Submitted by TAÍS CASONATO RODRIGUES null (tais_casonato@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-05T21:15:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação final 23.02 Pdf aprovação.pdf: 1150748 bytes, checksum: bc5df633130f674e214de7cf2191a095 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabel Pereira de Matos null (isabel@fmva.unesp.br) on 2018-03-06T19:15:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_tc_me_araca_int.pdf: 1150748 bytes, checksum: bc5df633130f674e214de7cf2191a095 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-06T19:15:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_tc_me_araca_int.pdf: 1150748 bytes, checksum: bc5df633130f674e214de7cf2191a095 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Sete equinos hígidos, de ambos sexos, foram utilizados para este experimento, com objeto de avaliarmos as diferenças de temperatura do casco do animal, antes e após o ferrageamento a quente, com auxílio de termógrafo infravermelho, por duas avaliações com intervalo de 45 entre elas. O teste t de Student pareado foi escolhido para análise estatista, e foram considerados valores significativos para diferentes momentos do ferrageamento quando p<0,05. Houve diferença significativa de temperatura em quase todas imagens realizadas do casco quando comparadas as temperaturas anteriores e posteriores ao ferrageamento a quente. Embora as temperaturas tenham se elevado após ferrageamento, este aumento não ultrapassou a temperatura corpórea fisiológica (37,5ºC-38,5ºC). Não houve danos ao estojo córneo como linhas de estresse e rachaduras. Não houve falha no crescimento do casco entre os ferrageamentos. Os animais não manifestaram dor, e tão pouco alteram o comportamento durante o procedimento. Os parâmetros vitais não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os momentos. Por estes resultados, é possível aventar que o ferrageamento a quente é uma prática segura e não causa danos ao casco. / Thermography has been widely used in veterinary medicine, mainly in diagnostic, prognostic and preventive aid. The aim of this study was to observe the temperature of toracic hooves, the anterior limbs, before and after the hot fitting, with the help of a thermograph, to establish a temperature pattern after the shoeing and to infer if it can cause damages to the hoof equine. Although the forged horseshoe reaches very high temperatures, the hoof temperature rise did not exceed physiological temperature values. Based on the maintenance behavior during the procedure, maintenance of the normal values in the physical examinations and with the conservation of the hoof growth, between one shoeing and another, it is possible to infer that the hot fitting is a safe practice and does not cause damage to the hoof.

Studies involving geographic variation in the phenotypes of bats help scientists to explain why these mammals are the most species rich mammalian order second only to rodents, with well more than 1 300 species occurring worldwide. Such species richness or high diversity is the manifestation of the generation of biodiversity through the splitting of lineages within bat species. A lineage of bat species can diversify into several lineages which then differentiate from each other in allopatry. Thus, the spatial separation of a lineage into several lineages could be attributed to geographical, ecological and environmental factors across the distributional range of the species. Similarly, vicariant events may also play a role in separating lineages within species. The Damara horseshoe bat species, Rhinolophus damarensis, is widely distributed but restricted to the western half of southern Africa, where it occurs across several major biomes. Formerly regarded as the subspecies, R. darlingi damarensis, it was elevated to full species status on the basis of genetic and phenotypic differences between it and R. darlingi darlingi. Rhinolophus damarensis is itself made up of two ecologically separated genetic lineages. A total of 106 individuals of R. damarensis were sampled from seven localities across its distributional range, with a view to determining and documenting the extent of geographic variation in body size, echolocation parameters, wing parameters, cranial shape and postcranial morphology of individuals from populations of R. damarensis across the distributional range of the species. Firstly, an investigation into geographic variation in resting echolocation frequency (RF) of the horseshoe bat species, R. damarensis was carried out in the western half of southern Africa (Chapter 2). Three hypotheses were tested. The first one, James’Rule (JR), states that individuals occurring in hot humid environments generally have smaller body sizes than conspecifics that occur in cooler, dryer environments, and the largest are expected to occur in cool, dry areas. On this basis and because of the known relationship between body size and RF, it was predicted that there should be a correlation between body size and climatic factors and between body size and RF. The second hypothesis was Isolation by Environment (IbE) mediated through sensory drive, which proposes that diversification of lineage may be driven by environmentally-mediated differences in sensory systems. Under this hypothesis, it was predicted that call frequency variation should be correlated with climatic variables. The third hypothesis was that Isolation by Distance (IbD) can influence phenotypic trait variation by restricting gene flow between populations. Under the Isolation by Distance (IbD) Hypothesis, it was predicted that call frequency variation should be partitioned in accordance with geographic distance between populations. To investigate the probability of the JR, IbE and IbD, the Akaike’s information criterion AICc candidate models were evaluated with different combinations of environmental (annual mean temperature and relative humidity), spatial (latitude and region) and biological (forearm as a proxy for body size) predictor variables to determine their influence on resting frequency (RF) across the distributional range of R. damarensis. Linear mixed effects models (LMEs) were employed to analyse the relationship between the response variable (RF) and the environmental, spatial and biological predictor variables. The influence of prey detection range and atmospheric attenuation was also investigated. The results showed no evidence for JR or for random genetic drift. Body size was neither correlated with RF nor environmental variables, suggesting that variation in RF was not the result of concomitant variation in body size as proposed by JR. Similarly, the Mantel test showed no IbD effect and there was therefore no evidence that genetic drift was responsible for the variation in RFs. In contrast, the LMEs showed that there was support for IbE in the form of an association between RF and region (in the form of the variable “Reg”) which was based on the two geographically separated genetic lineages. Furthermore, RF variation was also associated with the climatic variable AMT. The taxonomic status of R. damarensis was investigated using ecological traits and phenotypic characters including skulls, wings and echolocation (Chapter 3) and three dimensional (3D) scanned skulls and mandibles (Chapter 4). The main objective (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4) was to test whether previously reported genetic divergence between the two R. damarensis lineages was associated with phenotypic divergence. Morphometric and echolocation measurements were taken from hand held individual bats in the field, and skull measurements were taken from field collected voucher specimens as well as museum specimens. Discriminant Function Analyses (DFA) revealed that there was geographic variation among populations and lineages of R. damarensis. Multivariate Linear Regressions (MLV) and Linear models (LM) on the basal parts of bacula revealed significant differences between the southern and northern lineages of R. damarenis. The bacula of the two lineages of R. damarensis appear to have different shapes. Diversification through shape analyses (Chapter 4) was investigated using three dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analyses based on X-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT) scanning of dried skulls and mandibles of R. damarensis. Procrustes Anova results of both mandibles and skulls indicated that there were no significant differences between sexes but that the shape of skulls and mandibles varied across different localities (Chapter 4). Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) suggested that geographic variation in R. damarensis mandibles was based on the shape and thickness of the alveolar bone. Geographic variation in the skulls was based on changes in the rostrum, anterior medial swelling and brain case. Some populations had slightly deeper rostra, slightly larger anterior medial swellings and smaller braincases, whilst others had slightly shallower rostra, slightly smaller anterior medial swellings and larger braincases. The northern lineage was found to be separated from the southern lineage based on the changes in skull and mandible shape. Therefore, separation of lineages within R. damarensis (Chapter 4) could be associated with the foraging and feeding behaviour of the species under different ecological conditions due to ecological opportunity. Overall, differences in the RF were found to be associated with Isolation by Environment mediated through sensory drive and this has led to the formation of two regional (northern and southern) groupings in RF (Chapter 2). The two lineages were supported by both the phenotypic divergence (Chapter 3) and shape variation within R. damarensis skulls and mandibles (Chapter 4). Thus, phenotypic differences corresponded to genetic differences between the two lineages and provide support for IbE.

Horseshoe Bay is located in West Vancouver, British Columbia. It is a residential community, a tourist attraction with business activity, and it serves as a transportation node for B.C. Ferries Corporation. These different activities create a complex situation. This study deals with the problems resulting from conflicts between the different interest groups in Horseshoe Bay: the residents, the ferry users, the business community and the visitors to the Bay Area. The investigative study contains four main elements: A. A comparison and study of other ferry terminals in Europe. B. A comparison between two similar communities: Horseshoe Bay and Deep Cove. C. A pilot survey used as an indicator of the level of activity in the Bay Area. D. Personal observation, interviews and discussions. The results of this research conclude with suggestions for design development implementations which demonstrate that through physical changes it is possible to achieve resolutions for the existing problems in Horseshoe Bay. It was learned that elimination of the problem is not necessarily the best solution. In spite of much criticism towards the B.C. Ferries Corporation, it was learned that this operation, after all, does contribute to the economic activities of the Bay Area and has an enormous potential for further benefit there. Collaboration of the various interest groups in Horseshoe Bay will contribute towards a better comprehensive plan for the Bay Area and will benefit each one of them. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

"Lipid-based hormones known as the juvenile hormones (JH) are ubiquitous among the arthropods, but their presence, functions, and sites of production in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, remain unknown. Large size and lack of secondary sex characteristics in adult female horseshoe crabs may indicate continuous growth and molting throughout life, which is the outcome of high JH levels in insects and crustaceans. Here a study was undertaken to detect and localize lipid-based hormones in horseshoe crab hemolymph and tissue. Capillary electrophoresis and RP-HPLC analyses indicate the presence of a JH-like compound in subadult horseshoe crab hemolymph. The compound is present only in much lower amounts in the hemolymph of adult male and adult female horseshoe crabs. Identification of this compound was based on its similar retention time to standard JH, co-migration with added JH, and cross-reactivity with a polyclonal antibody to JH III. In addition, immunohistochemistry was used to localize the production site of this compound. Analysis of neural tissue, the assumed site of production, yielded no reactivity with labeled anti-JH III antiserum. In larval animals, however, reactivity was noted in yolk contained within the digestive tract. Since the larvae are lecithotrophic and feeding only on their yolk reserves, JH in the gut may be maternal, deposited in the egg before laying. Based on these results, we conclude that horseshoe crabs produce a lipid-based, JH-like hormone, with functional similarity to JH III in insects (i.e., maintenance of the juvenile form during growth and molting.) This paper is the first substantiation of such a hormone in horseshoe crabs. Our findings suggest that JH will be found in other chelicerates as well."

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leave 250-287). Also available in print.

Thecamoebian tests from recent lacustrine sediments have been shown to be a useful proxy to study environmental changes such as land-use changes, pollution, and climate shifts. In this study, the usefulness of thecamoebians as an environmental proxy for the Middle Mississippi River (MMR) floodplain is explored. Sediment cores and surface samples were collected from two sites in Alexander County, IL: Southern Illinois University's (SIU) MMR Wetland Field Station near East Cape Girardeau, IL and Horseshoe Lake, a dammed oxbow managed by the IL Department of Natural Resources (DNR), near Olive Branch, IL. These sites represent different floodplain environments, management histories, and flooding patterns. The thecamoebian populations were expected to reflect these differences while also responding to regional signals associated with development, agriculture, and climate. Cores were subsampled at a 5cm interval and all samples were sieved with 150μm and 45μm screens to retain thecamoebian tests. Sieved sediment was examined under a microscope and at least 100 tests were identified in each sample. Pre- and post-land clearing assemblages are recognized at each site, primarily by the increased abundance of the eutrophic-indicating species Cucurbitella tricuspis. Additionally, grab samples collected from the wetlands site during the spring indicate that the site may be influenced by road salt runoff in addition to agricultural activity. These results suggest that thecamoebians are a useful land-use change proxy and more research is needed to better understand the environmental conditions influencing assemblages.

INTRODUCTION: Non-extraction Class II malocclusion treatments often employ the use of maxillary dentition distalization mechanics. The rationale behind these mechanics is to treat the sagittal position of the maxillary dentition to the mandibular dentition. As anchorage loss may occur after distalization of molars, inter-arch mechanics are often used during comprehensive treatment that may manifest in the finish as a more protrusive lower dentition. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of several distalization modalities, used as part of comprehensive orthodontics, by measuring the overall effects on the dentition and soft tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four different modalities of distalization treatment of Class II malocclusion were compared regarding dental and soft tissue changes: Distal Jet (n=26), Horseshoe Jet (n=26), Pendulum (n=26), and the MGBM (Maino, Giannelly, Bernard, Mura) protocol (n=25). The Horseshoe Jet and MGBM methods use miniscrews supported anchorage while the Distal Jet and pendulum do not. The majority of the pendulum subjects (24 of 26) were prescribed headgear wear. For each of the groups, lateral cephalograms were taken before treatment and after comprehensive treatment. RESULTS: Minimal differences in soft tissue changes between the groups were found; however, significant (p≤0.05) differences in dental changes between groups for lower incisor, upper incisor, and upper first molar sagittal positions were found. Lower incisors showed significant protrusion and proclination for the Distal Jet experimental group (p<0.05). The upper incisor showed the greatest uprighting and retraction (p<0.05) in the pendulum group and the most proclination (p<0.01) in the Horseshoe Jet group. CONCLUSION: Three out of four experimental groups showed some amount of lower incisor protrusion and/or proclination. Bone anchored modalities had reduced side effects on the lower incisors, with the Horseshoe Jet showing less change than Distal Jet (p=0.05) and the MGBM group showing no significant change. The pendulum group had the greatest upper incisor retraction and showed negligible lower incisor proclination with only 1 out of 6 measurements showing significance.

This study examined the effects of blood extraction on the survival of horseshoe crabs and performed a preliminary investigation into amebocyte maintenance in vitro. Hemolymph volume of L. polyphemus was estimated over a representative size range of adults. Hemolymph volume expressed as a percentage of wet body weight was 25 ± 2.2% (mean ± S.D.) for males and 25 ± 5.1% for females. Mortality associated with blood extraction was evaluated for horseshoe crabs bled 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% of their estimated hemolymph volume (unstressed group, N = 200). Mortality associated with the same bleeding levels was evaluated in horseshoe crabs that underwent simulated transport and handling procedures of the biomedical industry's bleeding process (stressed group, N = 195). Mortality rates of the unbled crabs were not significantly different between the stressed group and unstressed group. Of the bled animals, there was a higher (8.3%) mortality rate in the stressed group, than that (0%) in the unstressed group (P < 0.0001). Within the stressed group, mortality was significantly associated with bleeding (P = 0.0088). Horseshoe crab serum and a variety of standard insect cell culture media were evaluated for their effects on amebocyte morphology and viability after 7 days of maintenance in vitro. Horseshoe crab serum-supplemented cultures had significantly higher cell viability than serum-free cultures (N = 6; P = 0.0147). Significant differences in amebocyte viability were identified among the six insect cell culture media tested (N = 36; P < 0.0001), with the highest amebocyte viability of 77.2 ± 5.1% (mean ± S.D.) in Grace's Insect Medium without serum. Information gained from this study provides guidance on altering biomedical bleeding protocols to decrease horseshoe crab stress and mortality, and advances information on amebocyte culture medium selection, both of which contribute to decreasing the biomedical industry's impact on the horseshoe crab population. / Master of Science

O problema de n?corpos é um dos problemas mais importantes em Sistemas Dinâmicos. Nós estudamos o modelo do problema dos três corpos restrito introduzido por Sitnikov. Nesse modelo os corpos primários tem a mesma massa e o terceiro corpo é de massa muito pequena com respeito aos corpos primários. Usando os métodos de Alekseev, nós mostramos a existência de uma ?ferradura de Smale?como um subsistema da dinâmica do terceiro corpo e concluímos ricas conseqüências probabilísticas. Nós também estudamos o problema pelo método de Melnikov / The n?body problem is one of the most important problems in dynamical systems. We study the model introduced by Sitnikov of restricted three body problem. In this model the primaries are of equal mass and the third body is very small with respect to the primaries. Using methods of Alekseev, we show the existence of ?Smale horseshoe?as a subsystem of the dynamic of the third body and conclude rich probabilistic consequences. We also study the same problem by Melnikov?s method

Fossil Agamidae from Western Australia have been the subject of limited study. To aid in fossil agamid identification, Hocknull (2002) examined the maxilla and dentary of several extant species from Australia and determined diagnostic characters for various species groups. In the study here, fossil agamids from two localities in Western Australia, Hastings Cave and Horseshoe Cave, were examined, grouped, and identified to the lowest unambiguous taxonomic level. Morphometric analyses were conducted to compare morphotypes, and find additional diagnostic characters. From Hastings Cave there were two maxilla morphotypes and three dentary morphotypes. Based on identifications, taxa present at this locality were Pogona and Ctenophorus. Horseshoe Cave contained three maxilla morphotypes and two dentary morphotypes; taxa present were Pogona, Tympanocryptis, and Ctenophorus. Morphometric analyses showed separation between groups; however, the dentary morphotype separation was not as clear. Each morphotype identification matched a species in the respective localities today, but identifications are cautious.