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Análise e revisão de modelos de escoamentos multifásicos empregados em válvulas do tipo Choke. / Analysis and review of the multiphase flow models applied for coke valves.Fernando Kenig Buffa 01 September 2017 (has links)
Escoamentos multifásicos estão presentes em diversas aplicações industriais, principalmente na indústria do petróleo. Um dos casos de aplicação, objeto de estudo desse trabalho, é a determinação da produção de poços de petróleo através de válvulas choke. É apresentada uma revisão dos efeitos físicos e do equacionamento adotado pelos principais modelos multifásicos existentes para tais válvulas. Um estudo de sensibilidade de tais efeitos físicos é realizado, analisando as possíveis alternativas para a diferença de velocidade entre as fases, o mecanismo adotado para a troca de calor entre as fases, a influência da energia cinética a montante da válvula, a influência da área efetiva da garganta e a metodologia de cálculo da recuperação de pressão a jusante da válvula. Conclui-se que dos diversos fatores que influenciam no cálculo da vazão mássica e da condição crítica, a área efetiva da garganta é um parâmetro importante e que é necessário uma maior investigação de como determinar tal parâmetro. / Multiphase flow are present in many industrial applications, mainly at the petroleum industry. One of these application cases, aim of this work study, is to determine a petroleum well production by the choke valves. It is presented a revision of the physical effects and for the adopted equation by the main existing multiphase models for such valves. A sensibility study of such physical effects is performed, analyzing the possible alternatives for the phases velocities difference, the adopted mechanism for the heat transfer between the phases, the upstream kinetic energy influence, the throat effective area influencie and the calculation methodology adopted for the valve downstream pressure recover. It is concluded that from many factors that influence in the mass flow and critical condition calculation, the throat effective area is a important parameter and it is necessary a deeper investigation in how to determine such parameter.
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Análise e revisão de modelos de escoamentos multifásicos empregados em válvulas do tipo Choke. / Analysis and review of the multiphase flow models applied for coke valves.Buffa, Fernando Kenig 01 September 2017 (has links)
Escoamentos multifásicos estão presentes em diversas aplicações industriais, principalmente na indústria do petróleo. Um dos casos de aplicação, objeto de estudo desse trabalho, é a determinação da produção de poços de petróleo através de válvulas choke. É apresentada uma revisão dos efeitos físicos e do equacionamento adotado pelos principais modelos multifásicos existentes para tais válvulas. Um estudo de sensibilidade de tais efeitos físicos é realizado, analisando as possíveis alternativas para a diferença de velocidade entre as fases, o mecanismo adotado para a troca de calor entre as fases, a influência da energia cinética a montante da válvula, a influência da área efetiva da garganta e a metodologia de cálculo da recuperação de pressão a jusante da válvula. Conclui-se que dos diversos fatores que influenciam no cálculo da vazão mássica e da condição crítica, a área efetiva da garganta é um parâmetro importante e que é necessário uma maior investigação de como determinar tal parâmetro. / Multiphase flow are present in many industrial applications, mainly at the petroleum industry. One of these application cases, aim of this work study, is to determine a petroleum well production by the choke valves. It is presented a revision of the physical effects and for the adopted equation by the main existing multiphase models for such valves. A sensibility study of such physical effects is performed, analyzing the possible alternatives for the phases velocities difference, the adopted mechanism for the heat transfer between the phases, the upstream kinetic energy influence, the throat effective area influencie and the calculation methodology adopted for the valve downstream pressure recover. It is concluded that from many factors that influence in the mass flow and critical condition calculation, the throat effective area is a important parameter and it is necessary a deeper investigation in how to determine such parameter.
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Turbulence and cavitation : applications in the NSMB and OpenFOAM solvers / Turbulence et cavitation : applications dans les solveurs NSMB et OpenFOAMHuang, Chao-Kun 24 November 2017 (has links)
L'objectif de ce travail de thèse concerne l'étude et la mise en œuvre de deux modèles de cavitation dans le solveur NSMB (Navier-Stokes-Multi-Blocks): les modèles HEM (Homogeneous Equilibrium Model) et une équation pour le taux de vide: le modèle à transport de taux de vide (TTV). Le phénomène de cavitation est modélisé par différentes équations d'état de mélange liquide-vapeur (EOS). Des simulations numériques sont réalisées sur des écoulements diphasiques compressibles unidimensionnels et bidimensionnels avec des conditions d'interface et comparées à des solutions de référence. De plus, la méthode TTV basée sur le taux de vide incluant les termes source pour la vaporisation et la condensation dans le logiciel libre open source OpenFOAM est également présentée sur la géométrie Venturi pour capturer le phénomène du jet réentrant. La modélisation de la turbulence joue un rôle majeur dans la capture des comportements instationnaires et un limiteur est introduit pour réduire la viscosité turbulente afin de mieux prédire la structure à deux phases. Une comparaison de divers modèles de cavitation couplés avec des modèles de turbulence est étudiée. Les résultats computationnels sont comparés aux données expérimentales existantes. / The objective of this thesis work concerns the study and implement of two cavitation models in the NSMB (Navier-Stokes-Multi-Blocks) flow solver: the Homogeneous Equilibrium Models (HEM) and a void ratio Transport-based Equation Model (TEM). The cavitation phenomenon is modeled by different liquid-vapor mixture equation of state (EOS). Numerical simulation are performed on some one- and two-dimensional compressible two-phase flows with interface conditions and compared with reference solutions. Moreover, The TEM based method for the void ratio including the source terms for vaporization and condensation in the free, open source software OpenFOAM is also presented on the Venturi geometry to capture the re-entrant jet phenomenon. The turbulence modeling plays a major role in the capture of unsteady behaviors and a limiter is introduced to reduce the eddy-viscosity to better predict the two-phase structure. A comparison of various cavitation models coupled with turbulence models are investigated. Computational results are compared with existing experimental data.
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DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR A SIMULTANEOUS SIMULATION OF INTERNAL FLOW AND SPRAY BREAK-UP OF THE DIESEL INJECTION PROCESSMartí Gómez-Aldaraví, Pedro 30 October 2014 (has links)
El proceso de atomización desde una vena o lámina líquida hasta multitud de gotas dispersas en un medio gaseoso ha sido un fenómeno de interés desde hace varias décadas, especialmente en el campo de los motores de combustión interna alternativos. Multitud de estudios experimentales han sido publicados al respecto, pues una buena mezcla de aire-combustible asegura una evaporación y combustión mucho más eficientes, aumentando la potencia del motor y reduciendo la cantidad de contaminantes emitidos. Con el auge de las técnicas computacionales, muchos modelos han sido desarrollados para estudiar este proceso de atomización y mezcla. Uno de los últimos modelos que han aparecido es el llamado ELSA (Eulerian-Lagrangian Spray Atomization), que utiliza un modelo Euleriano para la parte densa del chorro y cambia a un modelo Lagrangiano cuando la concentración de líquido es suficientemente pequeña, aprovechando de esta manera las ventajas de ambos. En el presente trabajo se ha desarrollado un modelo puramente Euleriano para estudiar la influencia de la geometría interna de la tobera de inyección en el proceso de atomización y mezcla. Se ha estudiado únicamente el proceso de inyección diésel. Este modelo permite resolver en un único dominio el flujo interno y el externo, evitando así las comunes simplificaciones y limitaciones de la interpolación entre ambos dominios resueltos por separado. Los resultados actuales son prometedores, el modelo predice con un error aceptable la penetración del chorro, el flujo másico y de cantidad de movimiento, los perfiles de velocidad y concentración, así como otros parámetros característicos del chorro. / Martí Gómez-Aldaraví, P. (2014). DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR A SIMULTANEOUS SIMULATION OF INTERNAL FLOW AND SPRAY BREAK-UP OF THE DIESEL INJECTION PROCESS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/43719 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales
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Individualizace ve výchově a vzdělávání dětí v mateřské škole / Individualization in education of children in kindergartensBenešová, Ludmila January 2013 (has links)
Education and training affect the way children's behavior, we shape children's attitudes and values. One of the ways which we can develop the personality of a child in kindergarten is to use the principle of individuation. The theoretical part is, besides development of individualization in the upbringing and education of children of preschool age, given the current requirements for the individualization of children in kindergartens. It discusses the development and acceptance of the basic needs of children of preschool age, specifies the conditions, the position of teacher for individualizing education of children in kindergarten. The practical part verifies the possibility of individualization in age heterogeneous and homogeneous model. Assesses differences and experience in these models in the approaches of preschool teachers including the effect of a specific environment specific kindergarten.
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Etude numérique et expérimentale d’écoulements diphasiques : application aux écoulements à bulles générées par voie électrochimique / Numerical and experimental study of two-phase flows : application to bubbly flows in the vicinity of gas-evolving electrodesSchillings, Jonathan 18 July 2017 (has links)
La production pariétale de bulles de gaz et son impact sur la dynamique de la phase liquide en canal vertical est étudiée numériquement et expérimentalement. Dans un premier temps, un modèle de mélange 2D stationnaire est utilisé pour décrire l’évolution moyenne des panaches de gaz. Grâce à cette approche, un modèle de couche limite a pu être développé et a permis l’identification des nombres adimensionnels pertinents (analogues aux nombres de Rayleigh et de Prandtl pour la thermique) afin de caractériser les écoulements à bulles dispersées. Dans un second temps, un modèle Eulérien-Lagrangien 3D instationnaire, prenant en compte le couplage quadrilatéral (interactions bullesliquide et bullesbulles) est résolu par Simulation Numérique Directe (DNS) et permet ainsi une description plus fine de l’écoulement à l’échelle de la phase dispersée. Enfin, ces approches numériques sont complétées par des mesures de Spectroscopie d’Impédance Electrochimique (SIE) lors de la production de dihydrogène et de dioxygène par électrolyse alcaline. Les modèles d’écoulement proposés ici montrent globalement un très bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux tirés de la littérature. Les approches homogènes et DNS présentent toutefois quelques disparités sur l’évaluation du taux de vide dans certaines conditions. Parallèlement, les mesures et simulations de SIE ont montré être clairement affectées par les évolutions du panache de bulles, les spectres d’impédance ont notamment mis en évidence une contribution basse fréquence fortement dépendante de la nature de la phase dispersée (taille de bulle et lois de dispersion). Les trois approches (modèle homogène, DNS et SIE) menées conjointement sont donc fortement complémentaires. Elles permettent non seulement une meilleure compréhension de la physique de l’écoulement diphasique, mais offrent aussi une capacité d’analyse de la pertinence des modèles existants tout en ouvrant la voie à leurs futures améliorations / The wall production of gas bubbles and its impact on the liquid dynamics in a vertical channel is studied by means of numerical simulations and experimentation. First, a 2D stationary mixture model is used to describe the averaged plumes evolutions. Through this approach, a boundary layer model has been developed and identified dimensionless numbers (Raleigh-like and Prandtl-like) characteristic of bubbly flows. Secondly, a 3D non-stationary four-way coupled (with bubblesliquid and bubblesbubbles interactions) Eulerian-Lagrangian model is solved by Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and allows a finer description of the two-phase flows at bubble-scale. Finally, the numerical methods are completed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements during hydrogen and oxygen production by alkaline electrolysis.The two-phase flow models are in good agreement with experimental results from literature. There are still some disparities between the homogeneous model and the DNS about the void fraction calculation under certain conditions, though. In the meantime, both EIS measurements and simulations were clearly affected by bubbles plume evolutions, the impedance spectra highlighted a low frequency contribution highly sensible to the nature of the dispersed phase (bubble size a dispersion laws). The 3 approaches (homogeneous model, DNS and EIS) used collectively are strongly complementary. They allow not only a better comprehension of the physics of the two-phase flow, but also serve the analysis of existing models while leading the way for further improvements
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Modélisation et simulation d'écoulements turbulents cavitants avec un modèle de transport de taux de vide / Modeling and simulation for turbulent cavitating flows with void ratio transport equation modelCharrière, Boris 10 December 2015 (has links)
La simulation numérique des écoulements turbulents cavitants revêt de nombreuses difficultés tant dans la modélisation des phénomènes physiques que dans le développement de méthodes numériques robustes. En effet de tels écoulements sont caractérisés par un changement de phase associé à des gradients de la masse volumique, des variations du nombre de Mach causées par une chute de la vitesse du son, des zones de turbulence diphasique et la présence d'instationnarités.Les travaux de la présente thèse s'inscrivent dans la continuité des études expérimentales et numériques menées au sein du Laboratoire des Ecoulements Géophysiques et Industriels (LEGI),qui visent à améliorer la compréhension et la modélisation d'écoulements cavitants. Les simulations s'appuient sur un code compressible associé à une technique de pré-contionnement bas-Mach qui permet de traiter les zones incompressibles. Les écoulements diphasiques sont reproduits à l'aide d'un modèle de mélange homogène 1-fluide avec discrétisation implicite en pas de temps dual. Enfin la résolution adopte l'approche moyennée RANS qui couple le système des équations de conservation avec des modèles de turbulence du premier ordre basés sur la notion de viscosité turbulente.Dans les zones diphasiques, le calcul des variables thermodynamiques nécessite l'introduction d'équations d'état. La pression au sein du mélange est ainsi reliée aux grandeurs conservatives soit à partir d'une équation d'état de mélange des gaz raides, soit par une relation sinusoïdale incorporant la fraction volumique de vapeur (le taux de vide). La valeur ajoutée de ces travaux de thèse repose sur l'introduction d'une équation de transport pour le calcul du taux de vide. Celle-ci incorpore un terme source dont le transfert de masse entre les phases est fermé grâce à une hypothèse de proportionnalité à la divergence du champ de vitesse. Outre l'amélioration des phénomènes de convection, de dilatation et de collapse, cette équation supplémentaire permet de relaxer l'équilibre thermodynamique local et d'introduire un état métastable pour la phase vapeur.Les simulations 2D et 3D sont réalisées sur des géométries de type Venturi caractérisées par le développement de poches de cavitation partielle instables. L'objectif consiste à reproduire les instationnarités inhérentes à chaque profil telles que la formation d'un jet rentrant liquide à proximité de la paroi ou la production de nuages de vapeur convectés par l'écoulement principal.Les résultats numériques mettent en avant une variation de la fréquence des instationnarités en fonction du calcul de la vitesse du son en zone de mélange. D'autre part, la prise en compte de déséquilibre de la phase vapeur amplifie les phénomènes de propagation d'ondes de pression générées par le collapse des structures cavitantes et participe à la déstabilisation de la poche. Enfin, l'influence de l'équation de transport de taux de vide est analysée en confrontant les résultats des simulations à ceux obtenus ultérieurement à partir d'un modèle à seulement trois équations de conservation. / The computation of turbulent cavitating flows involves many difficulties both in modeling the physical phenomena and in the development of robust numerical methods. Indeed such flows are characterized by phase transitions and large density gradients, Mach number variation due to speed of sound decrease, two-phase turbulent areas and unsteadiness.This thesis follows experimental and numerical studies led at the Laboratoire des Ecoulements Géophysiques et Industriels which aim to improve the understanding and modeling of cavitating flows. Simulations are based on a compressible code coupled with a pre-conditionning technique which handles low-Mach number areas. The two-phase flows are reproduced using a one-fluid homogeneous model and temporal discretisation is performed using an implicit dual-time stepping method . The resolution is based on the RANS approach that couples conservation equations with firts-order closure models to compute eddy viscosity.In two-phase flows areas, the computation of thermodynamic quantities requires to close the system with equations of state (EOS). Thus, two formulations are investigated to determine the pressure in the mixture. The stiffened gas EOS is written with conservative quantities while a sinusoidal law deduces the pressure from the volume fraction of vapor (the void fraction). The present study improves the homogeneous equilibrium models by including a transport equation for the void ratio. The mass transfer between phases is assumed to be proportional to the divergence of the velocity. In addition to a better modeling of convection, expansion and collapse phenomenon, this added transport equation allows to relax the local thermodynamic equilibrium and to introduce a mestastable state to the vapor phase.2D and 3D simulations are performed on Venturi type geometries characterized by the development of unstable partial cavitation pockets. The goal is to reproduce unsteadiness linked to each profile such as the formation of a re-entrant jet or the quasi-periodic vapor clouds shedding. Numerical results highlight frequency variations of unsteadiness depending on the speed of sound computation. Moreover, the simulation conducted with a relaxed vapor density increase the pressure wave propagation magnitude generated by the collapse of cavitating structures. It contributes to the destabilization of the pocket. Finally, the role of the void ratio equation is analyzed by comparing the simulation results to those obtained subsequently from a model involving only three conservation equations.
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The Characterization and Utilization of Middle-range Sequence Patterns within the Human GenomeShepard, Samuel Steven 20 May 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Fluid/Material Coupled Numerical Analysis of Single Bubble Collapse Near a Pit on a Wall / Vätska/Material Kopplad Numerisk Analys av en Bubbla Kollaps Nära en Grop på en VäggMakii, Daiki January 2020 (has links)
In order to elucidate the progression mechanism of cavitation erosion, the behaviors of a single cavitation bubble collapse near a pit on a wall and both the resulting pressure wave in fluid and stress wave in material are investigated in detail. To find out the mechanism of cavitation erosion, many experimental studies on the bubble collapse behavior near a flat rigid wall and the resulting material damage have been conducted so far. A lot of numerical studies using only fluid analysis have been also carried out. In recent years, a few studies on the bubble collapse near a more complex geometry were made and it is reported that more complex geometry has an effect on the bubble collapse behavior, jet formation and subsequent wave dynamics. It is, however, very challenging to introduce a material analysis and investigate detailed stress wave propagation in the material and its effect on the material damage i.e. cavitation erosion. This study tackles this problem using an in-house fluid/material two-way coupled numerical analysis method which considers reflection and transmission of plane waves with acoustic impedance at the fluid/material boundary. In the fluid domain, the locally homogeneous model of compressible gas-liquid two-phase medium is used for capturing the gas-liquid interface. The compressibility of two-phase flow is also considered in this model so that the propagation of pressure wave can be also be taken into account. The governing equations are the 3D compressible gas-liquid two-phase Navier-Stokes equations. In the material domain, the governing equations are composed of the motion equations and the time-differential constitutive equations assuming that the material is a homogeneous isotropic elastic medium, which can simulate the stress wave propagation in the material. Results show that the stress waves are concentrated at the bottom of the pit regardless of the initial bubble position. It is also found that the surface pressure in the fluid side does not necessarily correlate with the stresses in the material, suggesting the importance of material analysis. Moreover, under high pressure conditions, a rapid bubble collapse causes a gas phase generation at the bottom of the pit and its gas phase is contracted and collapsed by the pressure wave, which leads to pressure and stress peaks at the bottom of the pit. Furthermore, through the study of the effect of initial bubble position on its collapse behavior, it is confirmed that, when the initial bubble position is shifted horizontally, bubble collapses asymmetrically and the pressure waves tend to be directed away from a pit. This research numerically reveals that a single bubble collapse near a pit on a wall results in high strain energy concentration at the bottom of the pit, which gives rise to deeper erosion progression at the bottom of the pit. / För att klargöra framstegsmekanismen för kavitationserosion kollapsar beteendet hos en enda kavitationsbubbla nära en grop på en vägg och både den resulterande tryckvågen i vätska och stressvåg i material undersöks i detalj. För att ta reda på mekanismen för kavitationserosion har många experimentella studier av bubblans kollapsbeteende nära en platt styv vägg och den resulterande materialskada genomförts hittills. Många numeriska studier med endast vätskeanalys har också genomförts. Under de senaste åren gjordes några studier om bubblans kollaps nära en mer komplex geometri och det rapporteras att mer komplex geometri har en effekt på bubblans kollapsbeteende, strålbildning och efterföljande vågdynamik. Det är dock mycket utmanande att införa en materialanalys och undersöka detaljerad spänningsvågförökning i materialet och dess inverkan på materialskadorna, dvs. kavitationserosion. Denna studie hanterar detta problem med hjälp av en inbyggd tvåvägs kopplad numerisk analysmetod som tar hänsyn till reflektion och överföring av plana vågor med akustisk impedans vid vätska / materialgränsen. I fluiddomänen används den lokalt homogena modellen av tvåfasmedium för komprimerbar gas-vätska för att fånga gas-vätskegränssnittet. Komprimerbarheten av tvåfasflöde beaktas också i denna modell så att utbredningen av tryckvågen också kan beaktas. De styrande ekvationerna är de 3D-komprimerbara tvåfasiga gasvätska Navier-Stokes-ekvationerna. I materialdomänen är de styrande ekvationerna sammansatta av rörelseekvationer och tidsdifferentialkonstitutiva ekvationer förutsatt att materialet är ett homogent isotropiskt elastiskt medium, vilket kan simulera spänningsvågutbredningen i materialet. Resultaten visar att stressvågorna är koncentrerade längst ner i gropen oavsett den ursprungliga bubbelpositionen. Man har också funnit att yttrycket i vätskesidan inte nödvändigtvis korrelerar med spänningarna i materialet, vilket tyder på vikten av materialanalys. Vidare orsakar en snabb bubbelskollaps under högtrycksförhållanden en gasfasgenerering vid botten av gropen och dess gasfas dras samman och kollapsas av tryckvågen, vilket leder till tryck och spänningstoppar vid botten av gropen. Vidare bekräftas det genom studien av effekten av den ursprungliga bubbelpositionen på dess kollapsbeteende att när den ursprungliga bubbelpositionen förskjuts horisontellt kollapsar bubblan asymmetriskt och tryckvågorna tenderar att riktas bort från en grop. Denna undersökning avslöjar numeriskt att en enda bubbla kollapsar nära en grop på en vägg resulterar i hög spänningsenergikoncentration längst ner i gropen, vilket ger upphov till djupare erosionsprogression längst ner i gropen.
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