Thesis: S.M., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2020 / Cataloged from student-submitted PDF of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (page 85). / Advances in the miniaturization of microelectronics has greatly contributed to the proliferation of small, low cost autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). These affordable vehicles offer organizations a flexible platform that can be adapted to support a multitude of research goals. The small size and low entry cost come with a trade off of simple navigation systems, typically dead reckoning (DR) using a speed determined via propeller counts and heading from a low cost micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) inertial measurement unit (IMU), whose error grows unbounded without the availability of a ground referenced fix source and is compounded by the bias present in the speed measurement due to the change in hydrodynamics from the addition of sensors to the hull form. Additionally, some capabilities such as water current velocity measurement traditionally requires the addition of equipment that is not only expensive, but also whose size and power consumption can adversely affect operating characteristics and deployment times. This thesis expands on previous research using one-way travel time inverted USBL (OWTT-iUSBL) to calculate the local current velocity without the addition of a Doppler velocity log (DVL) or acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). A novel extended Kalman filter (EKF) is proposed that, in addition to calculating the current velocity, estimates and corrects for the bias present in the speed measurement as determined by the main vehicle computer. Using data collected on the Charles River at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Sailing Pavilion, it is shown that current velocities can be reasonably calculated using OWTT-iUSBL data as compared to the values calculated using long baseline (LBL) data. / by Christopher R. Dolan. / S.M. / S.M. Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Thesis: S.M., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), September, 2020 / Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 73-74). / Underwater Vehicles generally have control fins located only near their aft end, for making controllable changes in directions. This design allows for stability of control; however, the turns are typically large in comparison to the vehicle body length. Some bony fish, such as tuna, on the other hand, have deployable ventral and dorsal fins located towards the front of their body, in addition to their other fins. Their deployable fins allow them to modulate their hydrodynamic behavior in response to their environment. Tunas keep these fins retracted during steady cruising, and then deploy them during rapid maneuvers. However, the details of these hydrodynamic effects are not well understood. To investigate this phenomena, using a REMUS 100 as a model, a pair of vertical fins was added at different hull positions, to investigate the effects of fin location on the horizontal plane hydrodynamics, through: stability parameters, nonlinear simulation, and towing tank experiments. Depending on the added fin location, the stability of the vehicle changed, thereby affecting the maneuverability. As fins were placed further forward on the vehicle, maneuverability increased, with effects tapering off at 0.2 BL ahead of the vehicle's center of buoyancy. This investigation explored how rigid underwater vehicles could benefit from added fins, without drastically changing the design of current vehicles. / by Nastasia Elizabeth Winey. / S.M. / S.M. Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Thesis: S.M., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), September, 2020 / Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 103-107). / This thesis examines the transition of a vessel from the open ocean, where collisions are rare, to a high risk and heavy traffic area such as a Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS). Previous autonomy approaches generally view path planning and collision avoidance as two separate functions, i.e. a vessel will follow the planned path until conditions are met for collision avoidance algorithms to take over. Here an intermediate phase is proposed with the goal of adjusting the time of arrival to a high vessel density area so that the risk of collision is reduced. A general algorithm that calculates maximum future traffic density for all choices in the speed domain is proposed and implemented as a MOOS-IvP behavior. This behavior gives the vessel awareness of future collision risks and aids the collision avoidance process. This new approach improves the safety of the vessel by reducing the number of risky encounters that will likely require the vessel to maneuver for safety. / by John Zhang Li. / S.M. / S.M. Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2020 / Cataloged from student-submitted PDF of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 211-226). / Atlantic hurricanes threaten growing coastal populations along the U.S. coastline and in the Caribbean islands. Unfortunately, little is known about the forces that alter hurricane activity on multi-decadal to centennial timescales. This thesis uses proxy development and proxy-model integration to constrain the spatiotemporal variability in hurricane activity in the Bahama Archipelago over the past millennium. I present annually-resolved archives of storm activity stretching over the past 1000 to 1500 years in sediment cores from blue holes on three islands in the Bahama Archipelago: South Andros Island, Long Island, and Middle Caicos Island. I explore the sensitivity of each site to coarse-grained sediment deposition for modern storms. I find that the local geomorphologic conditions and the angle of approach and size of passing storms play a more important role in inducing coarse-grained sediment transport than storm intensity. / All three paleorecords capture multi-decadal and longer periods of elevated hurricane activity over the past millennium. Dramatic differences between these records suggest localized controls on the hurricane patterns observed by each island. Thus, compiling the records from this thesis together more accurately captures regional variations in hurricane strikes. Integrating our new Bahama Archipelago compilation with compiled paleohurricane records from the U.S. coastline indicates shifting patterns of hurricane activity over the past millennium between the Gulf Coast and the Bahama Archipelago/New England. I attribute these shifting storm patterns to changes in local environmental conditions and/or large-scale variations in hurricane tracks. Finally, I address whether variability in hurricane strikes observed in Bahamian paleohurricane records is related to climate or random variability. / Using a large suite of synthetic storms run over past millennium climate, I generate 1000 pseudo paleohurricane records containing centennial-scale signal like our proxy reconstructions. However, the signal observed in any individual record of paleohurricane activity from the Bahama Archipelago is driven more by random variability in hurricane tracks than by climate. This thesis lays the groundwork for creating high-resolution paleohurricane records from coastal karst basins and using hurricane models to inform our interpretations of these records. / by Elizabeth Jane Wallace. / Ph. D. / Ph.D. Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

abstract: Here I develop the connection between thermodynamics, entanglement, and gravity. I begin by showing that the classical null energy condition (NEC) can arise as a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics applied to local holographic screens. This is accomplished by essentially reversing the steps of Hawking's area theorem, leading to the Ricci convergence condition as an input, from which an application of Einstein's equations yields the NEC. Using the same argument, I show logarithmic quantum corrections to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula do not alter the form of the Ricci convergence condition, but obscure its connection to the NEC. Then, by attributing thermodynamics to the stretched horizon of future lightcones -- a timelike hypersurface generated by a collection of radially accelerating observers with constant and uniform proper acceleration -- I derive Einstein's equations from the Clausius relation. Based on this derivation I uncover a local first law of gravity, connecting gravitational entropy to matter energy and work. I then provide an entanglement interpretation of stretched lightcone thermodynamics by extending the entanglement equilibrium proposal. Specifically I show that the condition of fixed volume can be understood as subtracting the irreversible contribution to the thermodynamic entropy. Using the AdS/CFT correspondence, I then provide a microscopic explanation of the 'thermodynamic volume' -- the conjugate variable to the pressure in extended black hole thermodynamics -- and reveal the super-entropicity of three-dimensional AdS black holes is due to the gravitational entropy overcounting the number of available dual CFT states. Finally, I conclude by providing a recent generlization of the extended first law of entanglement, and study its non-trivial 2+1- and 1+1-dimensional limits. This thesis is self-contained and pedagogical by including useful background content relevant to emergent gravity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Physics 2020

In the pursuit of enhancing the electronic properties of transparent p-type semiconductors, this work uses density functional theory to study the effects of doping tin monoxide with nitrogen, antimony, yttrium and lanthanum. An overview of the theoretical concepts and a detailed description of the methods employed are given, including a discussion about the correction scheme for charged defects proposed by Freysoldt and others [Freysoldt 2009]. Analysis of the formation energies of the defects points out that nitrogen substitutes an oxygen atom and does not provide charge carriers. On the other hand, antimony, yttrium, and lanthanum substitute a tin atom and donate n-type carriers. Study of the band structure and density of states indicates that yttrium and lanthanum improves the hole mobility. Present results are in good agreement with available experimental works and help to improve the understanding on how to engineer transparent p-type materials with higher hole mobilities.

The thesis is focused on studying deformation of the circular holes in the limit bending space, depending on the material type, distance from bend, the thickness of material and diameter of hole. After analyzing all necessary technological parameters was bending technology on press brake selected. An experiment for which the tools and press brake Trumpf TruBend 5170 were selected was designed and performed. Samples for the study were designed, bent and measured. The charts have been prepared for practical use in the company from measuring. In addition, simulations were processed in Ansys program and graphs were compiled to compare the main effect of the hole deformations. Two methods were chosen to prevent deformation in limit bending space. Under-cutting method by laser and method of using special Rollbend tool. In the end, economic studies for the Rollbend tool were developed instead of under-cutting hole with grinding.

This thesis deals with measurement of residual stress by hole drilling method. This method is based on drilling a hole and measurement of deformation in the area around this hole. Measured deformations are then converted to residual stresses by using calibration coefficients. The deformation around the drilled hole is measured by optical non contact method called digital image correlation (DIC). First part of the thesis is focused on current state of research. The thesis contains evaluation of residual stresses by using different methods and evaluation of used methods.

Failed supernovae are the implosive final fates of massive stars, where ablack hole is formed. During the collapse, the proto-neutron star emits a huge number of neutrinos, and when the black hole is finally formed, it engulfs theneutrino-emitting material and the signal is cut off. Inspired by the recent work of Nagakura & Hotokezaka (2020), this thesis improves on some parts of theirs imulation work and further explores the neutrino signal from failed supernovae, using a supercomputer to perform Monte Carlo simulations. In particular, we realized the neutrino flux’ time evolution around black hole formation hasn’t previously been studied well, and so it is investigated here, as well as the plausibility of measuring the black hole mass through the shape of the decay. A new component of the signal is presented, an echo of neutrinos emitted before black hole formation that, due to scattering in supersonic material around the black hole, arrive with a time delay of up to 15 ms, and with a significantly higher average energy, for heavy lepton neutrinos around 50 MeV.

The project compares the technology of welding of CO2 laser and fiber laser in terms of engineering study, the welds will be made by same welding conditions on two materials (S235JRG2 a X5CrNi 18-10), by using different protective gases (Helium and Argon). In the terms of literal background research both the technologies and questions of laser welding are described. The geometry of welds is carried out in the experimental part. The final results of the experiment are concluded at the end of the diploma thesis.