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Canadian government archives have primarily shaped scholars’ analysis of the File Hills farm colony on the Peepeekisis Reserve in south eastern Saskatchewan. While these colonial archives are valuable for research, they emphasise particular points in the government’s telling of the colony story. They focus on the construction, management, and intentions of the colony, but neglect the experiences and perspectives of Peepeekisis community members affected by the colony scheme. My thesis makes use of government archives, and is also based on Aboriginal oral histories about the colony and its long-term consequences. My central argument is that a more critical interpretation of archives and oral histories will enrich the historical and geographical record about the colony. I demonstrate how oral histories and archive documents can converge and diverge, but combining the two is particularly important to nuance the colony narrative. A critical viewing of texts and oral histories from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries also reveals that colonialism in the prairie west was highly spatalised and grounded in “betterment” sciences that sought to control and discipline Aboriginal peoples through the manipulation of space, heredity, and environments. Betterment sciences shaped Indian Affairs policy and the farm colony is a remarkable example of how betterment was applied on the ground. Finally, oral histories offer powerful insight into Aboriginal identities that survive in spite of colonial constructs and strategies. Oral histories of Peepeekisis community members are particularly important for highlighting peoples’ everyday geographies and lives only hinted at in colonial archive documents. Part of what makes this thesis original is that it is based on collaborative research. I sought Peepeekisis band permission to conduct this project, and Peepeekisis community members’ oral histories form an important part of this thesis and they have provided guidance on the documenting of their oral histories in this thesis. / Thesis (Ph.D, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2009-10-30 14:31:21.58

This thesis tells two intertwined stories about stories about nature. One, theoretical, asks what stories and histories do and why storytelling matters in place-making and policy-making. The second questions the effect of narratives of pristine nature on place-meanings in southwest New Zealand, serving as a case study to illustrate the abstract relationships of the first. Throughout reflexive consideration of my research journey as academic storytelling contributes to my theoretical arguments. Narratives help humans make sense of time and their place in the world. Stories and histories both shape new and reflect current understandings of the world. Thus narratives of nature and place are historically, geographically, and culturally specific. Place-meanings result from the geography of stories layered over time on a physical location. In the iterative process of continually re-presenting landscapes in specific places, negotiation between storytellers with variable power shapes physical environments and future place-meanings. This thesis uses the pristine story to explore these links between stories and histories, place-meanings, and policy decisions. From the arrival of New Zealand's first colonists to today's perceived "clean green" landscape, narratives distinguishing timeless nature from human culture have influenced policy-making in multiple ways. Focusing specifically on understandings of the conservation lands now listed by UNESCO as Te Wāhipounamu South-West World Heritage Area, I trace the origins and evolution of three dominant narrative strands - world heritage, national parks, and Ngāi Tahu cultural significance. Using post-colonial understandings of conservation as cultural colonization, I consider how the pristine narrative obscured Ngāi Tahu understandings of the area. I explore how the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 has begun to shift place-meanings by altering power-geometries between storytellers. Participant-observation in Department of Conservation visitor centres, however, illustrates that legislated stories and storytelling processes are expressed differently in representations of land in specific locations

Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) are composed of H₂SO₄/HNO₃/H₂O aerosols called supercooled ternary solution (STS), solid nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles and ice particles. These clouds require the low temperatures found in the polar regions of the lower stratosphere to occur. PSCs are important due to the critical role they play in the destruction of ozone over the poles. The role of PSCs in ozone destruction has been understood since the 1980’s however the mechanisms involved in PSC formation, particularly NAT formation, is still not well understood. Typically formation of PSCs in climate models is handled by using a temperature threshold as a proxy. A commonly used threshold is the equilibrium temperature for the existence of NAT, TNAT ; however when the area with temperatures below TNAT are compared with observations of PSC it is found that this measure significantly over-estimates the abundance of PSC. This research uses back trajectories stemming from the site of PSC observations to investigate the effect that the temperature history has on PSC formation. The trajectories are calculated using a simple Lagrangian model on an isentropic surface. The observational PSC data is obtained from the CALIOP (Cloud Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) instrument, which is from the CALIPSO (Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) mission launched in 2006. The CALIOP data used in this research is taken from the June to September period from the years 2007-10 and for latitudes between -55° and -82°S, and totals in excess of 7 million individual measurement profiles, a four day back trajectory is calculated for each observation along the 450 K isentropic level. Temperature and wind data is from the MERRA (Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications) reanalysis and H₂O and HNO₃ concentrations (required for calculating equilibrium temperatures) are from Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) version 3.3. It was found that different PSC types had different characteristics in their temperature histories. The mean temperature history associated with ice observations cooled by around 3 K over the previous 24 hours to slightly below the water ice frost point at the time of observation. However, in trajectories associated with the presence of NAT the temperature has on average stayed 4-5 K below TNAT for the entire four days of the trajectory. Based on these findings and theories of PSC formation, a system for predicting PSC occurrence based on the temperature histories is proposed. This system provides a better approximation for the total extent of PSC occurrence than the TNAT threshold. The average area covered by PSC on the 450 K level over the period examined as observed by CALIOP was 7.6 million km² while the area predicted by the temperature histories was 8.6 million km² as compared to 20.4 million km² with temperatures below TNAT. The average geographical coverage of the different PSC types is reasonably well replicated by the temperature history classification; however, the ability to discriminate between different PSC types based on individual temperature histories is somewhat limited.

This thesis tells two intertwined stories about stories about nature. One, theoretical, asks what stories and histories do and why storytelling matters in place-making and policy-making. The second questions the effect of narratives of pristine nature on place-meanings in southwest New Zealand, serving as a case study to illustrate the abstract relationships of the first. Throughout reflexive consideration of my research journey as academic storytelling contributes to my theoretical arguments. Narratives help humans make sense of time and their place in the world. Stories and histories both shape new and reflect current understandings of the world. Thus narratives of nature and place are historically, geographically, and culturally specific. Place-meanings result from the geography of stories layered over time on a physical location. In the iterative process of continually re-presenting landscapes in specific places, negotiation between storytellers with variable power shapes physical environments and future place-meanings. This thesis uses the pristine story to explore these links between stories and histories, place-meanings, and policy decisions. From the arrival of New Zealand's first colonists to today's perceived "clean green" landscape, narratives distinguishing timeless nature from human culture have influenced policy-making in multiple ways. Focusing specifically on understandings of the conservation lands now listed by UNESCO as Te Wāhipounamu South-West World Heritage Area, I trace the origins and evolution of three dominant narrative strands - world heritage, national parks, and Ngāi Tahu cultural significance. Using post-colonial understandings of conservation as cultural colonization, I consider how the pristine narrative obscured Ngāi Tahu understandings of the area. I explore how the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 has begun to shift place-meanings by altering power-geometries between storytellers. Participant-observation in Department of Conservation visitor centres, however, illustrates that legislated stories and storytelling processes are expressed differently in representations of land in specific locations

<p> Four experiments are reported in which choice behavior was examined in the pigeon. An apparatus was used in which each of two adjacent keys could be lit with either a red or a green dot. In each experiment, subjects received trials of fixed length with one color at a time (single-stimulus training) before receiving trials with both keys lit together (choice test). On choice tests in Exp. 1, 2, and 3, birds pecked at a higher rate to the stimulus in which a higher number of reinforcements had been received per unit time with the stimulus present, but differences between stimuli in reinforcements per session did not reliably affect choice behavior and differences in proportion of trials followed by reinforcement had only weak effects. In Exp. 4, a brief daily choice test was used to evaluate recency effects. It was found that several sessions of experience with only one color were often necessary to reliably shift choice to that color.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This dissertation examines the histories of the University of Arizona (UA) and the University of New Mexico (UNM) before 1910. This project brings a trans-hemispheric approach to composition history by developing a theory of "frontier rhetoric" as a lens for analysis. Used to describe the rhetorical strategies that emphasize narratives of progress to disenfranchise others, frontier rhetoric allows us to examine the ways in which colonialism is embedded within institutions and reproduced by curriculum and policies. In the case of UA, institutional stakeholders envisioned their university as an Americanization project that both opened up Arizona’s natural resources to profit, while creating a citizenry devoted to defending their country. In the case of UNM, we see a subtler manifestation of frontier rhetorics, such as in the way Spanish was emphasized for the purposes of sending multilingual teachers out into the primarily Spanish speaking regions of the territory. An analysis of the students' curricular and extra-curricular writing from this time shows that students had the opportunity to challenge and resist frontier rhetorics through newspaper writing. The curricular and extra-curricular use of public genres such as newspapers allows students to take a more active role in negotiating their own understandings of citizenship and community engagement. Finally, this dissertation connects these histories to the present by discussing the ways in which writing program administrators can use frontier rhetoric to assess the inclusivity of their programs and adopt a translingual orientation in an effort to combat monolingual mentalities. This history makes visible the ways in which colonial legacies are embedded within our educational institutions, challenges the Eurocentric tendencies of composition histories, and offers new perspectives on the ways in which rhetorical education can both reproduce and resist oppressive attitudes about language, race, and culture.

DE LA TESISLa presente tesis tiene por objetivo retratar parte de la crítica y de la teoría arquitectónica comúnmente llamada Posmoderna, a través del análisis de la IBA - Internationale Bauausstellung - exposición ocurrida en Berlín oeste en la década de los '80. El análisis centra su atención en la dirección propuesta por el arquitecto Josef Paul Kleihues, director del sector de nuevas construcciones -Neubau- , en un intento por desmembrar los principales ejes teóricos que fundamentaron su llamada "reconstrucción crítica". En este sentido, la IBA es tratada como una experiencia que parte de las críticas mas consolidadas al Movimiento Moderno, en un momento en que la consideración de la ciudad existente sustituye la práctica mas recurrente de creación de modelos supuestamente independientes y universales. Concentrando el análisis en el discurso de determinados arquitectos, se pretende ofrecer una apreciación de este evento más allá de los resultados materiales habitualmente divulgados, privilegiando así su entendimiento como un proceso que cristalizó el debate sobre la arquitectura y las ciudades sembrado en la década de los '60. El período en cuestión es aquí estratificado según aspectos puntuales de la crítica al Movimiento Moderno y algunos de sus protagonistas. El tema de la autonomía disciplinar y la reconsideración de la ciudad histórica promovida por los llamados neo-racionalistas, así como el discurso formal que prevalece en este debate, son algunas de las piezas que destacamos para ahondar en la problemática de la IBA. Mezclando un análisis urbano deudor de las formulaciones de Aldo Rossi, con la búsqueda de un ideal urbano compuesto de fragmentos, inspirados en los escritos de Colin Rowe, Kleihues promueve una intervención en donde también se descubren los estudios ya desarrollados por Oswald Mathias Ungers para Berlín y el pragmatismo de Rob Krier. Como empeñada en ofrecer una "costura" de determinadas vertientes del debate de estos años, la "reconstrucción crítica" constituye un episodio que nos permite develar los diversos matices de un discurso aparentemente homogéneo. Por último, trazamos una revisión de esta Exposición a partir de los aspectos en que la crítica al Movimiento Moderno pudo ser plasmada, donde destacamos conceptos y procedimientos que configuran puntos de inflexión en relación a esta tradición anterior. De esta forma, la IBA, tomada como objeto de análisis, viene a iluminar un período de la historia de la arquitectura ampliamente generalizado, y a ofrecer una apreciación mas atenta a las innumerables relaciones internas de un proceso que demuestraser mas trascendente que los propios resultados construidos. / E OF DOCTORAL THESISThe aim of the thesis is to show part of the architectural theory and criticism usually known as "postmodern" through the analysis of the IBA - Internazionale Bauausstellung - an exposition held in West Berlin in the 80's. The study focuses on the organization proposed by the architect Josef Paul Kleihues, the new construction areas director, in order to discover the main theoretical axes on which he based his "critical reconstruction".In this way, the IBA is treated as an experience derived from criticisms of the most consolidated part of the Modern Movement, in a period in which the consideration of the existing city substitutes the most recurrent method of creating supposedly independent and universal city models. The analysis is focused on the discourses of selected architects, in order to understand the IBA beyond the material results normally shown, understanding the IBA as a process that consolidated the architectural and urban debate started in the 60's.The period analyzed in this study is divided into specific aspects of the modern movement's criticism, focusing also on some of its protagonists. The question of autonomous architecture, the reconsideration o the historical city promoted by the so-called neorationalists, as well as the formal discourse prevalent in this debate, are some of the outstanding elements used to probe in to the IBA's problem. By combining an urban analysis - indebted to Aldo Rossi's formulas - with the search for an urban ideal composed of fragments - inspired by the writings of Colin Rowe, Kleihues promotes an intervention in which we also discover studies already developed by Oswald Mathias Ungers for Berlin and Rob Krier's pragmatic vision. As an effort to offer a composition of selected variations of the discourse during these years, the "critical reconstruction" is an event that allows us to understand the different patterns of an apparently homogeneous discourse.In the final section, this Exposition is revised from the aspects in which the postmodern criticism of the Modern Movement could be consolidated, where we highlight the procedures and concepts that were emphasized in relation to the tradition of Modern Movement. In this manner, the IBA contributes to clarify a period in architectural history usually extremely generalized by critics, and offers a more attentive appreciation of the many internal relationships of a process that became more transcendental than its own constructed results.

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