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Behavioral Responses of Male Parasitic Wasps to Plant Cues: A Comparison of Two Host-Plant Complex Sources of Cotesia congregata (Say)Ayers, Megan 01 January 2015 (has links)
Prior exposure to plants cues can enhance assortative mating in insects. We hypothesized that, as previously reported for females, males of Cotesia congregata would display inherent responses to plant cues that could be modified by postemergence experience and further, that males originating from two different host-plant complexes (HPCs) would display different behavioral responses to these HPCs. In no-choice contact assays with a non-host plant, searching responses of males and females increased sharply at Day 2 and remained stable through Day 4. In no-choice assays with potential host plants, males searched longer on catalpa than tobacco; responses were not modified by postemergence experience. In choice assays with both HPCs, naïve males did not display orientation preferences; however, males experienced with their natal plant preferred their natal HPC. Results indicate that postemergence experience on the natal host plant induces an orientation preference for the natal HPC and thus, can facilitate assortative mating.
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Interactive Effects of Geography and Host Plant Species on Genetic and Phenotypic Variation of Cotton Fleahopper PopulationsBarman, Apurba 2011 December 1900 (has links)
The cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter) is a widely distributed insect across the United States. Although, it feeds on several native wild hosts, its agricultural importance lies as an economic pest of cotton in several states in the southern United States. No studies have addressed intraspecific genetic and phenotypic variation of this insect pest at a large geographic scale.
I examined genetic variation among cotton fleahopper populations associated with cotton in different geographic locations across the southern United States (Chapter II). Using dominant, neutral, nuclear molecular markers (AFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphism) and mitochondrial DNA sequences, I found that overall genetic differentiation among different geographic populations, collected from cotton in eleven cotton growing states, was low but significant. AFLP revealed the presence of three regional groups representing western (Arizona), central (Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama), and eastern (Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina) populations.
I examined if there were distinct lineages of cotton fleahoppers associated with three of its host plant species: cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), horsemint (Monarda punctata) and woolly croton (Croton capitatus) in five different locations of Texas by using AFLP markers (Chapter III). I found two distinct host-associated lineages at three locations and local panmixia in the other two locations.
I tested if host preference of cotton fleahoppers were affected by geographic variation and prior experience. Conducting choice tests with a Y-tube olfactometer, I found that host preference in cotton fleahoppers for horsemint (one of its native host plants) is conserved and unaffected by individual?s prior experience with cotton (Chapter IV).
Finally, I explored the role of host-plant species in morphological differentiation of the cotton fleahopper in two locations that differ in presence of distinct host-associated lineages. Using a geometric-morphometric approach, I detected significant effect of host plant and geography on body morphology and wing shape of cotton fleahopper populations (Chapter V). Length of antenna and rostrum were two important traits associated with morphological divergence of cotton and horsemint associated insect populations. Cotton associated individuals had relatively longer antenna and rostrum compared to individuals associated with horsemint.
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Genetic differentiation of the parasitoid, Cotesia congregata (Say), based on host-plant complexKarns, Georgia 29 July 2009 (has links)
Endoparasitoids of herbivorous lepidopterans have intimate relationships with their host species as well as the plant on which their host develops. Characteristics of both hosts and plants can affect parasitoid success in tri-trophic systems and thus, drive diversification. Genetic differentiation was estimated for Cotesia congregata (Say) collected from two distinct host-plant complexes, Manduca sexta L. on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and Ceratomia catalpae, (Haworth) on catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides Walker), in the mid-Atlantic region of North America using seven microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial COI locus. Microsatellite allele frequencies were differentiated based on host-plant complex, and COI haplotypes from individuals on the same host-plant were identical despite geographic distances between catalpa sites of up to 830 km and distances between tobacco sites of up to 294 km. Results indicate genetic differentiation of subpopulations of C. congregata based on host-plant complex and not geographic distance, and were designated as host races. Cotesia congregata is a gregarious parasitoid, meaning that many individuals develop in a single host larva. Superparasitism, or repeated egg-laying events in the same host larva, is likely to occur in gregarious species. Brood size was not a good predictor of superparasitism in C. congregata, but within-brood male allele diversity indicates either superparasitism or multiple mating by female wasps.
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Effet de l'écologie d'un hôte sur l'évolution de son principal parasitoïdeDion, Emilie 31 May 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Chaque être vivant interagit avec une ou plusieurs espèces et est membre d'un réseau complexe d'interactions qui influencent les traits des individus, exerçant de fait des pressions sélectives sur leurs populations. Chaque espèce étant dépendante de la nature et de la diversité des interactions dans lesquelles elle est impliquée, son évolution est donc en partie liée aux autres espèces avec lesquelles elle interagit. Un hôte et son parasitoïde vivent dans une dynamique coévolutive, prenant part à une véritable 'course aux armements', où les différentes stratégies d'attaque peuvent être sélectionnés chez le parasitoïde en réponse aux différentes formes de défenses chez l'hôte. Ce dernier interagit également avec d'autres organismes qui modifient ses traits, impactant les aptitudes du parasitoïde, perturbant leur dynamique coévolutive. L'objectif de ce travail est ainsi d'identifier l'influence du réseau d'interactions du puceron du pois Acyrthosiphon pisum sur l'évolution et l'écologie des populations de son principal parasitoïde Aphidius ervi. Le puceron du pois est lui-même parasite de sa plante hôte, leur coévolution aboutissant à une spécialisation de cet aphide cette espèce hôte végétale. Les populations de pucerons sont donc structurées en races d'hôtes sympatriques, divergeant génétiquement et phénotypiquement. Notre étude montre une absence de structuration génétique des populations de parasitoïdes selon les races d'hôte. A. ervi exploite indifféremment les A. pisum issus de différentes plantes hôtes, excluant la présence d'un effet cascade associé à la spécialisation alimentaire chez ce puceron. La dispersion et le caractère généraliste du parasitoïde semblent favoriser les flux de gènes entre les différents éléments d'un paysage agricole. A. pisum peut également abriter le symbiote Hamiltonella defensa qui lui confère une résistance à A. ervi. Ces microorganismes symbiotiques induisent une réduction des défenses comportementales chez les pucerons porteurs. Cette diminution de l'expression des comportements défensifs favorise à la fois le puceron et son symbiote car elle réduit les coûts associés à ces comportements. Enfin, une évolution expérimentale sur des populations de parasitoïdes soumises à des populations d'hôtes portant H. defensa (résistantes) ou non (sensibles) montre une adaptation des parasitoïdes soumis aux hôtes résistants. Cette adaptation s'accompagne d'une réduction de la variabilité génétique dans les populations exposées à la résistance. On observe également une divergence génétique entre les populations exposées ou non à la résistance conférée par le symbiote, H. defensa. Cette expérimentation met en évidence le potentiel évolutif des populations d'A. ervi et donc leurs capacités d'adaptation face à des pucerons résistants. Les intérêts fondamentaux et appliqués de ces travaux sont discutés et replacés dans un contexte général.
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