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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Reproductive ecology of bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus Pallas) and unionid mussels

Aldridge, David January 1997 (has links)
No description available.
2

Evoluce hostitelské specializace blanokřídlých parazitoidů rodu Torymus / Evolution of parasitic Hymenoptera hosts specialisation of the genus Torymus

Bubeníková, Kristýna January 2018 (has links)
The genus Torymus (Chalcidoidea: Torymidae) has very diversified parasitic strategies and adaptations to its hosts. Its larvae are ectoparasitoids and attack mostly larvae of various gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). However, few species prefer also other insect groups as a host or are even phytophagous. Many hypotheses concerning evolution of insect host associations were published, but have not been satisfactorily tested using parasitic insects as a model. In this thesis I studied coevolution of the genus Torymus and its hosts. The main questions are what kind of host shifts occurred during the evolution of host strategies and whether sister species of parasitoids are specific to the related hosts/or nonrelated hosts living in the same type of habitat. I also studied changes at morphological adaptations to its hosts. To test critically these hypotheses, I constructed phylogenetic tree of selected Torymus species based on 5 genes and compared their host association within and between clades of Torymus. Key words: Torymus, Chalcidoide, parasitoid, phylogeny, host specialisation
3

The significance of genetic and ecological diversity in a wide-ranging insect pest, Paropsis atomaria Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Schutze, Mark Kurt January 2008 (has links)
Paropsis atomaria (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) is a eucalypt feeding leaf beetle endemic to southern and east coast Australia, and it is an emergent pest of the eucalypt hardwood industry. Paropsis atomaria was suspected to be a cryptic species complex based on apparent differences in life history characteristics between populations, its wide geographical distribution, and extensive host range within Eucalyptus. In this study genetic and ecological characters of P. atomaria were examined to determine the likelihood of a cryptic complex, and to identify the nature and causes of ecological variation within the taxon. Mitochondrial sequence variation of the gene COI was compared between populations from the east coast of Australia (South Australia to central Queensland) to assess genetic divergence between individuals from different localities and host plant of origin. Individuals from four collection localities used for the molecular analysis were then compared in a morphometric study to determine if observed genetic divergence was reflected by morphology, and common-garden trials using individuals from Lowmead (central Qld) and Canberra (ACT) were conducted to determine if morphological (body size) variation had a genetic component. Host plant utilisation (larval survival, development time, and pupal weight) by individuals from Lowmead and Canberra were then compared to determine whether differential host plant use had occurred between populations of P. atomaria; individuals from each population were reared on an allopatric and sympatric host eucalypt species (E. cloeziana and E. pilularis). Finally, developmental data from each population was compared and incorporated into a phenology modelling program (Dymex(tm)) using temperature as the principle factor explaining and predicting population phenology under field conditions. Molecular results demonstrated relatively low genetic divergence between populations of P. atomaria which is concomitant with the single species hypothesis, however, there is reduced gene flow between northern and southern populations, but no host plant related genetic structuring. Morphometric data revealed insufficient evidence to separate populations into different taxa; however a correlation between latitude and size of adults was discovered, with larger beetles found at lower latitudes (i.e., adhering to a converse Bergmann cline). Common garden experiments revealed body size to be driven by both genetic and environmental components. Host plant utilisation trials showed one host plant, E. cloeziana, to be superior for both northern and southern P. atomaria populations (increased larval survival and reduced larval development time). Eucalyptus pilularis had a negative effect on pupal weight for Lowmead (northern) individuals (to which it is allopatric), but not so for Canberra (southern) individuals. DYMEX(tm) modelling showed voltinism to be a highly plastic trait driven largely by temperature. Results from across all trials suggest that P. atomaria represents a single species with populations locally adapted to season length, with no evidence of differential host plant utilisation between populations. Further, voltinism is a seasonally plastic trait driven by temperature, but with secondary influential factors such as host plant quality. These data, taken combined, reveal phenotypic variability within P. atomaria as the product of multiple abiotic and biotic factors and representing a complex interplay between local adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, and seasonal plasticity. Implications for pest management include an understanding of population structure, nature of local adaptation and host use characteristics, and predictive models for development of seasonal control regimens.
4

Effet de l'écologie d'un hôte sur l'évolution de son principal parasitoïde

Dion, Emilie 31 May 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Chaque être vivant interagit avec une ou plusieurs espèces et est membre d'un réseau complexe d'interactions qui influencent les traits des individus, exerçant de fait des pressions sélectives sur leurs populations. Chaque espèce étant dépendante de la nature et de la diversité des interactions dans lesquelles elle est impliquée, son évolution est donc en partie liée aux autres espèces avec lesquelles elle interagit. Un hôte et son parasitoïde vivent dans une dynamique coévolutive, prenant part à une véritable 'course aux armements', où les différentes stratégies d'attaque peuvent être sélectionnés chez le parasitoïde en réponse aux différentes formes de défenses chez l'hôte. Ce dernier interagit également avec d'autres organismes qui modifient ses traits, impactant les aptitudes du parasitoïde, perturbant leur dynamique coévolutive. L'objectif de ce travail est ainsi d'identifier l'influence du réseau d'interactions du puceron du pois Acyrthosiphon pisum sur l'évolution et l'écologie des populations de son principal parasitoïde Aphidius ervi. Le puceron du pois est lui-même parasite de sa plante hôte, leur coévolution aboutissant à une spécialisation de cet aphide cette espèce hôte végétale. Les populations de pucerons sont donc structurées en races d'hôtes sympatriques, divergeant génétiquement et phénotypiquement. Notre étude montre une absence de structuration génétique des populations de parasitoïdes selon les races d'hôte. A. ervi exploite indifféremment les A. pisum issus de différentes plantes hôtes, excluant la présence d'un effet cascade associé à la spécialisation alimentaire chez ce puceron. La dispersion et le caractère généraliste du parasitoïde semblent favoriser les flux de gènes entre les différents éléments d'un paysage agricole. A. pisum peut également abriter le symbiote Hamiltonella defensa qui lui confère une résistance à A. ervi. Ces microorganismes symbiotiques induisent une réduction des défenses comportementales chez les pucerons porteurs. Cette diminution de l'expression des comportements défensifs favorise à la fois le puceron et son symbiote car elle réduit les coûts associés à ces comportements. Enfin, une évolution expérimentale sur des populations de parasitoïdes soumises à des populations d'hôtes portant H. defensa (résistantes) ou non (sensibles) montre une adaptation des parasitoïdes soumis aux hôtes résistants. Cette adaptation s'accompagne d'une réduction de la variabilité génétique dans les populations exposées à la résistance. On observe également une divergence génétique entre les populations exposées ou non à la résistance conférée par le symbiote, H. defensa. Cette expérimentation met en évidence le potentiel évolutif des populations d'A. ervi et donc leurs capacités d'adaptation face à des pucerons résistants. Les intérêts fondamentaux et appliqués de ces travaux sont discutés et replacés dans un contexte général.

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