<p>Anyone who has read Douglas Adams’ novel cycle, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the </p><p>Galaxy, will probably agree that it is saturated with irony, but few people would </p><p>manage to define how or why. Irony can be used as an indirect but clear communicative strategy, by which the true meaning of a text is eventually eradicated. There are many different types of irony, and all types can be used for miscommunication. In this essay I have tried to establish what Adams' text is telling the reader and I have found that it is not simply a science fiction story about the humorous travels of Arthur Dent. In fact, what the text is not telling </p><p>the reader is at least as interesting. Adams' text is a multi-layered ironic </p><p>miscommunication, telling the reader that there is no truth or meaning in existence.</p>

Anyone who has read Douglas Adams’ novel cycle, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, will probably agree that it is saturated with irony, but few people would manage to define how or why. Irony can be used as an indirect but clear communicative strategy, by which the true meaning of a text is eventually eradicated. There are many different types of irony, and all types can be used for miscommunication. In this essay I have tried to establish what Adams' text is telling the reader and I have found that it is not simply a science fiction story about the humorous travels of Arthur Dent. In fact, what the text is not telling the reader is at least as interesting. Adams' text is a multi-layered ironic miscommunication, telling the reader that there is no truth or meaning in existence.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The experiment was carried out to evaluate the herbage production, sward structure, stocking rate, weight gain per area and nutritive value of forage as grazed in alexandergrass (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch) pasture fertilized with nitrogen (N). The experimental design was completely randomized following a repeated measurements arrangement. The treatments were 0; 100; 200 or 300 kg/ha of N. The experimental animals were Angus heifers with initial age and body weight of 15 month and 241.5±5 kg, respectively. The grazing method was continuous stocking with variable number of animals. The N utilization regardless of the amount increases 25% the daily herbage accumulate rate. The N fertilization increases 23% the weight gain per area. The quantity of 97.2 kg/ha of N allows greater leaf mass and increases in 20% the leaf:steam ratio. The alterations in sward structure changes the nutritive value of forage as grazed. The utilization of 112.7 kg/ha of N allows higher stocking rate (2049.8 kg/ha of BW) equivalent to 7.5 heifers per hectare. / Objetivou-se estudar a produção de forragem, estrutura do dossel, taxa de lotação, ganho de peso por área e o valor nutritivo da forragem aparentemente consumida por bezerras de corte em pastagem de papuã (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch) adubada com nitrogênio (N). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo. Os tratamentos foram 0; 100; 200 ou 300 kg/ha de N. Os animais experimentais foram bezerras da raça Angus com idade e peso iniciais de 15 meses e 241±5 kg, respectivamente. O método de pastejo foi contínuo, com número variável de animais. A utilização de N, independente da quantidade, aumentou em 25% a taxa de acúmulo de forragem. A adubação com N proporciona aumento de 23% no ganho de peso por área. A dose de 97,2 kg/ha de N proporciona maior massa de lâminas foliares e aumento de 20% na razão folha:colmo. As alterações na estrutura do dossel modificam o valor nutritivo da forragem aparentemente colhida pelas bezerras. A dose de 112,7 kg/ha de N permite a manutenção da maior taxa de lotação (2049,8 kg/ha de PC), equivalendo a 7,5 bezerras por hectare.

Keliavimo ir judėjimo fenomenas yra svarbus kiekvienam žmogui. Net fiziškai nejudėdamas, jis keliauja mintimis, virtualiai. Žmogus gali pasirinkti kelionės ir keliautojo tipą - nuo paprasto atostogautojo vasaros metu, kelionių agentūros suorganizuotoje poilsinėje kelionėje iki bastūniškų kelionių nežinant galutinio tikslo. Kalbant apie keliavimą autostopu daugeliui kyla viena mintis - keliavimas nemokant už kelionę. Šiame bakalauro darbe analizuojamas ir atskleidžiamas keliautojas autostopu, kurio kelionės yra unikalios, išlaisvinančios ir nepasikartojančios. Darbe atsleidžiami keliautojų tipai sociologiniu ir semantiniu požiūriu. Keliautojas/kelionė gretinama su kultūra/menu. Meno kūrinys dažnai pats tampa kelionės objektu ir keliauja sukurdamas tarpkultūrinį dialogą. Internetui „įsibrovus” į mūsų gyvenimus ir kasdienybę, keliautojas persikelia į virtualią erdvę tampdamas tinklo bastūnu, o tuo tarpu vis daugiau kūrėjų pradeda kurti Interneto meną (Net.art ). Dėl interaktyvumo keliautojas autostopu išlieka nenuspėjamas ir virtualioje aplinkoje. Kūrybinio projekto pagrindinis personažas taip pat keliautojas autostopu. Jis perkeliamas į interaktyvią Korsakow programą ir gautas video projektas į internetą. Kūrinyje daug dienoraštiškumo. Jame gausu rašytinio, video, fotografijų dienoraščio formų. Interaktyviai valdant sukurtas nuorodas žiūrovas pats pradeda keliauti žiūrėdamas keliautojo trumpus nuotykių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The phenomenon of travel and movement is important to everyone. Even physically motionless, human can travel through ideas, virtually. Humans can choose the type of travel and travelers – from a simple summer holidays, travel agencies’ organized till a tripf the vagabond traveling without knowing the final goal. Speaking about travel by hitch-hiking for many there is one idea – traveling without paying for the trip. This bachelor thesis analyzes and reveals hitch- hiker whos’ travels are unique, liberating and recurrent. The paper reveals types of travelers in sociological and semantic point of view. Traveler/ travel is compared with culture/ arts. Work of art itself often becomes the object of the journey and travels creating intercultural dialogue. Because of internet “breaking” into our everyday lives, traveler moves into virtual space becoming net vagabond, while more and more creators begin to create Net.art. The hitch-hiker stays unpredictable in virtual environments through interactivity. The main character in creative project is the hitch-hiker. He is moved to the interactive Korsakow project program and video project on the Internet. The work has a lot of features of diary. It contains lot of written, video, photographs diary forms. The viewer managing an interactive links starts to travel watching a short moments of traveler adventures.

A necessidade de se desenvolver um produto capaz de atingir as exigências impostas pela referência normativa AS-2213 (1984) e a falta de uma rotina de projeto para o componente denominado Garfo do Engate Automático motivam este trabalho. Assim, esta pesquisa apresenta como objetivo principal o estudo de fadiga e estimativa de vida do garfo forjado de um dispositivo de acoplamento automático entre veículos tratores e reboques. Para realização das análises estáticas através de elementos finitos, foi necessária a determinação de todas as condições de contorno que refletissem as características do teste experimental de homologação do produto. De posse destes resultados, realizou-se a análise pelo método S-N, tendo como resultado a determinação da vida em fadiga das regiões críticas do componente, onde são propostas algumas alternativas que visam aumentar a vida do produto. Dentre as inúmeras alternativas possíveis, destacam-se a alteração de material e utilização de tratamento térmico no garfo. / The necessary development of a product capable of reaching the imposed requirements in accordance with reference standard AS-2213 (1984) and the lack of a project routine for the component called Towing Hitch Fork motivated this research. Thus, this research presents as its main goal, the study of fatigue and life predictions of forged fork of the automatic coupling device used in tractor vehicles and trailers. To perform the static analysis through finite elements method, it was necessary to determine all contour conditions which represent the features of product certification tests. After preliminary results have been obtained, the S-N analysis has been performed, showing the fatigue life predictions in the critical regions of the component, where some alternatives aiming at increasing the product life were considered. Among the several alternatives, it is possible to highlight the material changes and the use of thermal treatment in the component.

A necessidade de se desenvolver um produto capaz de atingir as exigências impostas pela referência normativa AS-2213 (1984) e a falta de uma rotina de projeto para o componente denominado Garfo do Engate Automático motivam este trabalho. Assim, esta pesquisa apresenta como objetivo principal o estudo de fadiga e estimativa de vida do garfo forjado de um dispositivo de acoplamento automático entre veículos tratores e reboques. Para realização das análises estáticas através de elementos finitos, foi necessária a determinação de todas as condições de contorno que refletissem as características do teste experimental de homologação do produto. De posse destes resultados, realizou-se a análise pelo método S-N, tendo como resultado a determinação da vida em fadiga das regiões críticas do componente, onde são propostas algumas alternativas que visam aumentar a vida do produto. Dentre as inúmeras alternativas possíveis, destacam-se a alteração de material e utilização de tratamento térmico no garfo. / The necessary development of a product capable of reaching the imposed requirements in accordance with reference standard AS-2213 (1984) and the lack of a project routine for the component called Towing Hitch Fork motivated this research. Thus, this research presents as its main goal, the study of fatigue and life predictions of forged fork of the automatic coupling device used in tractor vehicles and trailers. To perform the static analysis through finite elements method, it was necessary to determine all contour conditions which represent the features of product certification tests. After preliminary results have been obtained, the S-N analysis has been performed, showing the fatigue life predictions in the critical regions of the component, where some alternatives aiming at increasing the product life were considered. Among the several alternatives, it is possible to highlight the material changes and the use of thermal treatment in the component.

A necessidade de se desenvolver um produto capaz de atingir as exigências impostas pela referência normativa AS-2213 (1984) e a falta de uma rotina de projeto para o componente denominado Garfo do Engate Automático motivam este trabalho. Assim, esta pesquisa apresenta como objetivo principal o estudo de fadiga e estimativa de vida do garfo forjado de um dispositivo de acoplamento automático entre veículos tratores e reboques. Para realização das análises estáticas através de elementos finitos, foi necessária a determinação de todas as condições de contorno que refletissem as características do teste experimental de homologação do produto. De posse destes resultados, realizou-se a análise pelo método S-N, tendo como resultado a determinação da vida em fadiga das regiões críticas do componente, onde são propostas algumas alternativas que visam aumentar a vida do produto. Dentre as inúmeras alternativas possíveis, destacam-se a alteração de material e utilização de tratamento térmico no garfo. / The necessary development of a product capable of reaching the imposed requirements in accordance with reference standard AS-2213 (1984) and the lack of a project routine for the component called Towing Hitch Fork motivated this research. Thus, this research presents as its main goal, the study of fatigue and life predictions of forged fork of the automatic coupling device used in tractor vehicles and trailers. To perform the static analysis through finite elements method, it was necessary to determine all contour conditions which represent the features of product certification tests. After preliminary results have been obtained, the S-N analysis has been performed, showing the fatigue life predictions in the critical regions of the component, where some alternatives aiming at increasing the product life were considered. Among the several alternatives, it is possible to highlight the material changes and the use of thermal treatment in the component.

The diploma thesis is focused on the development of a mathematical model of the tractor-tool set in the MSC Adams program enabling analysis of the influence of the position of the upper linkage of the three-point hitch on the load of the driving wheels during the system operation. The measured force effects are analysed with focus on the adhesion load of the drive wheels and the traction properties of the tractor. Based on the calculations made, it determines the optimal setting of the upper link of the hitch for the connected tool.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The work was developed with the objective to evaluate the intake of forage and beef heifers performance from 15 to 18 months old, grazing in Alexandergrass (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch) under rotational grazing method, receiving rice bran (FAI) as a supplement, at different levels (0, 0.5 and 1.0% of body weight (BW)). The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures over time. The use of FAI increased the total intake of dry matter (DM), total intake of crude protein and total digestible nutrients in relation to heifers exclusively on pasture. The heifers that received 1.0% PC FAI reduced the intake of forage DM increasing by 18% stocking rate (SR) and 27% BW gain per hectare (BWA) compared with the system exclusively in pasture. In the system in which the heifers received FAI at 0.5% of BW the SR and BWA were similar to other systems. In this feed system daily weight gain 18% higher than heifers exclusively on pasture and similar gain to the use of FAI at 1.0% of BW were observed. In Alexandergrass pasture under rotational grazing, using FAI at 0.5% of BW for beef heifers from 15 to 18 months of age is recommended to promote higher production response when compared to heifers exclusively on pasture and similar production when provided FAI at 1.0% of BW. / O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o consumo de forragem e o desempenho de novilhas de corte dos 15 aos 18 meses de idade, em pastejo em papuã (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch), sob método rotativo de pastejo, recebendo farelo de arroz integral (FAI) como suplemento, em diferentes níveis (0, 0,5 e 1,0% do peso corporal (PC)). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo. O uso de FAI aumentou o consumo total de matéria seca (MS), consumo total de proteína bruta e de nutrientes digestíveis totais em relação às novilhas exclusivamente em pastejo. O consumo total de fibra em detergente neutro foi similar nos diferentes sistemas alimentares. As novilhas que receberam 1,0% do PC de FAI reduziram o consumo de MS da forragem, aumentando em 18% a taxa de lotação (TxLot) e em 27% o ganho de PC por hectare (GPA) em comparação com o sistema exclusivamente a pasto. No sistema em que as novilhas receberam 0,5% do PC de FAI a TxLot e o GPA foram similares aos demais sistemas. Nesse sistema alimentar foi observado GDM 18% superior em relação as novilhas exclusivamente em pastejo e ganho similar ao uso de 1,0% do PC de FAI. Em pastagem de papuã, sob pastejo rotacionado, é recomendado o uso de 0,5% do PC de FAI para novilhas de corte dos 15 aos 18 meses de idade, por promover respostas produtivas superiores em relação as novilhas exclusivamente em pastejo e semelhantes as observadas quando fornecido 1,0% do PC de FAI.

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of force effects in the three-point hitch links in the multi-body environment depending on the forces ejected to the plow during the plowing. Through simulations, force responses under the tractor wheels are also identified for various conditions. The work is also analyzed for the impact of the upper link attachment relative to the tractor output parameters.