Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:11:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_KilzaArruda.pdf: 594058 bytes, checksum: a238824dfa6ae7f27d50010de62bd6ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Introduction. Early identification and diagnosis of hearing impairment in newborns aim at establishing adequate amplification and intervention, as early as possible, in order to reduce negative consequences in language, individual and social development of the child. Tympanometry is part of a test battery for the diagnosis of hearing losses and is used to differentiate between conductive and sensorineural hearing losses. Before six months of age the results obtained using a probe tone of 226 Hz can be misleading. Therefore many studies have been done assessing the use of a high frequency probe tone of 678 and 1000 Hz aiming at a more valid procedure. Goal. The goal of the present study was to describe and discuss interpretations and measurements obtained in timpanometry of normal hearing neonates, using tone probes of 226, 678 and 1000 Hz. The following aspects were described: tympanometric curve type, Peak Compensated Static Acoustic Admittance (Ytm), Tympanometric Width (TW), Tympanometric Peak Pressure (PPT) and Equivalent Ear Canal Volume (Vea). Method. All subjects had normal otoacoustic emissions and no risk for hearing impairment. The curves were obtained in a quiet room using a middle ear analyzer GSI 33 II with tone probes of 226, 678 and 1000 Hz. All babies were calm or sleeping during the test. Results. 110 neonates were tested with the three tone probes therefore 660 curves were obtained. Age range was 6 to 30 days (58 boys and 52 girls). When a probe tone of 226 Hz was used, single peak curve was observed in 105 (47,7%) ears and double peak was found in 115 (52,3%) ears. Results with a probe tone of 678 Hz, revealed 56 (25,4%) single peak curves, 16 (7,3%) inverted curves (I) and 148 (67,3%) asymmetric (AS). Results with a probe tone of 1000 Hz showed 156 (70,9%) single peak tympanograms, 62 (28,2%) asymmetric and 2 (0,9%) inverted. Among the quantitative measurements analyzed, Vea demonstrated a significant difference in gender with probe tones of 226 Hz. Ytm, was also significantly different by gender with the probe tone of 1000 Hz, larger for the boys. For all the other variables no significant difference was found for ear or gender. When the curves were analyzed using the protocol proposed by Sutton et al (2002), 208 (94,5%) ears were considered normal and 12 (5,5%) abnormal with the probe tone of 678 Hz. For the probe tone of 1000 Hz, 217 (98,6%) ears were considered normal, and just 3 (1,4%) of the tympanograms were classified as abnormal. Conclusion. The tympanometric findings in this study were similar to those described in the literature with prevalence of single peaked curves for the probe tone of 1000 Hz and a similar number of single and double peaked curves with the probe tone of 226 Hz. The quantitative measurements were, in general, in agreement with the literature reviewed. The interpretation of the results with the probe tone of 1000 Hz using the protocol suggested by Sutton et al (2002) was the method that allowed the classification of normal for the greatest percentage of the ears tested suggesting that it can be very useful when neonates are evaluated. Further research with this protocol is suggested. / Introdução. A identificação e a caracterização precoce da perda auditiva em neonatos visam estabelecer condições para uma intervenção adequada, tão cedo quanto possível, a fim de reduzir as conseqüências negativas no desenvolvimento pessoal e social da criança. A timpanometria faz parte da bateria de testes do diagnóstico da perda auditiva e é utilizada para avaliação da orelha média, para diferenciar perdas condutivas de neurossensoriais. A timpanometria realizada em neonatos com menos de seis meses, quando executadas com tom sonda de baixa freqüência (226 Hz), pode gerar dúvidas, pois nesse tipo de sonda, neonatos com otite média podem revelar timpanograma aparentemente normal. Com isso, tem-se investigado o uso de tom sonda de alta freqüência (678 e 1000 Hz) em busca de resultados mais confiáveis. Objetivo. Descrever e analisar interpretações de características e medidas obtidas na timpanometria de neonatos ouvintes com sonda de tom prova de 226, 678 e 1000 Hz. São descritos os seguintes aspectos do timpanograma: características da curva timpanométrica, Admitância Acústica Estática de Pico Compensado na Altura da Membrana Timpânica (Ymt), Largura Timpanométrica (LT), Pressão do Pico Timpanométrico (PPT) e Volume Equivalente do Meato Acústico Externo (Vea). Metodologia. Os sujeitos analisados passaram por uma triagem que incluiu anamnese e teste de emissões otoacústicas. Para a realização das timpanometrias foi utilizado o analisador de orelha média GSI-33-II, com tons sonda de 226, 678 e 1000 Hz, em sala silenciosa e com a criança em estado tranqüilo. Resultados. Foram obtidos timpanogramas de 110 neonatos ouvintes com 6 a 30 dias de idade (58 meninos e 52 meninas), perfazendo um total de 660 timpanogramas. No tom sonda de 226 Hz, o tipo de curva pico único (A) apareceu em 105 (47,7%) orelhas e o tipo pico duplo (PD) em 115 (52,3%) orelhas. Os resultados na freqüência de 678 Hz indicaram 56 (25,5%) ocorrências de curva tipo A, 16 (7,3%) do tipo invertida (I) e 148 (67,3%) curvas do tipo assimétrica (AS). Na sonda de 1000 Hz foram registradas 156 (70,9%) curvas do tipo A, 62 (28,2%) do tipo AS e 2 (0,9%) do tipo I. Dentre as variáveis quantitativas analisadas, apenas o Vea apresentou efeito de significância por orelha na sonda de tom prova de 1000 Hz. O Vea apresentou efeito de significância em relação ao gênero nas freqüências de 226 e 1000 Hz. A Ymt, também, apresentou efeito de significância por gênero, na sonda de 1000 Hz, sendo maior nos meninos. Nas demais variáveis não foi encontrado efeito de significância nem por orelha e nem por gênero. Quando interpretados de acordo com o protocolo recomendado por Sutton et al (2002), obteve-se, em 678 Hz, 208 (94,5%) orelhas com resultado normal, enquanto 12 (5,5%) foram interpretadas como anormais. Na sonda de tom prova de 1000 Hz, 217 (98,6%) das orelhas foram normais, e apenas 3 (1,4%) dos timpanogramas foram classificados como anormais. Conclusão. Os achados timpanométricos, tanto em 226 Hz quanto em 1000 Hz, foram compatíveis com os resultados presentes na literatura, que descrevem alta ocorrência de curvas do tipo A em sonda de 1000 Hz e equilíbrio entre os tipos de curva A e PD em sonda de 226 Hz. Os dados registrados para as medidas quantitativas, também, estiveram de acordo com o indicado na literatura. A interpretação das curvas timpanométricas com sonda de 1000 Hz utilizando o protocolo proposto por Sutton et al (2002) foi a que possibilitou a classificação de normal na maior porcentagem das orelhas avaliadas, sugerindo que este pode ser um método de grande utilidade na avaliação de bebês. Recomenda-se que pesquisas futuras com esse protocolo sejam realizadas.

Rapid implementation of universal newborn hearing screening programs has exposed a need for a reliable test of middle ear function for timely identification of middle ear pathology and for differentiation between true sensorineural and conductive hearing losses. Use of higher probe tone frequencies for the assessment of immitance measures have proven to be more reliable and accurate in identifying MEE in infants. However a lack of classification-guidelines and age specific normative data exists. This study investigated the characteristics and normative values of high frequency tympanometric and acoustic reflex results for infants (n = 936 ears). Participants were 510 infants (262 male, 248 female) aged 0 – 12 months (mean age = 12.8 weeks) recruited from primary health care and immunization clinics in a South African community. A three-part procedure was performed on each test ear: 1) OAEs were recorded and pass results served as control variable for normal middle ear functioning; 2) 1000 Hz probe tone admittance, susceptance and conductance tympanograms were recorded and analysed in terms of shape, tympanometric peak pressure and maximum (peak) admittance; 3) 1000 Hz probe tone acoustic reflexes, measured with a 1000 Hz ipsilateral stimulus, were recorded and thresholds determined. Significant associations were observed between tympanogram shape, and OAE pass or fail results. 93% of ears with an OAE pass result displayed peaked tympanograms, while 79% of ears with absent OAE’s displayed flat tympanograms. Single peaked tympanograms were recorded in 782 ears (84%), double peaked tympanograms in 41 (4%) ears and flat sloping tympanograms in 112 (12%) ears. Admittance (Ya) tympanograms for the total sample displayed a mean admittance value of 2.9 mmho, with a standard deviation of 1.1 mmho. The 90th percent range was determined at 1.5 mmho (5th percentile) to 4.9 mmho (95th percentile). Mean tympanometric peak pressure in Ya tympanograms was 0.1 daPa, with a standard deviation of 61 daPa. The 90th percent range was -110 daPa to 90 daPa for the 5th and 95th percentiles respectively. Gender specific norms indicated a higher admittance for male ears. Age specific norms indicate a gradual increase in admittance indicating the need for age specific normative classification systems. Ipsilateral 1000 Hz stimuli acoustic reflex measurement proved successful with a 1000 Hz probe tone and present reflexes were recorded in 84% of ears tested. Significant association between acoustic reflex presence, OAE pass and peaked tympanogram results were observed. The normative tympanometric values derived from the cohort may serve as a guide for identification of middle ear effusion in neonates. High frequency tympanometry in combination with acoustic reflexes proves a useful measure for verifying middle ear functioning in young infants. / Dissertation (M (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / M (Communication Pathology) / unrestricted