In the quarter of a century since the outbreak of the Second World War an abundance of literature has accumulated about all antecedents of that war, with particular attention devoted to the foreign policy of Great Britain. [...]

This project investigates the impact of the Spanish conquest on the indigenous populations of Espanola (present day Dominican Republic and Haiti) and the subsequent rise of an Indian slave trade and diaspora throughout the circum-Caribbean. Tainos of Espanola were not only the first peoples encountered by the Spanish in the New World, but the patterns arising from these early interactions eventually shaped all subsequent Spanish and indigenous relationships throughout Latin America. I argue that indigenous slavery developed through the process of "pacifying" and populating Espanola, ultimately shaping multiple legal, religious, and economic colonial institutions. The Indian slave trade then effectively created what is recognized as the colonial system by late 16th century. Both in the Caribbean and beyond, the search for indigenous slaves inspired many missions of exploration. Concurrently the rapid decline of indigenous populations, eventually led to large-scale African slavery. Just as many scholars jump over the formative years of the Spanish conquest of the Caribbean, they also assume that Indian slavery was a limited and short-lived practice with African slavery replacing it in a matter of years. However, my research shows that the Spanish conducted indigenous slavery on a much larger scale and for a much longer duration than previously understood.

The Frankish civil wars of AD 561-613 were a series of devastating encounters involving the four sons of Chlothar I and their descendants. While no party was guiltless during this period, modern scholars have tended to focus on two prominent Queens, Brunhild of Austrasia and Fredegund of Neustria, and the possibility of a blood-feud between their two families. King Sigibert of Austrasia married Brunhild because he believed she was worthy of a king, unlike many of the wives his brothers were taking. One of these women was Fredegund, who was married to King Chilperic of Neustria. Fredegund is often blamed for the assassination of Galswinth, Brunhilds sister, even though Chilperic is the more likely culprit. This murder is what many modern scholars believe started a blood-feud between the two families, which both queens were integral in prosecuting. Even though Brunhild and Fredegund were integral figures throughout this series of bella civilia, it is apparent that the majority of the conflict which erupted during this period centered on the partition of Chlothar Is kingdom in 561. Furthermore, the impact of the nobility, bishops, and even the armies of these kingdoms in promoting and prolonging civil war is largely ignored by modern scholars. This thesis will argue that the wars of this period cannot simply be reduced to the machinations of two queens or a blood-feud between the families. Instead, these wars were far more complex finding origins varying from scheming nobles to greed of the common soldier.

The details of the life of Sir Fairfax Cartwright are extremely difficult to establish as his name is mentioned in neither DeBrett nor in the National Dictionary of Biography. He was born in 1857, the son of a wealthy Englishman and a German peasant woman. His grandmother was also a German, but from very good family and consequently his father was very well connected in Berlin society, being a friend of the Crown Prince Frederick.

This thesis is, for a variety of reasons, both too short and too long. It is too short in that many subsidiary subjects - for example, the influence of Irish nationalism on Canadian development (a subject of absorbing interest to this Irish republican) - have had to be left untouched. Others, in addition, have had to be treated insufficiently. ln this category lie the question of Irish-French relations in Canada, which is only barely touched on, and the topic of education, especially the Irish contribution to the foundation of the system in Ontario, which gets only superficial examination.

The purpose of this thesis is to show how the pressure exercised by the humanitarian group upon two Foreign Secretaries made itself felt in affecting the course of British foreign policy with regard to Macedonia between the years 1903 and 1908. Before examining the activities of this group in Parliament, it is necessary to consider, first, the problem caused by the retreat of Turkey from Europe and to examine, brietly, the factors which made up that problem. As soon as there appeared to be the slightest possibility of forcing the Turk out of Macedonia, three countries began to lay claims to that Turkish province.

The main feature of European politics in the early twentieth century was the rise of a restless, ambitious Germany, searching for her "place in the sun", ready to challenge the supremacy of Great Britain at sea and hoping to unite the Continent against her. To meet this situation, the British took steps to strengthen their naval position and to cultivate the friendship of other European Powers. In April, 1904, Britain signed an agreement with France, clearing up many problems that had stood in the way of better relations between the two countries, and she hoped to conclude a similar agreement with Russia.

The Evangelical party within the Church of England, led by William Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect, masterminded the humanitarian campaigns to abolish the slave trade and to destroy the institution of slavery itself. They also initiated, and directed throughout, the drive to Christianize India. Their wealth, their talented representation in Parliament, and their genius for arousing and organizing popular support, were essential factors in the successful prosecution of these three crusades.

This study is based almost exclusively on the historical works of Nicephoros Gregoras and John Cantakuzenos and to a lesser extent on Pachymeres' "De Michaele Palaeologo" and "De Andronico Palaeologo". George Pachymeres' writings are important for the early period of the reign of Andronicos II, and especially that of Michael VIII. The "Roman History" of Gregoras stands on a higher level. [...]

Very little has been written on Makarenko in the West. In England, W.L. Goodman wrote in 1949 a simple account of Makarenko’s work which he based mainly on quotations taken from “The Road to Life.” In France, in 1954, Irène Lézine undertook a more systematic study of Makarenko’s pedagogical work, selecting a wide range of topical questions from his writings, and unified them into a whole with her own comments and descriptions. Although she stated that Makarenko’s educational thought is “indissolubly interwoven into the economic structure of the socialist society and reflects its ideology,” she nevertheless maintained that Makarenko’s teachings could very profitably be put to use by Western “educators and parents of good will,” who are sincerely desirous of creating a sane and happy childhood for the youth of today.