Abstract is secret.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndreaCSC.pdf: 2806475 bytes, checksum: a164123a8cfe29ac9b333a265d0521fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The tricalcium phosphate ceramics has been widely investigated in the last years due its bioresorbable behavior. The limiting factor of the application of these materials as temporary implants is its low strength resistance. The tricalcium phosphate presents an allotropic transformation β→α around 1250 ?C that degrades its resistance. Some studies have been developed in order to densify this material at this temperature range. The objective of this work is to study the influence of the addition of magnesium oxide (MgO) in the sintering of β-TCP. The processing route was uniaxial hot pressing and its objective was to obtain dense samples. The samples were physically characterized through density and porosity measurements. The thermal behavior was studied through dilatometric, thermal differential and thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical properties were characterized by three point flexure test and Vickers microhardness measurements, analyzed of the microstructure. The addition of magnesium oxide doesn t cause an improvement of the mechanical strength in relation to material without additive. / As cer?micas de fosfato de c?lcio (β-TCP) t?m sido intensamente investigadas nos ?ltimos anos devido as suas caracter?sticas bio - absorv?veis. Um fator limitante da aplica??o destes materiais em implantes tempor?rios ? a sua baixa resist?ncia mec?nica. O tricalciofosfato apresenta uma transforma??o alotr?pica β→α em torno de 1250 ?C, o que degrada significativamente sua resist?ncia mec?nica. V?rios estudos t?m sido realizados com o intuito de densificar este material nesta faixa de temperatura. O objetivo desse trabalho ? estudar a influ?ncia da adi??o do aditivo (MgO) na sinteriza??o do β-TCP. O m?todo de processamento utilizado foi prensagem uniaxial a quente, teve por objetivo obter corpos densos. As amostras foram caracterizadas por meio de medidas de porosidade aparente e densidade aparente e termicamente por dilatometria, an?lise termogravim?trica e t?rmica diferencial. Os corpos sinterizados foram caracterizados mecanicamente por resist?ncia a flex?o em 3 pontos, microdureza Vickers e an?lise da microestrutura. A adi??o do ?xido de magn?sio n?o ocasionou melhoria na resist?ncia mec?nica em rela??o ao material sem aditivo

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Energia é um recurso que historicamente apresenta tendência de crescimento de demanda. Projeções indicam que, para suprir as necessidades energéticas do futuro, será necessário um uso massivo do hidrogênio como combustível. O uso de sistemas de célula a combustível baseada no uso de membrana polimérica condutora de prótons (PEMFC) tem características que permitem sua aplicação para geração de energia elétrica em aplicações estacionárias, automotivas e portáteis. O uso de hidrogênio como combustível para PEMFC apresenta a vantagem de resultar em baixa emissão de poluentes quando comparado às dos combustíveis fósseis. Para que ocorram as reações em uma PEMFC é necessária a construção de conjuntos eletrodo-membrana-eletrodo (MEA), sendo o processo de produção de MEAs e os materiais utilizados, relevantes no custo final do kW instalado para geração de energia por sistemas de célula a combustível, o que é, atualmente, uma barreira tecnológica e financeira para a aplicação em grande escala desta tecnologia. Nesse trabalho foi desenvolvido um processo de produção de MEAs por impressão a tela que apresenta alta reprodutibilidade, rapidez e baixo custo. Foram desenvolvidos o processo de impressão a tela e a composição de uma tinta precursora da camada catalisadora (TPCC), que permitem o preparo de eletrodos para confecção de MEAs com a aplicação da massa exata de eletrocatalisador adequada para cátodos 0,6 miligramas de platina por centímetro quadrados (mgPt.cm-2) e ânodos 0,4 mgPt.cm-2 em apenas uma aplicação por eletrodo. A TPCC foi desenvolvida, produzida, aplicada e caracterizada, apresentando características semelhantes a de tintas de impressão a tela para outras aplicações. Os MEAs produzidos apresentaram desempenho de até 712 mA.cm-2 a 600 mV para MEAs de 25 cm2 e o custo para produção de MEAs de 247,86 cm2 capazes de gerar 1 kW de energia foi estimado em R$ 13.939,45, considerando custo de equipamentos, materiais e mão de obra. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

More efficient and cheaper solar cells are necessary if photovoltaics are to play a major rolein the field of sustainable power generation. Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGSe) is one of the best suited materials for thin film solar cell absorbers. One production method for thin film manufacturing is sputtering, a fast, high-yield, all-dry process that can be performed in an unbroken vacuum chain. The sputter target, which provides the raw material for this process, is an important link to obtain high quality films. Furthermore, the targets stands for the single largest cost in solar cells produced through the method. Hence, driving down the target production costs while maintaining or increasing quality is a vital route towards competitive photovoltaic power generation. In this project, compound CIGSe sputter target material was produced via mechanical alloying of elemental raw materials, followed by hot pressing. The resulting material obtained a relative density above 90% in all samples, with close compositional matching and grain sizes between 20-50 µm. Electrical characterization indicated predominantly p-type majority carriers, and the resistivity was within the range of industrially produced targets. Suitable process parameters are suggested as follows: for ball milling; 600rpm rotational speed, a ball-to-powder ratio of 5:1, and a milling time of 60-120 min. For pressing: 650-750˚C peak temperature, maintained for 1-2 h under 25-60 MPa pressure. 30 min dwell time at peak temperature before pressure application was found to reduce porosity. An initial composition of 23.2/20/6.5/50 at% of Cu, In, Ga, and Se, respectively, was found appropriate to obtain a final composition close to 22.8/20/7/50.2 at%. The project has proven that mechanical alloying combined with hot pressing provides a promising route towards efficient sputter target manufacturing, where the reduction of process operations compared to conventional manufacturing methods entails an optimistic economic outlook.

Abstract High Yield Pulp (HYP), i.e. TMP, SGW or CTMP, is normally used in printing papers (News, SC and LWC) or in a middle layer on cardboard i.e. in products that either have high demands on printability and runnability in fast printing presses or contribute to high bulk in cardboards in order to minimize pulp consumption at a certain sheet stiffness. Tensile strength as a function of density is significantly higher for HYP compared to chemical pulps such as sulphate and sulphite pulps. However, chemical pulp is mainly used in packaging materials that require very high tensile strength, while at the same time allowing the density of the paper to be high. By utilizing the softening properties of high-yielding lignin-rich fibres by hot-pressing technology, it is possible to significantly increase sheet density and thereby strength closer to the level of chemical pulps. Furthermore, due to the presence of high levels of lignin, it was shown that considerably higher wet strength can be achieved compared to chemical pulp without the addition of strengthening agents. The study focuses on the softening of stiff and lignin-rich fibres in papers based on HYP with sufficiently high moisture contents, when hot-pressing at temperature levels significantly above the softening temperature (Tg) of lignin Hot-pressing increases the density of the sheet which increases the contact surface between the fibres in the paper structure. The high pressing temperature can be said to induce a viscous flow of lignin, which also increases the potential for fibre-fibre bonding. It is conceivable that covalent bonds are obtained via condensation reactions and partly that interdiffusion between the lignin in the fibre walls can be obtained as they come close enough to each other during the hot-pressing. The research also shows that hot-pressing greatly improves properties in the form of dry and wet strength as well as hydrophobicity for HYP and for lignin-rich kraft paper. The first part of the study shows the effect of hot-pressing on strength properties of paper sheets based on CTMP, HT-CTMP, TMP, NSSC, SCPal and NBSK. The second part includes a study on how and to what extent different amounts of residual lignin in the pulp contribute to the dry and wet strength of the sheets of paper during hot-pressing as a function of increasing temperature. To demonstrate this, pilot scale cooking of unbleached pulp to various lignin levels was carried out. In all experiments in parts one and two, laboratory sheets with a surface weight of 150 g/m2 and a dry content of 50% were made with a Rapid Köthen (RK) sheet former, after which the sheets were hot-pressed in a cylinder press at temperatures up to 200°C, constant high pressure of about 7 MPa, nip pressure dwell time of 1.5 sec and production speed 1 m/min. The third part includes a study on the optimization of variables in a new design of a dynamic cylinder press for hot-pressing technology. This design is based on previous research at Mid Sweden University combined with key knowledge of steel band technology within IPCO AB. The new pilot machine is based on heating of a steel belt with infrared heat (IR) up to 300°C, a maximum line load of 15 kN/m in two press nips and a dwell time of 23-240 ms in the nip depending on the production speed which is up to 5 m/min. The experiments in part three were based on RK paper sheets with 100 g/m2 and approximately 63% dry content made by HT-CTMP. The results confirm that hot-pressed HYP-based paper sheets enable permanent densification by softening lignin, which provides a very high dry tensile strength and a remarkable improvement in wet tensile strength compared to bleached kraft pulp without the need for wet strength agents. A tensile index of 75 kNm/kg, compression strength index (SCT) of 45 kNm/kg and wet tensile strength index of 16 kNm/kg were obtained, which can be compared with the corresponding values for bleached kraft pulp based paper sheets of 85 kNm/kg, 35 kNm/kg and 5 kNm/kg respectively, all with the same density after hot-pressing at 200°C. The NSSC reached the highest tensile strength index of 92 kNm/kg. The study with the unbleached kraft pulps showed that the lignin content had a significant effect on both the dry and wet tensile strength indices. The pulps showed a linear relationship between wet strength and lignin content. The increase in lignin content from 0% to 12% improved the dry tensile index by 20% and SCT by 35% and gave a very significant increase in the wet strength index from 3 to 23 kNm/kg after hot-pressing. All lignin-rich paper samples exhibit good wet stability for at least 24 hours and an improved surface hydrophobicity by increasing the pressing temperature and lignin content. Optimization of the new steel belt based press machine showed that high nip pressure and two press nips had a great effect on density and strength. Whereas high temperature, well above Tg of lignin, and long pressing time were more important to achieve high wet strength. The highest wet strength index value, 27 kNm/kg, was reached when the pressing temperature was 290°C, the nip pressure about 8 MPa, the pressing time in the press nip 40 ms and the dwell time in contact with the steel belt 23.5 sec. It was also noted that no delamination occurred in these tests. In order to obtain both high dry and wet strength, it is important to have high lignin content, high temperature, high nip pressure and sufficiently long pressing time / Sammanfattning Högutbytesmassa (HYP), d.v.s. SGW, TMP eller CTMP, används normalt i tryckpapper (News, SC och LWC) eller i mittskikt i kartong dvs i produkter som har höga krav på tryckbarhet och körbarhet i snabba tryckpressar eller för att bidra till hög bulk i kartong så att man därmed kan minimera förbrukningen av massa för att nå en viss arkstyvhet. Dragstyrka som funktion av densitet är väsentligt högre för HYP jämfört med kemiska massor som sulfat- och sulfitmassor. Däremot används främst kemiska massor i förpackningsmaterial som kräver mycket hög dragstryka, där man samtidigt tillåter att papperets densitet får vara hög. Genom att utnyttja mjukningsegenskaperna hos högutbytesmassors ligninrika fibrer genom varmpressningsteknik kan man väsentligt öka arkdensitet och därigenom styrka till i nivå med kemiska massors. Vidare visas att man tack vara närvaro av höga halter lignin kan nå väsentligt högre våtstyrka jämfört med kemisk massa utan tillsats av styrkehöjande kemikalier. Studien fokuserar på mjukgörning av styva och ligninrika fibrer vid varmpressning vid temperaturnivåer väsentligt över mjukningstemperaturen (Tg) för lignin av HYP-baserat papper med tillräckligt hög fukthalt. Varmpressning ökar arkens densitet, vilket ökar kontaktytan mellan fibrerna i pappersstrukturen. Den höga pressnings-temperaturen kan sägas inducera ett visköst flöde av lignin, vilket då ökar möjligheten att få starkare för fiber-fiber-bindning. Man kan dels tänka sig att kovalenta bindningar erhålls via kondensationsreaktioner och dels att man kan erhålla interdiffusion mellan ligninet i fiberväggarna då de kommer tillräckligt nära varandra vid varmpressningen. Forskningen visar också att varmpressning högst väsentligt förbättrar egenskaper i form av torr- och våtstyrka samt hydrofobicitet för både HYP-baserat och ligninrikt kraftpapper. Den första delen av studien visar effekten av varmpressning på styrke-egenskaper hos pappersark baserade på CTMP, HT-CTMP, TMP, NSSC, SCPal och NBSK. Den andra delen inkluderar en studie om hur och i vilken utsträckning olika mängder av kvarvarande lignin i massa bidrar till pappersarkens torrstyrka och våtstyrka vid varmpressning som funktion av ökande temperatur. För att demonstrera detta tillverkades oblekt kraftmassa till olika ligninhalter i pilotskala. I alla experiment i del ett och två i avhandlingen tillverkades laboratorieark med ytvikten 150 g/m2 och torrhalten 50% i en Rapid Köthen (RK) arkformare varefter arken varmpressades i en cylinderpress vid temperaturer upp till 200°C och konstant högt tryck på cirka 7 MPa i ett pressnyp med uppehållstiden 1,5 s i pressnypet  vid maskinhastigheten 1 m/min. Den tredje delen i avhandlingen inkluderar en studie om optimering av variabler i en ny design av en dynamisk cylinderpress för varmpressteknik. Den nya designen baseras på tidigare forskning vid Mittuniversitetet kombinerat med nyckelkunskap om stålbandstekniker inom IPCO AB. Den nya pilotmaskinen är baserad på att ett stålbälte uppvärms med infraröd värme (IR) upp till 300°C, en linjelast upp till 15 kN/m i två pressnyp vardera, med variabel presstid 23-240 ms i pressnypet beroende av maskinhastigheter upp till 5 m/min. Experimenten i del tre i avhandlingen baserades på RK-pappersark tillverkade av HT-CTMP med ytvikten 100 g/m2 och torrhalten ca 63%. Resultaten bekräftar att varmpressande HYP-baserade pappersark möjliggör permanent densifiering genom mjukning av lignin, vilket ger en mycket hög torr dragstyrka och en anmärkningsvärd förbättring av våt dragstyrka jämfört med blekt kraftmassa utan att våtstyrkemedel behöver användas. Ett dragindex på 75 kNm/kg, kompressionsstyrkeindex (SCT) på 45 kNm/kg och våtstyrkeindex på 16 kNm/kg erhölls vilket kan jämföras med motsvarande värden för pappersarken från blekt kraftmassa på 85 kNm/kg, 35 kNm/kg respektive 5 kNm/kg, alla med samma densitet efter varmpressning vid 200°C. Lövvedsbaserad NSSC nådde det högsta dragstyrkeindexet på hela 92 kNm/kg. Studien med de oblekta kraftmassorna visade att lignininnehållet hade en signifikant effekt på både torr- och våtstyrkeindex. Kraftmassorna uppvisade ett linjärt samband mellan våtstyrka och lignininnehåll. Ökningen i ligninhalten från 0% till 12% förbättrade dragindexet med 20% och SCT med 35% och gav en mycket signifikant ökning i våtstyrkeindex från 3 till 23 kNm/kg efter varmpressningen. Alla ligninrika pappersprover uppvisar god våtstyrkestabilitet under minst 24 timmar och en förbättrad ythydrofobicitet genom ökning av presstrycktemperaturen och lignininnehållet. Optimering av den nya stålbandsbaserade cylinderpressen visade att högt pressnyptryck och två pressnyp hade stor effekt på densitet och styrka. Emedan hög temperatur, långt över Tg för lignin, och lång presstid var viktigare för att nå hög våtstyrka. Det högsta värdet på våtstyrkeindex, 27 kNm/kg, uppnåddes när presstemperaturen var 290°C, pressnyptrycket cirka 8 MPa, presstiden i pressnypet 40 ms och tiden i kontakt med stålbältet 23,5 sek. Det noterades också att ingen delaminering inträffade i dessa tester. För att erhålla både hög torr- och våtstyrka är det viktigt med högt lignininnehåll, hög temperatur, högt nyptryck och tillräckligt lång presstid. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 1 (accepterat), delarbete 2 (inskickat), delarbete 3 (manuskript).</p><p>At the time of the defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 1 (accepted), paper 2 (submitted), paper 3 (manuscript).</p>