-N HEMT transistors and GaN cold cathodes. They have been realised within the III-V lab, which is a common entity between: Alcatel - Thales - CEA Leti. They have been financially supported by Thales Electron Devices company (TED) and the French National Research Agency ( ANR ). Regarding III-N HEMTs, our investigations have been focused on the development of device gate processing, which includes : the structuration of gate electrodes, the study of device passivation, and the realization of Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor High Mobility Electron Transistors ( MIS-HEMTs ). The “ Normally-off ” MOS-HEMT structures we have realized exhibit performances comparable to the state of the art, with a maximum drain current density between 270 and 400 mA / mm, a ION / IOFF ratio > 1.100, and a breakdown voltage > 200V. The threshold voltage values range between + 1,8 V and + 4V. We have also been able to demonstrate prototype GaN cold cathodes providing a maximum current density of 300 µA / cm2, emitted in vacuum for a bias voltage around 40 V