Thesis (Ph. D.)--Catholic University of America. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-160) and index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Catholic University of America. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-160) and index.

This thesis seeks to illuminate the nature, extent and complexity of Templar interactions with their associates, particularly non-Christians, women and Mozarabs, by examining these interactions where the most evidence exists for them---northeastern Spain. Evidence for Temple associations with both Christians and non-Christians is strongest and most prolonged here. The overall nature of these interactions was friendlier than expected in a crusading group. In fact, Templars actively competed with the secular Church, nobility and the king in the Crown of Aragon for lordship over non-Christians because non-Christians were a lucrative tax base. Some non-Christians also sought association with the Templars because the Templars were a strong, international group with friendly ties to the Aragonese kings. The Temple could therefore offer protection from other lords against excessive taxation and exploitation, and physical attack. Documentary evidence shows mutually beneficial interactions as the Temple's (and its non-Christian associates') ongoing preference over time and space. Chapter one examines Templar interactions in general, both with associates and non-associates. Chapter two looks at Templar associations in Novillas, the first Templar house founded in the Crown of Aragon. Chapter three deals with the Tortosa and the lower Ebro Valley, which has the most varied surviving Templar documentation in the areas studied. Chapter four deals with Gardeny (in Lleida/Lerida), which has the largest number of surviving documents for all of the areas in the study. Chapter five looks at Monzon and Barcelona, the main Templar houses for Aragon and Catalonia respectively. The last chapter deals with Huesca, the northernmost house in the study.

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Partindo da existência de uma fidalguia coletiva na região basca de Biscaia, ratificada juridicamente pela monarquia de Carlos V (1527) através da aprovação do conjunto de leis conhecido como Foro Novo, nos perguntamos: como esse fenômeno produziu-se? Quais os agenciamentos discursivos envolvidos em sua emergência? Sendo assim, recorremos a um estudo genealógico não-linear que abrangesse tal processo. Para tanto, utilizamos séries documentais tocantes à sociedade biscainha a partir século XV - especialmente - por meio das quais verificamos a passagem de uma sociedade assimétrica (regulamentada pelo Foro Velho - 1452) para a constituição fidalga em nível territorial. Além disso, não tomamos a fidalguia biscainha como um estatuto petrificado, mas nos preocupamos em analisar seu uso, funcionamento, articulações e produções de saber até inícios do século XVII no contexto monárquico. / Starting by the existence of a collective nobility in the Basque region of Biscay, juridically confirmed by the emperor Carlos V (1527) through the approval of a set of laws known as Fuero Nuevo, we have inquired: How this phenomenon was produced? Which agencies were used for its emergency? In this sense, we have resorted to a non-linear genealogical study, which comprehends that process. To do that, it has been selected documents related to the Biscayan society from the 15th century principally - through which it was verified the transformation from an asymmetric society (regulated by the Fuero Viejo 1452) to the noble constitution in this territoriality. Besides that, we do not understand the Biscayan nobility as a petrified statute, so we were concerned in analyzing its use, operation, articulations and knowledge productions until the beginning of 17th century in the monarchical context.

A vast body of knowledge has been produced in the field of war remembrance, particularly concerning the Spanish Civil War. However, the representation and interpretation of that conflictual past have been increasingly contested within the wider context of ‘recuperation of historical memory’ which is taking place both in Spain and elsewhere. An academic gap has been identified with regard to the part played by the Basque Children (Niños Vascos) who were evacuated to the UK in 1937 as a result of the war. This thesis investigates the impact that forced migration has had on these children’s identity construction, particularly those who settled permanently in the host country. The thesis is a comparative examination of the process of memory construction and memorialisation, across transnational spaces and time. It analyses the nature and development of commemorative practices both in the UK and in the Basque Country, addressing some of the most fundamental issues related to agency and categorisations. My analysis of the social actors goes beyond Jelin’s ‘memory entrepreneurs’ to include those memory profiteers who benefit from a return to the past in order to fulfil their own personal agendas. I introduce the new term ‘conmemoraccionistas’ to refer to them. The central question dealt with here is how identities are constructed and reconstructed in the social and political arenas in which remembrance takes place. By using ethnography and a multimodal approach, this study provides an in-depth analysis of the discourses of the main agents engaged in memory production, and their agendas. It also identifies reasons for disengagement. Finally, it examines the interrelated narratives of those social actors and how they build on interaction with each other in a complex and continually changing social reality, where I argue, identities can no longer be approached from an essentialist polarising and dichotomising perspective. On the contrary, new approaches are needed which see identitarian development as a dynamic and accumulative process in which different actors have an input and identities are displayed according to particular contexts, settings, and audiences.

Partindo da existência de uma fidalguia coletiva na região basca de Biscaia, ratificada juridicamente pela monarquia de Carlos V (1527) através da aprovação do conjunto de leis conhecido como Foro Novo, nos perguntamos: como esse fenômeno produziu-se? Quais os agenciamentos discursivos envolvidos em sua emergência? Sendo assim, recorremos a um estudo genealógico não-linear que abrangesse tal processo. Para tanto, utilizamos séries documentais tocantes à sociedade biscainha a partir século XV - especialmente - por meio das quais verificamos a passagem de uma sociedade assimétrica (regulamentada pelo Foro Velho - 1452) para a constituição fidalga em nível territorial. Além disso, não tomamos a fidalguia biscainha como um estatuto petrificado, mas nos preocupamos em analisar seu uso, funcionamento, articulações e produções de saber até inícios do século XVII no contexto monárquico. / Starting by the existence of a collective nobility in the Basque region of Biscay, juridically confirmed by the emperor Carlos V (1527) through the approval of a set of laws known as Fuero Nuevo, we have inquired: How this phenomenon was produced? Which agencies were used for its emergency? In this sense, we have resorted to a non-linear genealogical study, which comprehends that process. To do that, it has been selected documents related to the Biscayan society from the 15th century principally - through which it was verified the transformation from an asymmetric society (regulated by the Fuero Viejo 1452) to the noble constitution in this territoriality. Besides that, we do not understand the Biscayan nobility as a petrified statute, so we were concerned in analyzing its use, operation, articulations and knowledge productions until the beginning of 17th century in the monarchical context.

« L’urbanisation ruralisée », présente dès les premiers écrits d’Ildefonso Cerdá (1815-1876), occupe dans son oeuvre une place grandissante, au point de faire l’objet d’un traité qui ne nous est malheureusement pas parvenu. A travers ce concept, l’ingénieur catalan, connu pour son plan d’extension de Barcelone, entend d’une part, dans une perspective hygiéniste, assainir la ville en y systématisant les espaces verts, d’autre part penser l’extension urbaine et désenclaver le territoire espagnol par le biais d’une urbanisation totale où la frontière entre villes et campagnes disparaîtrait. La présente thèse retrace la genèse de cette notion en revenant sur le parcours de Cerdá, sur l’émergence de ce qu’il appelle lui-même « l’idée urbanisatrice » et sur la manière dont elle fut mise en oeuvre à Barcelone, sous la forme si caractéristique du quartier de l’Eixample. En voulant adapter la ville contemporaine aux exigences de la société industrielle, dont l’essence est le mouvement, Cerdá emprunte la « voie romaine » en puisant son inspiration dans l’Antiquité : l’organisation territoriale qu’il préconise, basée sur l’étalement urbain, l’habitat dispersé, l’orthogonalité et l’homogénéité de l’espace – ce que recouvre précisément la notion d’« urbanisation ruralisée » – réactualise en effet les modèles antiques d’occupation et de colonisation de l’espace. L’analyse de ce concept invite donc à porter un nouveau regard sur Barcelone et sur son extension, certes synonyme de modernité voire de modernisme, mais dont les principes viennent paradoxalement de la campagne et du passé. L’évolution de « l’idée urbanisatrice » vers « l’urbanisation ruralisée » étant particulièrement perceptible dans les deux premiers livres de la Théorie générale de l’urbanisation (1867), une traduction en est proposée en annexe, afin de permettre au lecteur francophone d’éprouver par lui-même la richesse d’une pensée encore largement méconnue. / The notion of “ruralized urbanization”, present in Ildefonso Cerdá’s (1815-1876) first writings, plays a more and more important role in his work. At the end of his life, it also was the subject of a treaty that never reached us. With this concept, the Catalan Engineer, known for his plan of the extension of Barcelona, aims, in a hygienist perspective, to improve health conditions in the city by the introduction of a green system. He also wants to think the urban development and the opening up of Spanish territory by a total urbanization that would transcend boundaries between rural and urban spaces. This thesis attempts to trace the genesis of this concept by exploring Cerda’s life, the advent of the “urbanization idea” and the manner in which it was achieved in Barcelona, in the so typical form of the Eixample area. Whilst intending to adapt the contemporary city, based on the movement, to the industrial society needs, Cerdá takes the roman road, inspired by the Antiquity. The territorial organization he recommends, based on urban spreading, orthogonal structure and space uniformity – what “ruralized urbanization” really means – gives an up-to-date dimension to the ancient models of space occupation and colonisation. This analysis of this concept encourages a new view on Barcelona and on its extension, surely synonymous of modernity and modernism, but which principles come ironically from the countryside and from the past. Considering the evolution of the “ruralized urbanization” is the very subject of the two first parts of the General theory of urbanization (1867), a translation into French is given in the appendix, what could allow to a francophone reader to experiment the depth of a still unrecognized thinking by himself.

Late Roman chronicles are little studied and greatly misunderstood. The purpose of this dissertation is to treat a Late Roman chronicler, Hydatius, as a living, breathing person and to use the chronicle as a means of revealing this individual: his beliefs, his interests, his fears, his attitudes, his view of the Empire, and his abilities as an historian. Hydatius was a bishop in Gallaecia, writing in 468-9 amidst the Suevic depredations of Spain. As a result he is a unique source in that he is the earliest extant historian who wrote in a post- Roman (i.e. Mediaeval) world. His chronicle is the only detailed source for Spanish history in the fifth century and the only detailed source written about the fifth-century barbarian invasions and settlements. Though extremely isolated he had remarkable contacts with the outside world and his chronicle is a unique source for much non- Spanish information. It is also one of the most personal of all the Late Antique chronicles and therefore an excellent gateway for an examination of the Late Roman world as seen through the eyes of a contemporary. For these reasons, Hydatius' vivid and often emotive account of the sufferings of Gallaecia at the hands of the Sueves and Goths, framed by the parallel military, religious and imperial history of the Eastern and Western empires and set within the eschatological context of the imminent Apocalypse, deserves detailed study. The production of a new critical edition, based on only the third, complete, first-hand examination of the sole major manuscript (B) since 1615 and the first produced from all known manuscript evidence, complete with apparatuses on the manuscripts, chronology and orthography, was necessitated by the perverse Sources chrétiennes edition of 1974 and the discovery of new evidence from a careful study of manuscript B.

The landlord system and the limits of liberal Spanish monetary policy in the first half of the 19th centuryThis paper aims to deepen the understanding of the transition from traditional to modern monetary systems and its impact on economic growth in the Spanish economy over the first half of the nineteenth century. The main sources on which the study of this period’s monetary policy is based, are, among others, the proceedings of the parliamentary committee; during the Trienio Liberal, these related to a draft for the complete reform of the monetary system inherited from the Antiguo régimen, whose results would be constrained by three factors: firstly, by the persistence of traditional institutions; secondly, by difficulties in linking this monetary reform with the discussions that were taking place in the more developed countries, particularly in England; and, thirdly, the short duration of the period in which it took place, and the restoration of the old monetary policy with the Tarifa de Tolosa in 1823. / Este trabajo pretende profundizar en la comprensión, para el caso español, del tránsito del sistema monetario tradicional al moderno y sus repercusiones en el crecimiento económico de la economía española a lo largo de la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Tomamos como punto de inflexión el Trienio Liberal y su proyecto de reforma del sistema monetario español heredado del Antiguo Régimen. A continuación analizamos la persistencia del sistema monetario tradicional hasta la reforma del 1848 y la estrecha relación entre los límites de la política monetaria liberal y la pervivencia de unas estructuras productivas y sociales tradicionales