The manner in which a literary work is produced by its author and received by its audience is significantly influenced by the existing prestructures of both the author and the audience. As evidence of this phenomena, this thesis presents a case study of the impact of prestructure on the summation of narrative frames which form Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage: An Episode of the American Civil War.

The integration of remote sensing and digital documentation into archaeological practice has aided in the discovery of historical remains and improved the recordation of artifacts and built heritage. This thesis will explore the evolution of remote sensing and its relationship to archaeology and heritage conservation. Remote sensing employs image capturing and radar systems to record data both on the ground and in the air, which can be utilized to create three dimensional (3D) models and maps detailing archaeological, architectural, and geological features. In the past two decades that its use has become more common in the heritage sector. Remote sensing technologies are continuously improving and the applications for them are increasing, making the future of remote sensing very promising. Given the significance of the archaeological record to Etruscan studies, Etruscan archaeological sites provide significant and connected case studies for the employment of remote sensing forms at active and inactive ancient heritage sites / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

This thesis sets out to examine the historical growth of Freemasonry at the Cape and its expansion eastwards and northwards. It covers the period from the beginnings of Freemasonry in Cape Town in 1772 until 1876 when English and Dutch branches of the Craft had become involved in the political issues of that time. In doing so it tries to examine the effect of social, economic and political events in South Africa on Dutch and English Freemasonry, making the somewhat bold claim that this masonic movement acted often as a mirror to these events. The study confines itself to the historical aspects of freemasonry and does not endeavour to portray esoteric changes that took place within the Craft. Specifically it details the start of Freemasonry on the continent of Africa by Abraham Chiron and the founding of the first lodge, De Goede Hoop, a Netherlandic lodge, its decline and resurgence during the Dutch, British and Batavian occupations and the beginnings of English Freemasonry under the final British occupation. From then it sets out the expansion and changes in organisation brought about by several masonic personalities, many of whom were leading figures in the society of their time.

This thesis compares organized humanist organizations in Canada and the Netherlands. Using a grounded theoretical approach, three fundamental research questions are addressed: (1) Why has organized humanism been much more successful in the Netherlands than in Canada?; (2) Why is Dutch humanism informed by an inclusive ideological orientation, while Canadian humanism is militantly anti-religious?; and (3) Is there a relationship between success and ideological orientation? Using a number of socio-historical and internal-organizational factors, the study suggests that the success of the Dutch movement is, in part, indebted to the long humanist tradition in the Netherlands stretching back to the sixteenth century. Secondly, the pillarization of Dutch society along ideological lines during the late nineteenth century influenced the development of a distinct humanist pillar following the end of the Second World War. Along with the confessional pillars, humanists in the Netherlands were able to secure financial assistance from the state, encouraging an inclusive, non-confrontational ideological foundation for Dutch humanism. In comparison, Canada lacks a strong irreligious tradition and maintains a fair degree of neutrality between church and state. As a result, Canadian humanists have not received any form of subsidization from the state. Organized humanism in Canada was heavily influenced by the militantly anticlerical British rationalist movement and developed largely around Dr. Henry Morgentaler's controversial fight for abortion rights during the late 1960s. As a consequence, Canadian humanism is anti-religious in its orientation. By developing humanism into a practical alternative to the church, Dutch humanists have enjoyed greater success than their Canadian counterparts. However, given the tremendous decrease in religious affiliation in both Canada and the Netherlands during recent decades, the comparatively small numbers joining the ranks of organized humanist movements suggests that this non-theistic worldview does not serve as an attractive alternative to traditional religious expressions. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Newspapers were and are source of information. As permanent communicative tools, they bear mute witness to the occurrences of past and present. On their page are printed important events, great plans, and inconsequential happenings. And yet, newspapers are much more than mere disseminators of news, for they also offer commercial information, and as such, supply their readers with a veritable directory of neighboring merchants. Through its advertisements, the newspaper makes available at a glance, the location and price of the various goods and services of which the newspaper reader may have need. This is true of present day newspapers, and it is true of past newspapers. These advertisements may expound the advantages of a shop in the town in which the newspaper is based, or it may give the newspaper reader information about a commercial establishment outside of that town. These advertisements offer information about not only the merchant's store, but also about the merchant. That he sent an advertisement to any newspaper, says something about him; but that he sent it to that particular newspaper, says even more. This study aspires to define that "even more". In trying to define that phrase, the author hopes to introduce newspaper advertisements as a source of data for historical geographers. As such, this study is a continuation of several previous investigations carried out on historical newspaper advertisements by other researchers, and a paper presented by the present author. There are various types of studies which can be done using this data as a primary source. Some of these studies will be investigated in great detail in this paper; others will be merely mentioned. It is hoped that through this paper, the validity of this data source will be established, and the various problems or pitfalls will be defined. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

No description available.

This dissertation focuses on mid- to late-19th-century Philadelphia immigrants, their experiences, and how their lives have been remembered or, as in this case, forgotten. During the course of this study Elfreth’s Alley in Old City Philadelphia is used as a lens through which to critically examine elements of immigrant experience and memory construction from an archaeological perspective. Designated as a National Historic Landmark, Elfreth’s Alley is credited with being one of the oldest, continuously-occupied residential streets in the nation. Formed in the early-18th century, Elfreth’s Alley became home to a large immigrant population, predominantly from Ireland and Germany, during the mid- to late-19th century. In the 20th century the narrow thoroughfare was selectively recognized as an important historic site in Philadelphia based on its colonial origin and early American architecture. Within this context, this dissertation expounds two interconnected lines of rediscovery at Elfreth’s Alley. The first is the rediscovery of the physical world in which immigrants lived; the second is the rediscovery of the abstract landscape of memory in which they were forgotten. The archaeological analysis of 124 and 126 Elfreth’s Alley in this text focuses on deconstructing the physical built environment on the street to understand the lived experience of immigrant occupants, while an examination of the public archaeology program implemented on the Alley explores how programming helped reshape memory at the historic site and fostered dialogue about the presentation of history and contemporary immigration. Through combining the results of documentary research, urban archaeological excavation, and public programing, this dissertation reveals the complexity of urban immigrant life and memory at Elfreth’s Alley specifically and Philadelphia at large. / Anthropology

<p> This thesis is an historically based inquiry into the aesthetic function and moral significance of the themes of marriage, fornication, and adultery in Chaucer's poetry about sexual love. Its first aim is to construct a philosophic and historical framework within which to study Chaucer as a love poet and thereby to help dispel the common but fallacious idea that Chaucer's poetic compositions on the subject of love are archetypally and thematically similar to those of the romantic poets of the nineteenth-century. Chaucer's attitude toward love is interpreted as a composite product of the influences of Ovid, St. Augustine, and the Christian Church of the Middle Ages and is shown to be morally incompatible with the idea, popular in the romantic literature of another era, that the world is well lost for love. </p> <p> The first chapter of the thesis is mainly devoted to an investigation of the salient differences between Chaucer's conception of love, which is in essence abstract moral, and impersonal, and the romantic conception, which tends to be emotional, amoral, and highly subjective. This chapter describes the intellectual background of the distinctively medieval traditions of cosmological love, married love, and Ovidian love and attempts to interpret the influence of these traditions on the mind and art of Chaucer. </p> <p> After the first chapter, the focus of discussion becomes much narrower, and descriptive treatment of the history of ideas gives way to close analysis of specific cruxes in love poems like Troilus and Criseyde, the Knight's Tale, and the Parliament of Fowls. These cruxes, which include the problematic function of Chaucer's various apostrophes and invocations to Venus, and the complex moral relationship of Venus to Nature,are examined for their relevance to the question of how Chaucer actually views erotic passion in his great love poetry. The conclusion reached in the second chapter is that the various cruxes treated here can all be resolved by showing that Chaucer consistently subscribes to Augustinian doctrines of nature, grace, and sexual morality. </p> <p> The third and last chapter of the thesis departs from the conceptual approach to love taken in the previous two in that it adopts a more formalistic and aesthetically orientated mode of criticism. However, this chapter, like the preceding one, concentrates on the elucidation of cruxes and supports its generalizations about Chaucer's artistry through close analysis and attention to poetic detail. Chapter 3 deals solely with Troilus and Criseyde, analyzing the concept of "love as an art" to which the poem repeatedly alludes; interpreting dynamics of response in the poem's audience; and discussing the metaphoric association of verbal prevarication with amorous enslavement in the behaviour of Troilus, Criseyde, and Pandarus. The general conclusion of this chapter, as of the others, is that Chaucer was unquestionably a man of his time -- an orthodox member of the Church and a firm follower of the teachings of St. Augustine in matters of art as in ethics. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Historians, like many types of scholars, are often researchers and educators, and both roles involve significant interaction with primary sources. Primary sources are not only direct evidence for historical arguments but also important materials for teaching historical thinking skills to students in classrooms, and engaging the broader public. However, finding high quality primary sources that are relevant to a historian's specialized topics of interest remains a significant challenge. Automated approaches to text analysis struggle to provide relevant results for these "long tail" searches with long semantic distances from the source material. Consequently, historians are often frustrated at spending so much time on manually the relevance of the contents of these archives other than writing and analysis. To overcome these challenges, my dissertation explores the use of crowdsourcing to support historians in analysis of primary sources. In four studies, I first proposed a class-sourcing model where historians outsource historical analysis to students as a teaching method and students learn historical thinking and gain authentic research experience while doing these analysis tasks. Incite, a realization of this model, deployed in 15 classrooms with positive feedback. Second, I expanded the class-sourcing model to a broader audience, novice (paid) crowds and developedthe Read-agree-predict (RAP) technique to accurately evaluate relevance between primary sources and research topics. Third, I presented a set of design principles for crowdsourcing complex historical documents via the American Soldier project on Zooniverse. Finally, I developed CrowdSCIM to help crowds learn historical thinking and evaluated the tradeoffs between quality, learning and efficiency. The outcomes of the studies provide systems, techniques and design guidelines to 1) support historians in their research and teaching practices, 2) help crowd workers learn historical thinking and 3) suggest implications for the design of future crowdsourcing systems. / Ph. D. / Historians, like many types of scholars, are often researchers and educators, and both roles involve significant interaction with primary sources. Primary sources are not only direct evidence for historical arguments but also important materials for teaching historical thinking skills to students in classrooms, and engaging the broader public. However, finding highquality primary sources that are relevant to a historian’s specialized topics of interest remains a significant challenge. Automated approaches to text analysis struggle to provide relevant results for these “long tail” searches with long semantic distances from the source material. Consequently, historians are often frustrated at spending so much time on manually the relevance of the contents of these archives other than writing and analysis. To overcome these challenges, my dissertation explores the use of crowdsourcing to support historians in analysis of primary sources. In four studies, I first proposed a class-sourcing model where historians outsource historical analysis to students as a teaching method and students learn historical thinking and gain authentic research experience while doing these analysis tasks. Incite, a realization of this model, deployed in 15 classrooms with positive feedback. Second, I expanded the class-sourcing model to a broader audience, novice (paid) crowds and developed the Read-agree-predict (RAP) technique to accurately evaluate relevance between primary sources and research topics. Third, I presented a set of design principles for crowdsourcing complex historical documents via the American Soldier project on Zooniverse. Finally, I developed CrowdSCIM to help crowds learn historical thinking and evaluated the tradeoffs between quality, learning and efficiency. The outcomes of the studies provide systems, techniques and design guidelines to 1) support historians in their research and teaching practices, 2) help crowd workers learn historical thinking and 3) suggest implications for the design of future crowdsourcing systems.

No / Croatia has a unique geographical and historical position within Europe, bridging central and south-east Europe. From the Pannonian Plain to the southern Adriatic maritime landscape, interconnectedness flows through Croatia's history. This dynamic past is increasingly being reflected upon by a new and exciting generation of Croatian scholars who are firmly embedded within a strong national tradition of archaeology but who also look outward to draw insights into the nature of material culture they encounter in Croatia and Croatian identity itself. Croatia at the Crossroads (24-25 June, Europe House, London) provided the opportunity to reflect upon such interconnectedness and Croatia's historic place within Europe. This event typified the desire of Croatian archaeologists to engage with such matters on an international level and to situate their scholarship within broader regional dynamics. Following the foundation of the new Croatian state, the opportunities for new forms of engagement have grown. This has stimulated thinking regarding both approaches to archaeology and the potential cultural cross-fertilisation that has resulted in Croatia's rich archaeological and historical record. This has led to in new, exciting understandings of archaeological material, and this was revealed in contributions to the Croatia at the Crossroads conference. The papers published here arise from the exceptionally interesting presentations and discussions held in London at the conference. Each of them takes Croatia's particular interconnectedness in terms of social and cultural relationships with the wider region as the starting point for exploring issues across a broad chronological range, from human origins to modernity. Within this, contributors pick up on a variety of different fields of interconnectedness and forms of interaction including biological, cultural, religious, military, trade, craft and maritime relationships. In many ways, these papers represent opening conversations that explore ways of thinking about new and established data sets that are entering Croatian scholarship for the first time. They also act as a set of complementary discussions that transcend traditional period and national boundaries. We hope that by bringing them together the volume will provide an insight into current trends in Croatian archaeology and stimulate fruitful discussions regarding future directions.