This article is mainly to discuss the components, structures and other related issues as well in two kinds of arm forces, ¡§Tribe Arms¡¨ and ¡§Emperor¡¦s Arms¡¨ in the Shang Dynasty as the research scope. The components of ¡§Tribe Arms¡¨ are the frequently-seen ¡§Crowd¡¨ or ¡§Numerous People¡¨ in the Oracle Inscriptions, which is mainly composed of infantry served as by a crowd or numerous people and then is assisted by the professional military forces, ¡§Horses¡¨ and ¡§Bows.¡¨ With regard to ¡§Emperor¡¦s Arms,¡¨ its components include three fighting units-- ¡§Shi¡]®v¡^,¡¨ ¡§Horses¡¨ and ¡§Bows,¡¨ among which ¡§Shi¡¨ is infantry; ¡§Horses,¡¨ chariot soldiers; and ¡§Bows,¡¨ bow-and-arrow shooting soldiers. The component of ¡§Shi¡¨ is the frequently-seen ¡§People¡¨ in the Oracle Inscriptions, and the People directly belong to the Shang Emperor and are the professional fighting soldiers. The components of ¡§Horses¡¨ and ¡§Bows¡¨ are served as by the noblemen and the noble juniors. In addition, this article also discusses the other related issues, such as the original meaning of ¡§Shi,¡¨ the usage of ¡§Shi¡¨ and ¡§Ci¡]¦¸¡^¡¨ in the Oracle Inscriptions, and the meanings of ¡§Ya¡]¨È¡^,¡¨ ¡§Brigade¡¨ and ¡§Shu¡]¦§¡^¡¨.

This study was conducted to study absorption of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate and to measure any changes in blood concentration of these compounds following feeding them to horses in different amounts. Six mature mares were used in a replicated 3x3 Latin square designed experiment. The experiment consisted of three 15-day periods, which included 10 days of diet adaptation followed by a 5-day sampling period. Blood was drawn on one day during each sampling period. Horses were fed a control diet (40% hay, 60% concentrate) balanced to meet NRC (1989) requirements for maintenance of mature horses. In one experimental diet, 2.0 g chondroitin sulfate and 5.5 g glucosamine were added to the basal ration at each feeding. In the other experimental diet, 3.5 g chondroitin sulfate and 8.5 g glucosamine were added to the basal ration at each feeding. Following total collections, blood was centrifuged and plasma was harvested and data analyzed for the presence of each compound. Analyses for plasma glucosamine were performed in the Protein and Chemistry Lab at Texas A&M University using HPLC. Chondroitin sulfate in the plasma was analyzed using a color reagent, dimethylmethylene blue, followed by UV spectrophotometry. There were no significant differences (P<0.05) in the concentration of chondroitin sulfate or glucosamine concentrations in plasma when comparing the three different diets. This leads to a conclusion that these compounds were not absorbed through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream in the same form as they were fed. This poses a question as to whether or not oral forms of these compounds are absorbed and are able to migrate to joints through the blood to improve joint function. With the significant economic impact that products containing chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine are making in the animal nutrition industry, more research is needed to further elucidate actual efficacy of these compounds in diet supplements for horses.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Bowling Green State University, 2009. / Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 231, [13] p. : 1 col. ill. Includes bibliographical references.

The aim of this proposed study is to explore whether participation in a three day intervention involving horseback riding in nature– a program specifically designed for autistic children and their families called “Horse Boy Camps” – leads to improved outcomes for participants. It is hypothesized that children will demonstrate significant increases in language and communication skills after camp participation, as well as enhanced social, cognitive and sensory functioning. It is also hypothesized that attendance at a Horse Boy Camp will have an impact on the parents and siblings of the child with autism. Specifically, it is anticipated that camp participation will significantly decrease the anxiety, stress, depression and social isolation experienced by parents. It will also result in significant improvements in the relationship between the autistic and their siblings as well as family functioning in general. Participants will include 20 families attending a three-day Horse Boy Camp. There will be one autistic child per family who attends the camp, and at least one parent. The proposed study will help determine if Horse Boy Camps appear to be a promising intervention for children with autism and their families. / text

Gonadotropins were used to stimulate luteal function, as determined by progesterone secretion, in both in vitro and in vivo systems. LH and hCG were capable of significantly stimulating progesterone secretion in the in vivo systems. Stimulation of progesterone secretion by hCG was greater than that for LH. PMSG failed to increase progesterone production at any level of treatment. hCG was also used to stimulate progesterone production by the corpus luteum in mares during early gestation. hCG administration resulted in a significant (p < 0.10) increase in peripheral progesterone levels in treatment mares through day 14 post-estrus. Peripheral progesterone concentrations were also higher in hCG treated mares for days 15 through 30 post-estrus in mares that conceived. hCG treatment had no influence on anterior pituitary release of LH.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

Hematopoietic cells of the myelomonocytic lineage play a central role in orchestrating both innate and adaptive immunity. They are important in the control of infectious agents and in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by dysregulated immune response. Like allergic asthma in human patients, recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) of horses is a disease exemplified by chronic airway inflammation in the absence of infectious agents. However, unlike allergic asthma, RAO is marked by preponderance of neutrophils rather than eosinophils in the airways. Attempts to understand the immunological basis of RAO by studying lymphocytes produced equivocal results. This thesis examined the possible role of alveolar macrophages (AM) recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in RAO. Since macrophages are predominantly derived from circulating monocytes, the thesis investigated first the phenotypic characteristics of circulating monocytes, second those of macrophages in vitro derived from monocytes, and finally attributes of AM derived in vivo. Flow cytometric analysis following antibody staining of monocytes from 61 horses showed that the clustering pattern of human leukocytes may not always be extrapolated to horses when using this technique since clusters of granulocytes often spill over into the monocyte population. The study showed that DH24A, a monoclonal antibody directed against CD90, which recognizes T cells in other species, will specifically recognize granulocytes in horses and was therefore used to separate neutrophils from monocytes during analysis. In addition, investigation of circulating monocytes showed that expression of the hemoglobin-haptoglobin receptor CD163 on circulating monocytes is significantly increased in horses with systemic inflammation when compared with healthy horses. Evaluating cytokine and chemokine production by macrophages, it was demonstrated that CD163+ macrophages preferentially expressed IL10 while CD163- macrophages showed predominant expression of CCL17. It was, therefore, concluded that CD163+ IL10-producing macrophages of horses are homologues of the alternatively activated anti-inflammatory macrophage subset of humans. Finally, probing of alveolar macrophages for CD163 and CD206 expression showed a significant reduction in the proportion of CD163+ macrophages in horses with RAO. These findings suggest that RAO is associated with a reduction in anti-inflammatory macrophages, an observation that may in part explain the chronic airway inflammation associated with this disease.

Protein has been identified as a major reason that people purchase a horse feed, with anecdotal explanations offered for the poor prediction of response of horses to their rations, particularly in the sport horse market. The current research identifies through hierarchical cluster analysis that the myriad of riding feeds offered on the South African market fall into only four simple categories on the basis of wet chemistry. Feeds were subjected to the in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) described by Pell and Schofield (1993), using equine faecal inoculum. Gas profiles, corrected for control fermentation profiles in the absence of substrate, were fitted to the model described by Campos et al. (2004) to derive GP kinetics. Gas production kinetics, and information in respect of pH, degradation efficiency, lag time and apparent and true digestibilities were obtained. The feeds were tested for glycaemic response in miniature horses using the hexokinase method with deproteinization using an auto analyser (Roche Diagnostics). Blood glucose parameters of feeds (mean, peak, slope and time to peak and area under the curve) in each group were compared by analysis of variance and regression with covariates. In vivo analysis of rates of passage and digestibility using using post-prandial percentages of acid insoluble marker collection was used to study the gastrointestinal process, to indicate foregut and hindgut compartmental flow. The need to balance nitrogen levels with a proportional supply of fermentable carbohydrate contradicts widely used protein intakes in the horse. In vitro fermentation was used in an analysis of nutrient synchrony, to identify optimal fermentative capacity for utilization of horse feeds. The characteristics of horse feeds were related to requirement and were composited in an analysis of the representation of horse feeds that would best reflect optimal utilization in the horse, to produce a method of feed characterisation that would lead to the optimal prediction of response of horses to feeds offered to South African horses. / Thesis (Ph.D.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

This thesis is concerned with equine attachment as a form of interspecies fictive kinship, in relation to the practices, social relations, and motivations of participant groups within the Canterbury thoroughbred racing industry. Exploring the interconnections between intimacy and investment, as both financial and emotional commitments, the different sectors of the industry are analyzed as actor-network assemblages in which boundaries between professional, economic, and social relations are porous. The thesis argues that the parameters of a distinct equine community are delineated through regulated forms of haptic access. Distinctions regarding those who are and are not permitted to touch horses, articulates with a regime of risk regulation, which is more broadly explored in its physical, social, financial, and emotional dimensions. Also integral to the character of this networked community of practitioners is the symbolism of naming and branding thoroughbreds, as well as the secular rituals of the auction and the race-day. Conceived as a naturalcultural phenomenon, the race is analyzed in terms of the cross-species meanings and experiences of jockeys and apprentices, who are understood as representatives of an occupational sub-culture. Finally, this thesis also explores the preponderance of women in South Island racing; charting the path by which they have successfully adopted traditionally male-dominated roles.

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