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ABSTRACT Emphasis on humanistic values and personal experience in nursing has led to the popularisation of holistic nursing approach to nursing care. Although holistic nursing care as a construct is widely discussed in nursing literature. Contextual clinical application has been difficult, in the absence of guiding conceptual framework and guidelines that directs nursing practice. In this study, the purpose was to examine the meaning of holistic nursing care and develop a framework for holistic nursing care, which can be utilised in nurse education settings and in clinical nursing practice in the context of paediatric nursing in academic hospitals. To achieve this aim, qualitative methodological perspectives were employed based on careful selection of the population, sampling, collection and analysis of data and trustworthiness. To enable the accomplishment of the purpose, the study objectives were formulated into two phases. Phase one objective enabled the identification of the characteristics of the concept holistic nursing care through concept analysis and by obtaining the emic viewpoints of the paediatric nurses working in academic hospitals. A philosophical inquiry was employed using Rodgers’ evolutionary method of concept analysis. To elucidate the concept holistic nursing care a qualitative, interpretive, explorative and contextual research design was employed. Holistic nursing care was interpreted as whole care fostering person-centred and family-centred care. The results confirm the current discourse in nursing literature with respect to “person-centred”, “family-centred care” as opposed to “patient-centred care”. The emphasis is on recognition of the need to transform current linguistic ontology from “patient care” towards the provision of “whole-person” care. Participants’ interpreted v holistic nursing care as whole care directed towards a unique and complex human being. The dynamic, which is the driving force for the achievement of whole care, is established through enabling goal-directed nurse-family relationships. One of the key finding is the prominence of spirituality and the inclusion of spirituality in different aspects of child nursing. The dependency of individual nurses to spiritual sources for personal strength and support was recognised and acknowledged. Knowledge of disease, person and “know how” are necessary for the acomplishment of ethically, safe person-centred whole care. Attributes of holistic nursing care yielded two dimensions; whole person and mind-body-spirit dimension. The decriptors of whole person include physical, mental, emotional, spirit and spitual being. Spirituality is the predominant antecedent. Holistic nursing care is initiated by the recognition of the individual, in need of health care, as a spiritual being with mind-body-spirit dimension. Spirituaity is an ever-present force pervading all human experience. Complimentary alternative medicine (CAM) was identified as a surrogate term. The connection of CAM with holistic nursing care is the focus of therapetic interventions that are directed to the mind-body-spirit domain. The emphasis is on health rather than curing. Preventative therapeutic interventions are desingned to meet the needs of the whole-person. Caution is advocated in the use of CAM therapies in child nursing, as CAM efficacy has not been sufficiently investigated in child health care. The conceptual framework is presented as unique contribution to nursing. The framework may be introduced at undergraduate teaching of child and family nursing care and in specialists’ paediatric nurse education. Recognition of the human being as a whole person with mind-body-spirit dimension is not restricted to a child or family care. Therefore, the vi framework is presented as a fundamental structure that can be used generally to all intervention activities in relation to human–human interactions. Its use may be broadened to any therapeutic environments. The framework may be tested in adult nursing in variety of settings in health care. There is a potential to expand and transfer certain elements of the framework to other discipline beyond nursing: in doctor-patient relationships, manager-employee relationships, and person-to-person interactions. Perhaps the South African Nursing Council, as the regulating body responsible for developing the educational framework of nursing education in this country may adopt this framework in line with their philosophy of nursing to articulate with their intended goal of providing holistic nursing care for the people of this nation. Adoption of the framework may require a shift from the current “patient-centred care” towards “person-centred care”.

In May 2003, the first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was identified in Alberta, and the impact was immediately devastating on farmers and rural communities across Canada. Not only were farmers faced by the impacts of BSE, they were also contending with record low farm incomes, changing commodity prices, and overall rural depopulation. One grassroots adaptation to this rural crisis is the adoption of Holistic Management (HM) by farmers in western Canada. Although growing in popularity, HM has yet to be systematically assessed in the literature. The overall objectives of this study were to characterize HM; to assess to what degree it simultaneously addresses environmental, economic, and social priorities; to examine the impacts caused by the BSE crisis on HM and non-HM producers; and to explore the potential of HM for adapting and dealing with future crises. This was carried out through a questionnaire that was mailed to 784 HM producers across western Canada. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of survey data showed that HM allowed producers to systematically address all three pillars of sustainability (environment, economic, and social). In particular, the social aspect emphasized in the practice of HM was unique compared to other approaches to agricultural sustainability that focus on economic and/or environmental priorities. When comparing HM producers to non HM producers, the HM producers were less impacted by the BSE crisis. Indeed, holistic managers described how the occurrence of BSE and subsequent consequences to the entire industry actually made them more resilient. The key factors that helped HM producers adapt to the BSE crisis were community involvement, within the family and larger community, and farm management. New farm practices, such as rotational grazing, and the HM clubs to support these new farm innovations/practices also aided producers in adapting to the BSE crisis. The results of this study demonstrate the value of alternative community based approaches that address agricultural challenges in a truly holistic and sustainable manner. / October 2008

In May 2003, the first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was identified in Alberta, and the impact was immediately devastating on farmers and rural communities across Canada. Not only were farmers faced by the impacts of BSE, they were also contending with record low farm incomes, changing commodity prices, and overall rural depopulation. One grassroots adaptation to this rural crisis is the adoption of Holistic Management (HM) by farmers in western Canada. Although growing in popularity, HM has yet to be systematically assessed in the literature. The overall objectives of this study were to characterize HM; to assess to what degree it simultaneously addresses environmental, economic, and social priorities; to examine the impacts caused by the BSE crisis on HM and non-HM producers; and to explore the potential of HM for adapting and dealing with future crises. This was carried out through a questionnaire that was mailed to 784 HM producers across western Canada. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of survey data showed that HM allowed producers to systematically address all three pillars of sustainability (environment, economic, and social). In particular, the social aspect emphasized in the practice of HM was unique compared to other approaches to agricultural sustainability that focus on economic and/or environmental priorities. When comparing HM producers to non HM producers, the HM producers were less impacted by the BSE crisis. Indeed, holistic managers described how the occurrence of BSE and subsequent consequences to the entire industry actually made them more resilient. The key factors that helped HM producers adapt to the BSE crisis were community involvement, within the family and larger community, and farm management. New farm practices, such as rotational grazing, and the HM clubs to support these new farm innovations/practices also aided producers in adapting to the BSE crisis. The results of this study demonstrate the value of alternative community based approaches that address agricultural challenges in a truly holistic and sustainable manner.

In May 2003, the first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was identified in Alberta, and the impact was immediately devastating on farmers and rural communities across Canada. Not only were farmers faced by the impacts of BSE, they were also contending with record low farm incomes, changing commodity prices, and overall rural depopulation. One grassroots adaptation to this rural crisis is the adoption of Holistic Management (HM) by farmers in western Canada. Although growing in popularity, HM has yet to be systematically assessed in the literature. The overall objectives of this study were to characterize HM; to assess to what degree it simultaneously addresses environmental, economic, and social priorities; to examine the impacts caused by the BSE crisis on HM and non-HM producers; and to explore the potential of HM for adapting and dealing with future crises. This was carried out through a questionnaire that was mailed to 784 HM producers across western Canada. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of survey data showed that HM allowed producers to systematically address all three pillars of sustainability (environment, economic, and social). In particular, the social aspect emphasized in the practice of HM was unique compared to other approaches to agricultural sustainability that focus on economic and/or environmental priorities. When comparing HM producers to non HM producers, the HM producers were less impacted by the BSE crisis. Indeed, holistic managers described how the occurrence of BSE and subsequent consequences to the entire industry actually made them more resilient. The key factors that helped HM producers adapt to the BSE crisis were community involvement, within the family and larger community, and farm management. New farm practices, such as rotational grazing, and the HM clubs to support these new farm innovations/practices also aided producers in adapting to the BSE crisis. The results of this study demonstrate the value of alternative community based approaches that address agricultural challenges in a truly holistic and sustainable manner.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-168).

D.Litt. et Phil. / Encopresis is a complex problem which is often under-reported, and is not well known by the general public. The humiliating nature of the problem results in denial and a reluctance to seek help from professionals; parents will therefore rather attempt to solve the problem themselves. Research on the subject is relatively scarce, especially regarding effectiveness of treatment models. The etiological factors of this complex problem are interlinked and it is often difficult to identify the primary cause of the problem. A primarily physical problem may have secondary emotional implications, while a primarily emotional problem may result in a physical problem. The complex nature of encopresis results in referrals from one professional to the other, generally without great success; this has resulted in parents often becoming desperate to get effective help. Treatment in the past tended to be profession-orientated and fell either into a medical or a psychological approach, with little, if any, acknowledgement of the social factors. Only recently has the biopsychosocial approach been recognised and received more credit. The low success rate in the treatment of encopresis gave rise to the development of a holistic approach which attempts to address the problem in the context of the physical, behavioural, cognitive and emotional modalities in order to find appropriate assessment, diagnostic and management strategies. The purpose of the present study was to integrate these modalities and to develop a form of therapy tailored to the specific needs of the child. The holistic treatment model attempts to bring relief to children suffering from encopresis and their families who are burdened with the problem. The purpose was further to evaluate the effectiveness of the holistic treatment model with regard to the prevalence of encopresis, depressive symptomatology, parental involvement and self-image of the children. Standardised measuring instruments used were the "Reynolds Child Depression Scale", the "Bene Anthony Family Relations Test", as well as the "Human Figure Drawings". Experimental and control groups were used in order to compare the variables prior to any intervention. The experimental group received treatment while the control group received treatment only after completion of the post-tests. The purpose was to measure the degree of change as a result of the intervention. The experimental group improved significantly with regard to all the variables, while the control group showed no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results. The study indicated a relatively high success rate using the holistic treatment approach. Promising results can be expected when applying this holistic form of treatment to other children with similar problems in an endeavour to alleviate the often silent burden carried by children with encopresis and by their families.

Abstract This study examines the holistic pedagogical practices of experienced teachers in alternative public schools. This study reviews holistic educational philosophy and ancient Eastern spirituality as they contribute to transformative learning. Feminist theory provides a framework for developing a holistic view of learning that embodies our full human potential. This research will share methods and strategies used to support developing a true awareness. It will provide functional and compassionate ways to implement holistic pedagogy. I will emphasize that teaching with acceptance and reverence for our human capacities will embed these values in students’ learning. The aim of this study is to contribute to contemporary visions of teaching by sharing experiences that are mindful of the mind-body connection. I wish to make the perceptions and approaches of teachers accessible and to inspire curiosity in others to extend their holistic beliefs into practice.

Abstract This study examines the holistic pedagogical practices of experienced teachers in alternative public schools. This study reviews holistic educational philosophy and ancient Eastern spirituality as they contribute to transformative learning. Feminist theory provides a framework for developing a holistic view of learning that embodies our full human potential. This research will share methods and strategies used to support developing a true awareness. It will provide functional and compassionate ways to implement holistic pedagogy. I will emphasize that teaching with acceptance and reverence for our human capacities will embed these values in students’ learning. The aim of this study is to contribute to contemporary visions of teaching by sharing experiences that are mindful of the mind-body connection. I wish to make the perceptions and approaches of teachers accessible and to inspire curiosity in others to extend their holistic beliefs into practice.

During the last decades, franchising as an organizational form has received a lot of attention from researchers and practitioners alike. While many studies have examined various aspects of franchising from the franchisor's perspective, little research has taken the franchisee’s perspective. Therefore, given the importance of franchisees in a franchise system, the lack of research about consequences from the franchisee's perspective, and that many of the previous studies have taken a top-bottom view, this research concentrated on the franchisee's performance. This study focused on business format franchising in the restaurant industry in two countries, Iran and Sweden. In this study, the three perspectives of entrepreneurship, strategic management, and marketing were used to study the franchisee’s performance. Moreover, the resourcebased view, relational view, and relational exchange theory have been used to find the influential factors in a franchisee’s performance. Therefore, by considering franchising as a mutual relationship and examining the influential factors in a franchisee's performance, the related factors of both the franchisor and franchisee, as well as the relationship between them, were examined. According to the franchisee’s related factors, the franchisor's related factors, and the relationship and environmental factors, 12 main hypotheses and 9 sub-hypotheses were developed. In total, 191 usable questionnaires from Sweden and Iran, comprising a response rate of 22 percent, were returned from the franchisees. In this study, confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the construct measurement; to test the hypothesis, hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed. Moreover, the Chow test was conducted to integrate the data from these two countries. A primary contribution of this study is taking a bottom-top view in franchising research. This study also provided a detailed and holistic view about the consequences of franchising for franchisees. Moreover, this study, offers important contributions toward understanding entrepreneurial activities, as a controversial issue, in franchising outlets. The results provide interesting insights into the franchisee’s performance. While the franchisees’ related factors of absorptive capacity, Kirznerian entrepreneurial orientation, and social capital positively affected their performance, Schumpeterian entrepreneurial orientation and human capital did not affect their performance. Moreover, the franchisor’s related factors of system profitability, brand reputation, advertisement and providing raw material had a positive influence on the performance. However, training did not cause a difference in the franchisee’s performance. All relationship factors also positively affected the performance, and conflict and satisfaction mediated the relationship between trust and performance. Finally, the implications of this study and suggestions for further contributions in this stream of research are discussed.