Changing perceptions of literacy over the past few decades have produced new approaches to the problem of how best to improve the literacy competence of primary school learners. Literacy remains a continuous problem in South Africa, as learners lack motivation to read or are struggling to read, write, and learn in a language that is unfamiliar to them. Researchers such as Street (2005) believe that literacy should not be viewed only as a set of skills to be mastered, but rather as something which must be understood in its broader social context. In accordance with this theory, the South African organisation PRAESA uses their Nal'ibali campaign to promote 'reading for enjoyment' and the formation of 'reading clubs' in order to improve learners' motivation to read and thus their literacy competence by increasing their exposure to pleasurable reading experiences. In this study it is argued that reading for enjoyment is beneficial to primary school learners' literacy competence as well as their personal and social development. In this study, Grade 5, 6, and 7 learners belonging to the reading club at a primary school in Port Elizabeth were observed over a six-month period. Data was collected through ethnographic observation of the reading club sessions and compiled into a detailed expository and sequential report. This narrative was then analysed in order to determine to what extent the learners had benefited in terms of their development from their participation in the reading club's activities. The analysis of the narrative demonstrated that learners' literacy competence, as well as personal and social skills such as self-confidence and tolerance, had been enhanced by the learners' voluntary participation in enjoyment-centred experiences with literacy. The findings of this study demonstrate that, in under-resourced schools and communities lacking a strong reading culture, an extra-curricular 'reading club' with a focus on reading for enjoyment was able to improve learners' literacy skills and provide opportunities for holistic growth by increasing learners' motivation to read.

The practice of science requires careful observation, experimentation and rational thinking accompanied by imaginative and intuitive insights to thrive in a mood of cutting edge exploration. South African Grade 9 Chemistry deals with established facts, usually devoid of artistic stimuli for capturing the imagination or awakening the intuitions of most learners. Many previous attempts to use the arts in the teaching of Chemistry are limited to the use of pictures, and less often, music and drama which are often superficial or even distracting from the real content. Most research into Science education has its focus on improving academic results with almost no research being conducted in the use of holistic, artistic devices to improve learner interest. Child-centred, holistic education indicates that the integration of rational logic with personal, intuitive knowing through story and the arts is a seed to sustained learner interest. This study used video-recorded experiments and a poem with holistic use of story, metaphor, rhythm and rhyme to characterise the behaviour of acids, bases and salts, to awaken greater learner interest. Class discussion centred on inquiry-based learning which challenged the validity of the characterisations used in the poem, completed the holistically integrated intervention. Changes in learner interest levels were determined by matched pairs in the pre-test and post-test. The research was undertaken with 222 learners from four schools in the greater Tshwane region. The results show that such holistically integrated devices, or stimuli, significantly increased learner interest through good engagement in the lesson as well as an improved perception of their grasp of the content, feelings towards Chemistry and relevance of Chemistry for their lives. As a first-of-its-kind research, further research in the use of appropriate holistic, artistic devices in Science education is recommended. Research into the longer-term use of such devices as well as the effects on learner academic results should be tested. This research indicates that teachers should consider providing a greater context and characterisation, with a broader range of stimuli, when presenting Chemistry to Grade 9 learners to allow them to relate to the experimental and academic content in a more imaginative, intuitive and personally meaningful way. The presentation of this dissertation will follow the courses of a dinner feast in the hope that the reader will be nourished holistically on multiple levels. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Humanities Education / MEd / Unrestricted

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The aim of this dissertation is to contribute to the development of a strategy for church involvement in the care of vulnerable children in low income households. The extent and nature of the problems caused by HIV/AIDS is inconceivable. Of particular concern is the children affected by HIV/AIDS. There is little consensus as to whether institutionalised care can be replaced by community-based care. The church needs an informed approach for future intervention. Existing research covers the needs of children to a certain extent, but does not have conclusive answers as to how these needs should be met. There is little, if any research examining the totality of the child’s needs. This research will determine what the vulnerable child’s unmet needs are, and get a first indication of the extent to which they are being met in the low-income household. Missiology is the field within which this study is undertaken. A good understanding of mission and the link between mission and the holistic study of the needs of vulnerable children is discussed as basis for further reflection. In an attempt to determine the totality of the child’s needs, the fundamental human needs theory, developed by Manfred A. Max-Neef is used. According to Max-Neef, all human beings have 10 fundamental needs: subsistence, protection, affection, creation, idleness, understanding, participation, identity, freedom and transcendence. These needs can be satisfied by an infinite variety of satisfiers. The findings of the study include: 1. Caregivers perceive the quality of life of vulnerable children to be high, but fieldworkers’ perceive it to be poor; 2. Denial of the vulnerability of children is associated with the denial of the existence of HIV/AIDS in the community; 3. There is a lack of knowledge of the importance of early childhood, accompanied by a lack of parenting skills for optimal early childhood development; 4. Children are not provided with opportunity and skills to manage grief; 5. The protection of children against abuse and crime is questionable, and 6. The needs of the children in the safe-house do not seem to be satisfied more or less holistically than those who live in families, or vice versa. The church can play a pivotal role in addressing the needs of vulnerable children. Apart from providing care herself, the role of the church is to be a catalyst of holistic care: 1. The first task of the church is to develop a thorough and holistic understanding of the total context, such as the fundamental needs of vulnerable children and the roles of different care-givers; 2. The second task is to promote understanding of the nature of vulnerable children’s needs amongst all role-players, and 3. The third task is to facilitate the best possible use of existing resources to satisfy the prevailing fundamental needs. The most important interventions recommended are: 1. Development of skills and knowledge for early childhood development. 2. Development of knowledge and skills in age-appropriate grief management, and 3. Further study to develop integrated community-based, institutional care. / Dissertation (MA (Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Science of Religion and Missiology / MA / unrestricted

Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) training during residency is essential for development of these unique skills and principles as we go out into our future careers. One of the challenges that we have faced over the course of our residency tenure is having on-hand and online OMT resources to further promote learning and retention of knowledge and skills. The purpose of this research project was to gauge the family medicine residents’ OMT fundamental knowledge while also providing a designated preceptor area location for OMT resources for quick access, when needed, during our OMT clinic. At the same time, the residents were also lectured on common musculoskeletal dysfunctions and simple techniques that could be used for quick treatment options during clinic. First, the family medicine residents were first given a 10 question OMT pre-survey (five questions were knowledge based and five questions were short answer) to gauge their baseline fundamental osteopathic clinical knowledge and their knowledge about the pre-existing OMT resources and their locations in our clinic. After the residents completed the OMT pre-survey, the new OMT resources were placed in the new location in our precepting area and then two weeks later the residents were given a lecture about the fundamentals and common contraindications of OMT and the basic approaches to treatment of some routine chronic conditions, including low back pain, neck pain, headaches, and migraines. Also, included at then end of the lecture was the newly acquired OMT resources, including books and online website links, that were compiled for the clinic, and the new designated spot for these materials making them easily accessible during our OMT clinics. The OMT post survey, using the same one as above, was then done by the residents to see the impact on their OMT fundamentals and OMT resource knowledge. The Results from the pre and post surveys were then compared, and the data was graphed accordingly to show the changes. Questions one through five were graded on having “correct” vs “incorrect” answers, and the short answer questions (6-10) were graded on the premise of “positive” vs “negative” answers. Answers were considered positive if they were optimistic, which includes the response “yes”, accurate location in the precepting area, any form of OMT resource, or any amount of time spent in learning, review, or preparations of OMT material for OMT clinics. Answers were considered negative if they were the opposite of the above description. The first eight questions showed a strong positive increase/improvement in the residents’ OMT knowledge and showed that they know the new resources and their location in the clinic, which was the purpose of our project. The last two questions had slightly different outcomes than expected which was addressed if similar research is done in the future.

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The purpose of this study was to help explore the assumptions in job analysis literature involving whether holistic or decomposed job analysis items lead to a higher level of cognitive load for raters. The main study, involving 303 undergraduate university students, was a 2 (Type of measure: holistic or decomposed) X 2 (Level of extraneous cognitive load: additional load or no additional load) within-subjects design. The 160 decomposed items analyzed in this study were pilot tested to ensure that they would correlate with the 17 holistic items. Under the additional cognitive load condition, participants memorized an 8-digit number, and then were asked to recall and recognize this number upon the completion of the rating task (this manipulation was performed for both the holistic and decomposed measures). Stability of ratings across conditions and interrater agreement were used as dependent measures. Results indicated that the holistic items (r=.74) had higher levels of stability across cognitive load conditions than did the decomposed items (r=.66). The levels of interrater agreement were not significantly different between three of the four conditions. In partial support of Butler and Harvey (1988), the level of interrater agreement for the Holistic additional cognitive load condition (r*wg=.33) was significantly lower than the interrater agreement for the remaining three conditions. The pattern of results supported prior research (Cornelius & Lyness, 1980; Lyness & Cornelius, 1982) indicating that, depending on the criteria being used, holistic items do not necessarily cause a higher level of cognitive load for raters than do decomposed items. / Master of Science

SAMMANFATTNING Begrepp som patientcentrerad vård och helhetssyn i vården verkar användas av olika yrkeskategorier, inom hälso- och sjukvård, vilket kan ur kvalitetssynpunkt kan resultera i oklarheter inom den kliniska verksamheten. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att ta reda på vilka likheter och skillnader begreppen patientcentrerad vård och helhetssyn i vården har i den vetenskapliga litteraturen. Begreppen söktes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Metod: Den metod som används för att jämföra begreppen byggde på Segestens begreppsanalysmodell. Resultat: Det som främst skiljer begreppet helhetssyn i vården från patientcentrerad vård är den andliga dimensionens centrala roll. Resultatet visar även att ett patientcentrerat arbetssätt förbättrar ekonomiska resultat. Det är främst sjuksköterskor som använder sig av helhetssyn i vården. Patientcentrerad vård verkar användas främst av läkare men begreppet förekommer även bland sjuksköterskor. Det gemensamma för begreppen då det gäller karaktäristika, förutsättningar och konsekvenser, är det som definieras i kraven på god vård enligt hälso- och sjukvårdslagen. Slutsats: sjukvårdspersonalens arbetssätt och syn på patienten utifrån patientcentrerad vård och helhetssyn i vården värnar om patientens bästa. Det som skiljer begreppen kan bero på vilken yrkesgrupp som undersökts i respektive studie. Studier av begreppet patientcentrerad vård uppfattas vara mer genomförda på läkargruppen samtidigt som helhetssyn i vården tycks vara mer förekommande då det gäller sjuksköterskegruppen. Fler studier behövs för att identifiera användningen av dessa begrepp och om deras betydelse i den kliniska verksamheten. / SUMMARY Concepts such as patient-centered care and holistic care seem to be used by different professions in healthcare. Looking upon these concepts from the aspect of quality, ambiguities can arise in clinical practice. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the similarities and differences between the concepts of patientcentered care and holistic care as they are presented in scientific literature. The terms were searched for in the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Method: The method used to compare the concepts was based on Segesten concept analysis model. Results: what differentiates the concept of holistic care of the patient-centered care is the central role of spiritual dimension. The results also show that a patient-centered care improves economic results. The term holistic health care seems to be used primarily by nurses, while patient-centered care seems to be used primarly by physicians, even though the term does occur among nurses. Conclusion: both patient-centered care and holistic care seem to have the same goal, that of preserving the patient`s best interests. What distinguishes the concepts may depend on the profession which was examined in each study. Research studies on patient-centered care have been carried out primarily on physicians, while studies on the holistic approach in health care have focused on nurses. More studies are needed to identify the use of these concepts and their importance in clinical practice. Nyckelord: Patient-centeredness, patient-centered care, holistic care, holistic nursing.

This thesis is   focused on making an assessment of possibilities and limitations regarding an   application of Svenskt Sigill’s climate- certification on the organization   Fjällbete. Another aim with the thesis was to be able to provide   recommendations for future development of climate certifications in order to   provide information for decision makers. The production of the organization   Fjällbete is mainly focused on lamb, and they are aiming to promote a   long-term sustainable agriculture by promoting a regenerative agriculture and   holistic management. The climatecertification provided by Svenskt Sigill was   developed during a project in corporation with KRAV (the leading eco-label   for food in Sweden), initiated in 2007. This certification mostly concern   choice of feed, nitrogen fertilizer, animal welfare and energy efficiency.   This was partly a case-study of the organization. To identify the   opportunities and limitations, the effect of an introduction of Sigills’   climate certification, three criteria were being assessed. These were the   impact on greenhouse-gas emissions, carbon sequestration and biodiversity.   The criteria were further evaluated in a table to assess how compliance with   the regulations would affect Fjällbetes’ impact on the three criteria.   From the result, it was concluded that an   application of Sigills’ climate-certification on the organization Fjällbete   would likely effect the organization significantly in the right direction   regarding their impact on greenhouse gases deriving from energy consumption.   It was also concluded that a compliance with the regulations regarding the   slaughter age for animals would potentially effect the organization in the   wrong direction regarding its impact on greenhouse gases, carbon   sequestration and biodiversity. The magnitude of the effect of the   consequences regarding a compliance with this regulation cannot be detected   from this study. It was interpreted that an application of the certification   on the organization would not help them significantly to communicate their   differentiation on the market. If more factors regarding regeneration of   land, biodiversity and conservation values would be included in the   certification, the motivation would potentially be higher. Another conclusion   was that for a future development of a climate-certification, it is essential   to include a wide spectrum of different types of farmers. / DennaC-uppsats visar upp en bedömning av möjligheter och begränsningar gällande entillämpningen av Svenskt Sigills klimatcertifiering på organisationen"Fjällbete". Ett delsyfte med studien var att kunna gerekommendationer för framtida utveckling av klimatcertifieringar.Organisationen "Fjällbete" är huvudsakligen inriktad pålammproduktion, och deras mål är att verka för ett långsiktigt hållbartjordbruk genom att främja ett ”holistic management” och regenerativt jordbruk.Klimatcertifieringen från Svenskt Sigill utvecklades under ett projekt isamarbete med KRAV (Sveriges ledande miljömärkning för mat), som inleddes 2007.Denna certifiering fokuserar främst på val av foder, kvävegödsel, djurskydd ochenergieffektivitet.Detta var delvis en fallstudie av organisationen. För attidentifiera möjligheterna och begränsningarna av effekten av en applicering avSigills klimatcertifiering, utvärderades tre kriterier. Dessa var inverkan påväxthusgasutsläpp, koldioxidutsläpp och biologisk mångfald. Kriteriernautvärderades ytterligare i en tabell för att kunna bedöma hur enöverensstämmelse med regelverket skulle påverka Fjällbetes påverkan på de trekriterierna.Av resultatet utlästes att en tillämpning av Svenskt Sigillsklimatcertifiering på organisationen Fjällbete eventuellt skulle kunna ledaorganisationen i rätt riktning avseende deras påverkan på växthusgaser somhärrör från energiförbrukningen. Det drogs också slutsatsen att enöverensstämmelse med regulationerna gällande slaktålder för djur potentielltskulle kunna påverka organisationen i fel riktning vad gäller dess påverkan påväxthusgaser, koldioxidutsläpp och biologisk mångfald.En slutsats var att entillämpning av certifieringen på organisationen inte skulle hjälpa dem avsevärtatt kommunicera sin differentiering på marknaden. Om fler faktorer avseenderegenerering av mark, biodiversitet och bevarandevärden skulle ingå icertifieringen skulle motivationen kunna vara högre.En annan slutsats var attvid en framtida utveckling av klimatcertifiering är det viktigt att inkluderaett brett spektrum av olika typer av jordbrukare. / <p>2017-10-11</p>

It is argued that the holistic health care movement in the United States has emerged as a response to dissatisfactions with the existing health care delivery system—a system which has become too concerned with technological solutions and insufficiently concerned with social and psychosocial issues. The holistic health care movement is defined. The movement's emphasis on prevention through the use of teamwork and its concern with whole patient care is explained. Next consideration is given to the present process of planning, financing and delivering health services in the United States; and the other models which have been developed to try to take account of prevention, social and psychosocial issues are described and criticized. The way in which holistic health care needs to be organized is described—the need for involvement of allied health professionals such as nutritionists and psychologists is discussed and better record keeping is examined. The need to be open to new techniques such as acupuncture and other marginal activities is argued. The difficulties in financing are discussed. However, discussion of a model health center presently operating in Illinois gives hope that demonstrations may convince Americans that it is a service worth paying for. The method of introducing new models of health service delivery into the United States is examined. They are generally accepted by the upper-middle class and then work down through the system. It is argued that the model (holistic health care) is quite likely to become more widely accepted because it appeals to the American individualistic, selfhelp ideology. Whilst it may work itself down the class structure it is not likely to solve social problems because the orientation is psychosocial and individualistic. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate